< Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan < d

Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/d/s-kəw

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *d-kəw (Chou, 1972); *dkʷjəɣʷ (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d/s-kəw (Matisoff, STEDT; Mortensen, 2012); *d-kuw (Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; LaPolla, 1987; Weidert, 1987)

Numeral

*d/s-kəw

Proto-Sino-Tibetan numerals
ONE*ʔit
*kat
*tjak ~ g-t(j)ik
TWO*g/s-ni-s
THREE*g-sum
FOUR*b-ləj
FIVE*l/b-ŋa
SIX*d-(k-)ruk
SEVEN*s-ni-s
EIGHT*b-r-gjat ~ b-g-rjat
NINE*d/s-kəw
TEN*gip
*ts(j)i(j) ~ tsjaj
TWENTY*(m-)kul
HUNDRED*b-r-gja
THOUSAND*s-toŋ
  1. nine

Descendants
  • Old Chinese: 九 /*kuʔ/ (B-S; ZS)
    • Middle Chinese: 九 (kɨuX)

    • →   Japanese:  九 (きゅう, ​kyū)
            Korean:  구 (九, gu)
            Vietnamese:  cửu (九)

      • Mandarin:
        Standard: 九 (jiǔ) /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/
        Sichuanese: 九 (jiu3) /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
        Dungan: җю (ži͡u) /t͡ɕiou⁵¹/
      • Cantonese:
        Guangzhou: 九 (gau2) /kɐu̯³⁵/
        Taishanese: 九 (giu2) /kiu⁵⁵/
      • Hakka:
        Sixian: 九 (kiú) /ki̯u³¹/
        Meixian: 九 (giu3) /kiu³¹/
      • Wu:
        Shanghainese: 九 (jieu) /t͡ɕiɜ³⁴/
      • Min:
        • Min Bei:
          Jian'ou: 九 (giǔ) /kiu²¹/
        • Min Dong:
          Fuzhounese: 九 (gāu (vernacular), giū (literary)) /kau³³/, /kieu³³/
        • Min Nan:
          Hokkien: 九 (káu (vernacular), kiú (literary))
          Xiamen: /kaʊ⁵³/, /kiu⁵³/
          Kaohsiung: /kaʊ⁴¹/, /kiu⁴¹/
          Quanzhou: /kaʊ⁵⁵⁴/, /kiu⁵⁵⁴/
          Taipei: /kaʊ⁵³/, /kiu⁵³/
          Zhangzhou: /kaʊ⁵³/, /kiu⁵³/
          Teochew: 九 (gao2 (vernacular), giu2 (literary)) /kau⁵²/, /kiu⁵²/
      • → Tai: *kɤwᶜ (see there for further descendants)
  • Tibeto-Burman:
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Lolo-Burmese:
    • Qiangic:
      • Tangut: 𗢭 (gjɨ), /*ɡʲʏ⁵⁵/
    • Sal:
      • Jingpho: jahku
  • → Karen: *khwiᴬ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
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