puer
English
Pronunciation
- (General American) IPA(key): /ˈpju.ɚ/
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈpjuː.ə/, /ˈpjʊə/
Noun
puer (uncountable)
- (chiefly historical) Dung (of dogs, fowls, etc) used in tanning, after applying lime, to soften skins.
- 1842, The Penny Magazine, May 212/1:
- A solution called the ‘pure’ or the 'pewer' (having never seen the word written.., we must spell it as pronounced) is prepared in a large vessel, and into this the skins are immersed.
- 1903, Henry Richardson Proctor, The principles of leather manufacture, page 174:
- […] The bacteria of fresh dog-dung were not found to possess a satisfactory puering effect, but those from dung with had been fermented a month (as in practice) have a result nearly equal to actual puer.
- 2009, Tony Covington, Tanning Chemistry: The Science of Leather, page 166:
- […] it was about 50 years before the use of puer was discontinued, at least in Europe.
- 1842, The Penny Magazine, May 212/1:
French
Etymology
From Old French puir, from Vulgar Latin *putīre, from Classical Latin putēre, present active infinitive of puteō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *puH-. The change from -ir to -er can also be seen in words such as contribuer (Old French contribuir, Latin contribuere).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pɥe/
audio (file) - Rhymes: -e
Conjugation
Conjugation of puer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
present participle | puant /pɥɑ̃/ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past participle | pué /pɥe/ | ||||||
infinitive | |||||||
simple | puer | ||||||
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
gerund1 | |||||||
simple | puant /pɥɑ̃/ | ||||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | pue /py/ |
pues /py/ |
pue /py/ |
puons /pɥɔ̃/ |
puez /pɥe/ |
puent /py/ |
imperfect | puais /pɥɛ/ |
puais /pɥɛ/ |
puait /pɥɛ/ |
puions /py.jɔ̃/ |
puiez /py.je/ |
puaient /pɥɛ/ | |
past historic2 | puai /pɥe/ |
puas /pɥa/ |
pua /pɥa/ |
puâmes /pɥam/ |
puâtes /pɥat/ |
puèrent /pɥɛʁ/ | |
future | puerai /py.ʁe/ |
pueras /py.ʁa/ |
puera /py.ʁa/ |
puerons /py.ʁɔ̃/ |
puerez /py.ʁe/ |
pueront /py.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | puerais /py.ʁɛ/ |
puerais /py.ʁɛ/ |
puerait /py.ʁɛ/ |
puerions /py.ʁjɔ̃/ |
pueriez /py.ʁje/ |
pueraient /py.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | pue /py/ |
pues /py/ |
pue /py/ |
puions /py.jɔ̃/ |
puiez /py.je/ |
puent /py/ |
imperfect2 | puasse /pɥas/ |
puasses /pɥas/ |
puât /pɥa/ |
puassions /pɥa.sjɔ̃/ |
puassiez /pɥa.sje/ |
puassent /pɥas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | pue /py/ |
— | puons /pɥɔ̃/ |
puez /pɥe/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Further reading
- “puer” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Latin
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂weros, from *peh₂w-. Cognate with Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌂𐌋𐌖𐌌 (puklum), Ancient Greek παῖς (paîs, “child”).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈpu.er/, [ˈpʊ.ɛr]
Audio (Classical) (file)
Noun
puer m (genitive puerī); second declension
Declension
Second declension, nominative singular in -er.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | puer | puerī |
Genitive | puerī | puerōrum |
Dative | puerō | puerīs |
Accusative | puerum | puerōs |
Ablative | puerō | puerīs |
Vocative | puer | puerī |
Derived terms
Derived terms
- puerperium
- puerperus
- puerulus
- pūsus
- putus
- repuerāscō
Descendants
- English: puerile, puerilism, puerperium, puerility, puerperal, puerperous
- Ido: puero
See also
puer on the Latin Wikipedia.Wikipedia la
References
- puer in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- puer in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- puer in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- from youth up: a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is)
- a boy ten years old: puer decem annorum
- to entrust a child to the tuition of..: puerum alicui erudiendum or in disciplinam tradere
- to teach children the rudiments: pueros elementa (prima) docere
- (ambiguous) to leave one's boyhood behind one, become a man: ex pueris excedere
- from youth up: a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is)
- puer in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
Luxembourgish
Etymology
From the noun Puer.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /puɐ̯/
- Rhymes: -uɐ
- Homophone: Puer
Pronoun
puer
- few, some, a few
- 2001, Pol Wilmes, Eng Klack fir eis Sprooch:
- All puer Woche fannt dir eist „Chamber-Blietchen“ an ärer Bréifkëscht, vläicht och op der Trap oder am Gank;
- Every few weeks we find our "Chamber-Blietchen" in our letter box, perhaps even on the stairs or in the hallway;
- All puer Woche fannt dir eist „Chamber-Blietchen“ an ärer Bréifkëscht, vläicht och op der Trap oder am Gank;
- 2001, Pol Wilmes, Eng Klack fir eis Sprooch:
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