summer

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈsʌmə(ɹ)/
• (General American) enPR: sŭmʹər, IPA^(key): /ˈsʌmɚ/

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• Rhymes: -ʌmə(ɹ)
• Hyphenation: sum‧mer

From Middle English somer, sumer, from Old English sumor (“summer”), from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó-, oblique of *semh₂- (“summer, year”). Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer (“summer”), West Frisian simmer (“summer”), Saterland Frisian Suumer (“summer”), Dutch zomer (“summer”), Low German Sommer (“summer”), German Sommer (“summer”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer (“summer”), Swedish sommar (“summer”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar (“summer”), Welsh haf (“summer”), Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Northern Kurdish havîn (“summer”), Central Kurdish ھاوین‎ (hawîn, “summer”).

• sommer (obsolete)

summer (countable and uncountable, plural summers)

Summer in Germany

1. One of four seasons, traditionally the second, marked by the longest and typically hottest days of the year due to the inclination of the Earth and thermal lag. Typically regarded as being from June 21 to September 22 or 23 in parts of the USA, the months of June, July and August in the United Kingdom and the months of December, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere.

   the heat of summer

   • a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:

     Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

   • 1892, Walter Besant, chapter II, in The Ivory Gate: A Novel, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], OCLC 16832619:

     At twilight in the summer there is never anybody to fear—man, woman, or cat—in the chambers and at that hour the mice come out. They do not eat parchment or foolscap or red tape, but they eat the luncheon crumbs.

   • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

     A chap named Eleazir Kendrick and I had chummed in together the summer afore and built a fish-weir and shanty at Setuckit Point, down Orham way. For a spell we done pretty well.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 5, in The China Governess‎:

     A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed. ¶ ‘Civilized,’ he said to Mr. Campion. ‘Humanizing.’ […] ‘Cigars and summer days and women in big hats with swansdown face-powder, that's what it reminds me of.’

Note that season names are usually uncapitalized in modern English (for example, spring), except when personified (Old Man Winter). This is contrast to the days of the week and months of the year, which are always capitalized (Thursday or September).

• winter

• spring, autumn, fall

summer (third-person singular simple present summers, present participle summering, simple past and past participle summered)

1. (intransitive) To spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday.

   We like to summer in the Mediterranean.

• æstival, aestival, estival

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”).

summer (plural summers)

1. (obsolete) A pack-horse.
2. A horizontal beam supporting a building.
   • 1603, John Florio, transl.; Michel de Montaigne, chapter 43, in The Essayes, […], book I, printed at London: By Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], OCLC 946730821:

     And we are warned, that the foundation or maine summers of our houses faile and shrinke, when we see the quarters bend, or wals to breake.

• (horizontal beam): summer-tree

• breastsommer, breastsummer, bressomer, bressumer, bressummer, brestsummer
• summer bar
• summer-beam
• summer-castle
• summering
• summer-piece
• summer-stone
• summer-tower
• summer-tree, summertree
• summer-trestle
• transsummer

sum +‎ -er

summer (plural summers)

1. A person who sums. (Compare adder.)

• summer-up

• Summer, Summerd, sòmmer, ŝchummer, ŝchumer

From Old High German sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz. Cognate with German Sommer, English summer, Dutch zomer, West Frisian simmer, Icelandic sumar.

summer m

1. (Issime, Formazza) summer

• “summer” in Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Ünsarne Börtar [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

summer

1. (Sappada) summer

• Umberto Patuzzi, ed., (2013) Ünsarne Börtar, Luserna: Comitato unitario delle linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien.

summer ?

1. summer

• Umberto Patuzzi, ed., (2013) Ünsarne Börtar, Luserna: Comitato unitario delle linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien.

summer m

1. indefinite plural of sum

summer

1. present of summe

• somier
• somer
• somiere
• sumer

From Late Latin saumarius, sagmarius, from Latin sagma.

summer m (oblique plural summers, nominative singular summers, nominative plural summer)

1. summer (pack horse)
2. summer (beam)

• English: summer (“pack horse; horizontal beam”)

• summer on the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub