Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
Other names: Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APSs)
The autoimmune regulator protein (from the AIRE gene, which causes autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 when non-functional)
TypesAPS type1,
APS type 2,
IPEX syndrome
CausesFOXP3 gene is involved in the mechanism [1]
Diagnostic methodEndoscopic, CT scan[2]
TreatmentDepends on type

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APSs), also called polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PGASs)[3] or polyendocrine autoimmune syndromes (PASs), are a heterogeneous group[4] of rare diseases characterized by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organ, although non-endocrine organs can be affected. There are three types of APS, and there are a number of other diseases which involve endocrine autoimmunity.[2][5][6]

Types

APS1- a) Hypomineralization b) severe enamel hypoplasia c)enamel hypoplasia

Cause

Each "type" of this condition has a different genetic cause. IPEX syndrome is inherited in males by an X-linked recessive process. The FOXP3 gene, whose cytogenetic location is Xp11.23, is involved in the mechanism of the IPEX condition.[11][1]

Diagnosis

CT scan

Diagnosis for type 1 of this condition for example, sees that the following methods/tests are available:[2]

Differential diagnosis

For this condition, differential diagnosis sees that the following should be considered:[12]

Management

Ketoconazole

Immunosuppressive therapy may be used in type I of this condition.[13] Ketoconazole can also be used for type I under certain conditions.[2]

The component diseases are managed as usual; the challenge is to detect the possibility of any of the syndromes and to anticipate other manifestations. For example, in a person with known type 2 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome but no features of Addison's disease, regular screening for antibodies against 21-hydroxylase may prompt early intervention and hydrocortisone replacement to prevent characteristic crises

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Reference, Genetics Home. "FOXP3 gene". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Type I Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2017-01-06. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05. Retrieved 2021-05-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ↑ Dittmar, Manuela; Kahaly, George J. (2003). "Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndromes: Immunogenetics and Long-Term Follow-Up". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88 (7): 2983–2992. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021845. PMID 12843130. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  4. ↑ Eisenbarth GS, Gottlieb PA (2004). "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (20): 2068–79. doi:10.1056/NEJMra030158. PMID 15141045.
  5. ↑ "Type III Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2017-05-03. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2021-05-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ "Type II Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2017-05-03. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2021-05-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ "Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  8. ↑ "IPEX syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  9. ↑ "Immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy X-linked | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-01-09. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  10. ↑ Wildin, R. S.; Smyk-Pearson, S.; Filipovich, A. H. (1 August 2002). "Clinical and molecular features of the immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X linked (IPEX) syndrome". Journal of Medical Genetics. 39 (8): 537–545. doi:10.1136/jmg.39.8.537. ISSN 0022-2593. PMC 1735203. PMID 12161590.
  11. ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "IPEX syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  12. ↑ RESERVED, INSERM US14 -- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X linked syndrome". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  13. ↑ Weiler, Fernanda Guimarães; Dias-da-Silva, Magnus R.; Lazaretti-Castro, Marise (2012-02-01). "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: case report and review of literature". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. 56 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302012000100009. ISSN 0004-2730. PMID 22460196.

Further reading

Classification
External resources
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