surgir

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin surgere, present active infinitive of surgō (“I get up, arise”). Doublet of sourdre.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /syʁ.ʒiʁ/
  • audio(file)

Verb

surgir

  1. (intransitive) to emerge or appear; to crop up
  2. (intransitive) to arise or stand up

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of surgir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
present participle surgissant
/syʁ.ʒi.sɑ̃/
past participle surgi
/syʁ.ʒi/
infinitive
simple surgir
compound avoir + past participle
gerund1
simple surgissant
/syʁ.ʒi.sɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgit
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgissons
/syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/		 surgissez
/syʁ.ʒi.se/		 surgissent
/syʁ.ʒis/
imperfect surgissais
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/		 surgissais
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/		 surgissait
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/		 surgissions
/syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 surgissiez
/syʁ.ʒi.sje/		 surgissaient
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/
past historic2 surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgit
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgîmes
/syʁ.ʒim/		 surgîtes
/syʁ.ʒit/		 surgirent
/syʁ.ʒiʁ/
future surgirai
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/		 surgiras
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/		 surgira
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/		 surgirons
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/		 surgirez
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/		 surgiront
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/
conditional surgirais
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 surgirais
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 surgirait
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 surgirions
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/		 surgiriez
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁje/		 surgiraient
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present surgisse
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgisses
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgisse
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgissions
/syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 surgissiez
/syʁ.ʒi.sje/		 surgissent
/syʁ.ʒis/
imperfect2 surgisse
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgisses
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgît
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgissions
/syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 surgissiez
/syʁ.ʒi.sje/		 surgissent
/syʁ.ʒis/
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 — surgissons
/syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/		 surgissez
/syʁ.ʒi.se/		 —
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 Only usable with preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Further reading

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin surgere, present active infinitive of surgō (“I get up, arise”).

Verb

surgir (first-person singular present indicative surjo, past participle surgido)

  1. to emerge
  2. to appear

Conjugation
  Conjugation of the Portuguese -ir verb surgir
Notes:[edit]
  • This is a regular verb of the -ir group.
  • The last letter g is changed to j, depending on the following vowel, resulting in these four possible sequences: -ja-, -ge-, -gi- and -jo-.
  • Verbs with this conjugation include: agir, exigir, dirigir.
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu)		 Second-person
(tu)		 Third-person
(ele / ela / você)		 First-person
(nós)		 Second-person
(vós)		 Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal surgir
Personal surgir surgires surgir surgirmos surgirdes surgirem
Gerund
surgindo
Past participle
Masculine surgido surgidos
Feminine surgida surgidas
Indicative
Present surjo surges surge surgimos surgis surgem
Imperfect surgia surgias surgia surgíamos surgíeis surgiam
Preterite surgi surgiste surgiu surgimos surgistes surgiram
Pluperfect surgira surgiras surgira surgíramos surgíreis surgiram
Future surgirei surgirás surgirá surgiremos surgireis surgirão
Conditional
surgiria surgirias surgiria surgiríamos surgiríeis surgiriam
Subjunctive
Present surja surjas surja surjamos surjais surjam
Imperfect surgisse surgisses surgisse surgíssemos surgísseis surgissem
Future surgir surgires surgir surgirmos surgirdes surgirem
Imperative
Affirmative - surge surja surjamos surgi surjam
Negative (não) - surjas surja surjamos surjais surjam

Synonyms

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin surgere, present active infinitive of surgō (“I get up, arise”). Cognate with English surge and source.

Verb

surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgí, past participle surgido)

  1. (intransitive) to arise, emerge, surface, crop up, spring up, pop up
  2. (intransitive) to appear
  3. (intransitive) to grow out of, to come from, arise from (followed by de)
  4. to advance, ascent, rise (move up socially or professionally)
    Synonyms: trepar, escalar, subir

Conjugation
        Conjugation of surgir (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)edit data
    infinitive surgir
    gerund surgiendo
    past participle masculine feminine
    singular surgido surgida
    plural surgidos surgidas
    singular plural
    1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
    indicative yo tú
    vos    		 él/ella/ello
    usted    		 nosotros
    nosotras    		 vosotros
    vosotras    		 ellos/ellas
    ustedes
    present surjo surgestú
    surgísvos    		 surge surgimos surgís surgen
    imperfect surgía surgías surgía surgíamos surgíais surgían
    preterite surgí surgiste surgió surgimos surgisteis surgieron
    future surgiré surgirás surgirá surgiremos surgiréis surgirán
    conditional surgiría surgirías surgiría surgiríamos surgiríais surgirían
    subjunctive yo tú
    vos    		 él/ella/ello
    usted    		 nosotros
    nosotras    		 vosotros
    vosotras    		 ellos/ellas
    ustedes
    present surja surjas surja surjamos surjáis surjan
    imperfect
    (ra)    		 surgiera surgieras surgiera surgiéramos surgierais surgieran
    imperfect
    (se)    		 surgiese surgieses surgiese surgiésemos surgieseis surgiesen
    future1 surgiere surgieres surgiere surgiéremos surgiereis surgieren
    imperative — tú
    vos    		 usted nosotros
    nosotras    		 vosotros
    vosotras    		 ustedes
    affirmative surgetú
    surgívos    		 surja surjamos surgid surjan
    negative no surjas no surja no surjamos no surjáis no surjan
    • 1 Mostly obsolete form, now mainly used in legal jargon.
    Other verbs with this conjugation:
    ► <a href='/wiki/Category:Spanish_verbs_ending_in_-ir_(conjugation_-gir)' title='Category:Spanish verbs ending in -ir (conjugation -gir)'>Spanish verbs ending in -ir (conjugation -gir)</a>
          Selected combined forms of surgiredit data

      These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

      singular plural
      1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
      with infinitive surgir
      dative surgirme surgirte surgirle, surgirse surgirnos surgiros surgirles, surgirse
      accusative surgirme surgirte surgirlo, surgirla, surgirse surgirnos surgiros surgirlos, surgirlas, surgirse
      with gerund surgiendo
      dative surgiéndome surgiéndote surgiéndole, surgiéndose surgiéndonos surgiéndoos surgiéndoles, surgiéndose
      accusative surgiéndome surgiéndote surgiéndolo, surgiéndola, surgiéndose surgiéndonos surgiéndoos surgiéndolos, surgiéndolas, surgiéndose
      with informal second-person singular imperative surge
      dative súrgeme súrgete súrgele súrgenos not used súrgeles
      accusative súrgeme súrgete súrgelo, súrgela súrgenos not used súrgelos, súrgelas
      with formal second-person singular imperative surja
      dative súrjame not used súrjale, súrjase súrjanos not used súrjales
      accusative súrjame not used súrjalo, súrjala, súrjase súrjanos not used súrjalos, súrjalas
      with first-person plural imperative surjamos
      dative not used surjámoste surjámosle surjámonos surjámoos surjámosles
      accusative not used surjámoste surjámoslo, surjámosla surjámonos surjámoos surjámoslos, surjámoslas
      with informal second-person plural imperative surgid
      dative surgidme not used surgidle surgidnos surgíos surgidles
      accusative surgidme not used surgidlo, surgidla surgidnos surgíos surgidlos, surgidlas
      with formal second-person plural imperative surjan
      dative súrjanme not used súrjanle súrjannos not used súrjanles, súrjanse
      accusative súrjanme not used súrjanlo, súrjanla súrjannos not used súrjanlos, súrjanlas, súrjanse

      Synonyms
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