石榴

Chinese

		rock; stone; 10 pecks	pomegranate
simp. and trad. (石榴)		石	榴
variant forms		石留

Etymology

Short for 安石榴 (ānshíliú); see there for more.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shíliú

(Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sek⁶ lau⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sa̍k-liù
Min Dong (BUC): siŏh-lìu
Min Nan (POJ): sia̍h-liû / siā-liû / sēe-liû / chio̍h-liû / se̍k-liû
Wu (Wiktionary): zaq lieu (T5)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Pinyin: shíliú → shíliu (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˊ → ㄕˊ ˙ㄌㄧㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shy.liou
  - IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/ → /ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    時流／时流
    石榴
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sek⁶ lau⁴
  - Yale: sehk làuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sek⁹ lau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ség⁶ leo⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sa̍k-liù
  - Hakka Romanization System: sag liuˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sag⁶ liu²
  - IPA: /sak̚⁵ li̯u¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: siŏh-lìu
  - IPA ^(key): /suoʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃ieu⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Taipei, Tainan, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia̍h-liû
  - Tâi-lô: sia̍h-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siaqliuu
  - IPA (Kinmen): /ɕia(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕia(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ liu²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕia(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Sanxia, Yilan, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-liû
  - Tâi-lô: siā-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siaxliuu
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕia⁴¹⁻²² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕia²²⁻²¹ liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Penang): /ɕia²¹ liu²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sēe-liû
  - Tâi-lô: sēe-liû
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/
- (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chio̍h-liû
  - Tâi-lô: tsio̍h-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cioiqliuu
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ liu²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍k-liû
  - Tâi-lô: si̍k-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: segliuu
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕiɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕiɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zaq lieu (T5)
  - IPA ^(key): /z̻a̱ʔ¹¹ liɜ²³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu/▼

Rime
Character	石	榴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	昔 (123)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	常隻切	力求切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇk̚/	/lɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛk̚/	/liu/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑiæk̚/	/liəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑiajk̚/	/luw/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛk̚/	/liu/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛk̚/	/lĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛk̚/	/li̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shí	liú

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*djaɡ m·ru/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	石
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shí
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyek ›
Old Chinese	/*dAk/
English	stone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	石	榴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11470	8886
Phonetic component	石	卯
Rime group	鐸	幽
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	石	劉
Old Chinese	/*djaɡ/	/*m·ru/

Noun

石榴

pomegranate
(Shouguang Mandarin) hawthorn
(Cantonese) guava

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 石榴 (“pomegranate”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		石榴, 丹若, 若榴, 楉榴, 安石榴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		石榴, 安石榴
Taxonomic name		石榴, 安石榴
Mandarin	Beijing	石榴
	Taiwan	石榴
	Harbin	石榴
	Jinan	石榴
	Muping	石榴
	Luoyang	石榴
	Jiedian	石榴
	Xi'an	石榴
	Xuzhou	石榴
	Lanzhou	石榴
	Ürümqi	石榴
	Wuhan	石榴
	Chengdu	石榴
	Guiyang	石榴
	Liuzhou	石榴
	Yangzhou	石榴
	Nanjing	石榴
Cantonese	Guangzhou	石榴, 結子石榴
	Hong Kong	石榴, 結子石榴
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	石榴
	Foshan	石榴
	Shunde	石榴
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	石榴
	Doumen (Shangheng Tanka)	花棯
	Taishan	花棯
	Kaiping (Chikan)	花棯
	Dongguan	番鬼石榴
Gan	Nanchang	石榴
	Lichuan	石榴
	Pingxiang	石榴
Hakka	Meixian	石榴仔
	Yudu	石榴, 石梨
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	石榴仔
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	石榴仔
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	石榴
	Dongshi (Dabu)	石榴
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	石榴仔
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	石榴
	Hong Kong	石榴
Huizhou	Jixi	石榴
Jin	Taiyuan	石榴
Jin	Xinzhou	石榴兒
Min Bei	Jian'ou	石榴
Min Dong	Fuzhou	石榴
Min Dong	Fuqing	石榴
Min Nan	Xiamen	石榴
	Quanzhou	石榴
	Zhangzhou	石榴
	Taipei	石榴
	Kaohsiung	石榴
	Tainan	石榴
	Taichung	石榴
	Hsinchu	石榴
	Lukang	石榴
	Sanxia	石榴
	Yilan	石榴
	Kinmen	石榴
	Magong	石榴
	Penang	石榴
	Haikou	石榴
Pinghua	Nanning	石榴
Wu	Shanghai	石榴
	Suzhou	石榴
	Hangzhou	石榴
	Wenzhou	金櫻
	Chongming	石榴
	Danyang	石榴
	Jinhua	石榴
	Ningbo	石榴, 金猛
Xiang	Changsha	石榴
Xiang	Loudi	石榴

Dialectal synonyms of 番石榴 (“guava”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		番石榴
Taxonomic name		番石榴
Mandarin	Beijing	番石榴
	Taiwan	芭樂, 番石榴
	Liuzhou	番石榴, 雞屎果
Cantonese	Guangzhou	番石榴, 石榴, 雞屎果, 女人狗肉
	Hong Kong	番石榴
	Foshan	雞屎果
	Shunde	花棯
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	花稔
	Doumen (Shangheng Tanka)	番石榴
	Taishan	番石榴, 花棯
	Kaiping (Chikan)	番石榴
	Dongguan	石榴, 花棯, 雞屎橘
	Yangjiang	花棯子
	Nanning	花棯, 雞屎果
	Wuzhou	石榴
	Yulin	番桃子
	Hepu	番桃
	Kuala Lumpur	雞屎果
	Ho Chi Minh City	番石榴, 雞屎果
Hakka	Meixian	朳仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	朳仔
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	那朳仔, 拉朳仔
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	朳仔
	Dongshi (Dabu)	朳
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	朳仔
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	朳仔
	Sabah	朳仔
	Senai	朳仔
Min Dong	Fuzhou	番石榴
	Fuqing	番石榴
	Matsu	番石榴
Min Nan	Xiamen	林仔菝
	Quanzhou	林仔菝
	Zhangzhou	林仔菝
	Taipei	林仔菝
	Kaohsiung	林菝仔
	Tainan	土菝仔, 林菝仔, 林菝
	Taichung	菝仔
	Wuqi	菝仔
	Hsinchu	菝仔
	Taitung	菝仔
	Lukang	林仔菝
	Sanxia	菝仔
	Yilan	菝仔
	Kinmen	林仔菝
	Magong	林仔菝, 林菝
	Penang	染霧
	Philippines (Manila)	林仔菝
	Pingnan	番石榴
	Chaozhou	番石榴, 菝囝
	Shantou	木囝
	Haifeng	菝仔
	Johor Bahru	菝囝
Pinghua	Nanning	花棯, 番桃
Xiang	Quanzhou	番石榴

Derived terms

拜倒石榴裙下 (bàidǎo shíliúqún xià)
番石榴 (fānshíliú)

石榴石 (shíliúshí)
石榴裙 (shíliúqún)

Japanese

石榴 (zakuro, jakuro, sekiryū): young pomegranate trees.

石榴 (zakuro, jakuro, sekiryū): an opened pomegranate fruit.

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
石	榴
じゃく > ざく Grade: 1	る > ろ Hyōgaiji
Irregular

From Middle Chinese 石榴 (d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu, literally “stone + pomegranate”). Compare modern Wu reading zaq lieu, Hakka sa̍k-liù.

The reading is irregular. This may represent a shift in pronunciation from an older borrowing: compare the expected goon reading jakuru. Alternatively, this reading may reflect an ancient sound borrowing, indicating the Zagros Mountains of modern-day Iran, where the pomegranate was originally cultivated.[1]

Pronunciation

(Irregular reading)
- (Tokyo) ざくろ [záꜜkùrò] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3][4]
- IPA^(key): [d͡za̠kɯ̟ᵝɾo̞]

Alternative forms

柘榴

Noun

石榴 (hiragana ざくろ, katakana ザクロ, rōmaji zakuro)

pomegranate

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts, as ザクロ.

Derived terms

石 (ざく)榴 (ろ)石 (いし) (zakuroishi): garnet (gemstone)
石 (ざく)榴 (ろ)口 (ぐち) (zakuroguchi): a low door used in bathhouses during the Edo period
石 (ざく)榴 (ろ)ざか (zakurozaka): a rooster's crest or comb that resembles a pomegranate
石 (ざく)榴 (ろ)草 (そう) (zakurosō): Mollugo pentaphylla
石 (ざく)榴 (ろ)鼻 (ばな) (zakurobana): a red swollen nose, often seen on alcoholics

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
石	榴
じゃく Grade: 1	る > ろ Hyōgaiji
Irregular

From Middle Chinese 石榴 (d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu, literally “stone + pomegranate”). Uses the regular goon reading of jaku for the first character, and the irregular ro reading for the second character instead of the expected goon reading of ru.

Pronunciation

(Irregular reading)
- IPA^(key): [d͡ʑa̠kɯ̟ᵝɾo̞]

Alternative forms

若榴

Noun

石榴 (hiragana じゃくろ, rōmaji jakuro)

(obsolete) pomegranate

Usage notes

This reading appears to be obsolete.

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
石	榴
せき Grade: 1	りゅう Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

/sekiriu/ → /sekirjuː/

From Middle Chinese 石榴 (d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu, literally “stone + pomegranate”). Uses the regular kanon reading of both characters.

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on
- (Tokyo) せきりゅう [séꜜkìryùù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
- IPA^(key): [se̞kʲiɾʲɨᵝː]

Noun

石榴 (hiragana せきりゅう, rōmaji sekiryū, historical hiragana せきりう)

(uncommon) pomegranate

Usage notes

The zakuro reading above is the most common reading for this term.

Derived terms

石 (せき)榴 (りゅう)子 (し) (sekiryūshi): garnet (gemstone; less common reading than zakuro-ishi above)
石 (せき)榴 (りゅう)皮 (ひ) (sekiryūhi): dried pomegranate, both seeds and skin, used as a treatment for tapeworm

References

清水桂一 (Keiichi Shimizu), editor (1980) たべもの語源辞典 (Tabemono Gogen Jiten, “Etymological Dictionary of Foods”)‎ (in Japanese), 東京堂出版 (Tōkyō-dō Shuppan, “Tokyo Hall Publishing”), →ISBN
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
石	榴

Noun

石榴 • (seongnyu) (hangeul 석류)

Hanja form^? of 석류 (“pomegranate”).

Okinawan

Etymology

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ざぐら.[1] Appears to be cognate with mainland Japanese 石榴 (zakuro); see that entry for further details.

Noun

石榴 (hiragana ざくら, romaji zakura)

pomegranate

References

1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/43

沖縄語辞典 (Okinawago Jiten, “Okinawan Dictionary”)‎, 1963

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
石	榴

Noun

石榴

Hán tự form of thạch lựu (“pomegranate”).

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[Shimizu-1] 清水桂一 (Keiichi Shimizu), editor (1980) たべもの語源辞典 (Tabemono Gogen Jiten, “Etymological Dictionary of Foods”)‎ (in Japanese), 東京堂出版 (Tōkyō-dō Shuppan, “Tokyo Hall Publishing”), →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[SMK5-4] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[OG-5] 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/43