Chapter 10
Advanced Concepts of Chemical Bonding
By Boundless
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10397/square/vsepr-geometries.jpg)
The VSPER theory detremines molecular geometries (linear, trigonal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral, and octahedral).
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30051/square/lewis dot structure for methane with bond angle.jpg)
The VSEPR theory describes five main shapes of simple molecules: linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral.
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Nonbonding electrons are in orbitals that occupy space, repel the other orbitals, and change a molecule's shape.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30058/square/lewis dot structure for carbon dioxide.jpg)
A dipole exists when a molecule has areas of asymmetrical positive and negative charge.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30060/square/the unequal sharing of electrons in hf.jpg)
Bond polarity exists when two bonded atoms unequally share electrons, resulting in a negative and a positive end.
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Chemical bonds are more varied than terminology might suggest; they exist on a spectrum between purely ionic and purely covalent bonds.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/31943/square/kyohp6wnt0ojzsdlw7fu.jpg)
Valence bond theory states that overlap between two atomic orbitals forms a covalent bond between two atoms.
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sp3 hybrid orbitals form when a single s and three p orbitals hybridize.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10158/square/bf3-hyb.gif)
sp2 hybridization occurs between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals.
sp hybrid orbitals form from one s-orbital and one p-orbital.
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sp2, sp hybridizations, and pi-bonding can be used to describe the chemical bonding in molecules with double and triple bonds.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30076/square/bonding diagram for he2.jpg)
Bonding and antibonding orbitals are illustrated in MO diagrams, and are useful for predicting the strength and existence of chemical bonds.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11734/square/300px-mo-diagram-dihelium.jpg)
Bond order is the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11722/square/mo-20diagram-20h2.jpg)
An LCAO approximation is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals, used to calculate molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11744/square/317px-nitrogen-3d-vdw.jpg)
Homonuclear diatomic molecules are composed of only one element.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11756/square/clf.jpg)
Heteronuclear diatomic molecules are composed of two atoms of two different elements.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11746/raw/water-molecule-3d.jpg)
A polyatomic molecule is a single entity composed of at least three covalently-bonded atoms.