< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂-, from the root *kewh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian káuti (“to hew, to beat, to murder”), Latvian kaût (“to fight”), Latin cūdere (“to forge, to beat, to grind”), Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew, to beat”), Old High German houwan (“to hew, to beat”), Old Irish cuad (“to beat, to fight”).
Inflection
Conjugation of *kovati (impf., -a/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kovanьje | *kovati | *kovatъ | *kovalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *kovanъ | *kovomъ |
| Active | *kovavъ | *kovy |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaxъ | *kova | *kova | *kovǫ | *koveši | *kovetь |
| Dual | *kovaxově | *kovasta | *kovaste | *kovevě | *koveta | *kovete |
| Plural | *kovaxomъ | *kovaste | *kovašę | *kovemъ | *kovete | *kovǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaaxъ | *kovaaše | *kovaaše | — | *kovi | *kovi |
| Dual | *kovaaxově | *kovaašeta | *kovaašete | *kověvě | *kověta | — |
| Plural | *kovaaxomъ | *kovaašete | *kovaaxǫ | *kověmъ | *kověte | — |
Conjugation of *kovati (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kovanьje | *kovati | *kovatъ | *kovalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *kovanъ | *kujemъ |
| Active | *kovavъ | *kuję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaxъ | *kova | *kova | *kujǫ | *kuješi | *kujetь |
| Dual | *kovaxově | *kovasta | *kovaste | *kujevě | *kujeta | *kujete |
| Plural | *kovaxomъ | *kovaste | *kovašę | *kujemъ | *kujete | *kujǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaaxъ | *kovaaše | *kovaaše | — | *kuji | *kuji |
| Dual | *kovaaxově | *kovaašeta | *kovaašete | *kujivě | *kujita | — |
| Plural | *kovaaxomъ | *kovaašete | *kovaaxǫ | *kujimъ | *kujite | — |
Alternative forms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “кова́ть”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 407
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “кова́ть”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kovati”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 12, Moscow: Nauka, page 10
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kovàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241: “v. (c) ‘forge’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “kovati: kujǫ kujetь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 212, 214, 236; PR 139)”
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