Anti-thymocyte globulin

Anti-thymocyte globulin
Names
Trade namesAtgam, Thymoglobulin
Clinical data
Drug classPolyclonal antibody[1][2]
Main usesPrevent and treat rejection in organ transplant, myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia[1][2]
Side effectsFever, low white blood cells, low platelets, headache, nausea, serum sickness, rash[2]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Routes of
use		Intravenous
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comHorse: Monograph
Rabbit: Monograph

Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), sold under the brand name Atgam and Thymoglobulin among others, are medication used to prevent and treat acute rejection follow an organ transplant.[1][2] Other uses may include myelodysplastic syndrome and aplastic anemia.[1] It is given by injection into a vein.[1]

Common side effects include fever, low white blood cells, low platelets, headache, nausea, serum sickness, and rash.[2] Other side effects may include anaphylaxis and infection.[2] Safety in pregnancy is unclear.[2] They are polyclonal antibody against thymocytes, derived from either horses or rabbits.[1][2] They are believed to work by altering the activity of T cells.[1][2]

Anti-thymocyte globulin was approved for medical use in the United States in 1981 for the horse version and 1998 for the rabbit version.[3][4] In the United Kingdom a 25 mg vial of the rabbit version costs the NHS about £160 as of 2021.[5] This amount in the United States costs about 800 USD.[6]

Medical uses

Two antithymocyte globulin (ATG) agents licensed for clinical use in the United States are Thymoglobulin (rabbit ATG, rATG, Genzyme) and Atgam (equine ATG, eATG, Pfizer). Thymoglobulin and Atgam are currently licensed for use in the treatment of renal allograft rejection; Atgam is additionally licensed for use in the treatment of aplastic anemia. Both drugs are used in off-label applications, especially as immunosuppression induction agents before and/or during kidney transplantation. A rabbit anti-T lymphocyte globulin made by Neovii Pharmaceuticals is marketed outside of the United States under the name Grafalon.

ATG administration very substantially reduces immune competence in patients with normal immune systems, through a combination of actions, some explicitly understood and some more hypothetical. rATG in particular effects large reductions (through cell lysis) in the number of circulating T-lymphocytes, hence preventing (or at least delaying) the cellular rejection of transplanted organs. However, medical opinion remains divided as to when the benefit of this profound reduction in T-cells outweighs the concomitant increased risks of infection and malignancy.

In the United States it is frequently given at the time of the transplant to prevent graft-versus-host disease,[7] although many European centers prefer to reserve its use for the treatment of steroid-resistant acute rejection, as European centres generally serve more homogeneous populations and rejection tends to be less of a problem.

Dosage

The rabbit version is often used at a dose of 1 to 2.5 mg/kg per day for 3 to 14 days depending on the indication.[5] The dose is based on the ideal body weight.[5]

Side effects

ATG use can induce cytokine release syndrome, and has been thought to increase the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD); however, this association may not apply when lower dosing regimens are used. There is some evidence to suggest that inducing immunosuppression with rATG at organ transplantation may create conditions in the patient's immune system favorable to the development of immunological tolerance, but the exact basis for such a development remains largely speculative. Temporary depletion of the T-cell population at the time of the transplant also risks delayed acute rejection, which may be missed and cause severe damage to the graft.

Anti-IL-2Rα receptor antibodies such as basiliximab and daclizumab are increasingly being used in place of ATG as an induction therapy, as they do not cause cytokine release syndrome and (theoretically) improve the development of tolerance.

The cytokine release syndrome associated with ATG administration frequently causes high grade fevers (over 39 °C), chills, and possibly rigors during administration, for which reason steroids (normally methylprednisolone), diphenhydramine 25–50 mg, and acetaminophen 650 mg are usually co-administered. Such adverse reactions can often be controlled by slowing the infusion rate.

History

The first report of immunizing an animal of one species (Guinea pig) against the immune cells of another species (mouse lymphocytes) was by Élie Metchnikoff in 1899. He reported injecting cells recovered from mouse lymph nodes into Guinea pigs and waiting for the immunization to result in the accumulation of anti-mouse antibodies in the Guinea pig blood. When he subsequently collected serum from these Guinea pigs and injected it into normal mice he observed a marked depletion in the number of circulating mouse lymphocytes.

Graft-versus-host disease

Rabbit ATG has been used in two randomised trials to reduce acute Graft versus Host (aGVH) disease in recipients receiving progenitor cell transplants.[8] While higher doses (15 mg/kg) reduced aGVH this was offset by increased infections. However a long term follow up showed that at both high and low (7.5 mg/kg) doses chronic GVH (cGVH) was reduced.[9] A similar trial of anti-lymphocyte globulin showed a trend in reduction of aGVH that was not statistically significant, but a reduction in cGVH.[10]

The Canadian Blood and Marrow Transplant Group is currently conducting the first randomised trial in cGVH using an even lower dose of rabbit ATG (4.5 mg/kg) in an attempt to confirm these observations. The endpoint is the reduction in the proportion of patients with cGVH at 1 year, off immunosuppressants. [11]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Antithymocyte Globulin (Rabbit) Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine) Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ↑ "DailyMed - ATGAM- equine thymocyte immune globulin injection, solution". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. ↑ "DailyMed - THYMOGLOBULIN (anti-thymocyte globulin- rabbit injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 882. ISBN 978-0857114105.
  6. ↑ James, A; Mannon, RB (1 June 2015). "The Cost of Transplant Immunosuppressant Therapy: Is This Sustainable?". Current transplantation reports. 2 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1007/s40472-015-0052-y. PMID 26236578.
  7. ↑ Antithymocyte globulin Archived 2015-05-11 at the Wayback Machine entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
  8. ↑ Bacigalupo A, Lamparelli T, Bruzzi P, et al. (November 2001). "Antithymocyte globulin for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in transplants from unrelated donors: 2 randomized studies from Gruppo Italiano Trapianti Midollo Osseo (GITMO)". Blood. 98 (10): 2942–7. doi:10.1182/blood.V98.10.2942. PMID 11698275.
  9. ↑ Bacigalupo A, Lamparelli T, Barisione G, et al. (May 2006). "Thymoglobulin prevents chronic graft-versus-host disease, chronic lung dysfunction, and late transplant-related mortality: long-term follow-up of a randomized trial in patients undergoing unrelated donor transplantation". Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 12 (5): 560–5. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.12.034. PMID 16635791.
  10. ↑ Finke J, Bethge WA, Schmoor C, et al. (September 2009). "Standard graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis with or without anti-T-cell globulin in haematopoietic cell transplantation from matched unrelated donors: a randomised, open-label, multicentre phase 3 trial". The Lancet Oncology. 10 (9): 855–64. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70225-6. PMID 19695955.
  11. ↑ Thymoglobulin to prevent chronic graft versus host disease in hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation patients Archived December 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
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