Ivacaftor

Ivacaftor
Names
Trade namesKalydeco
Other namesVX-770
IUPAC name
  • N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide
Clinical data
Main usesCystic fibrosis (CF)[1]
Side effectsHeadache, throat pain, runny nose, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, nausea[2]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3[3]
  • US: N (Not classified yet)[3]
    Routes of
    use    		By mouth
    Typical dose150 mg BID[1]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    MedlinePlusa612012
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • UK: POM (Prescription only)
    • US: ℞-only [4]
    • EU: Rx-only [5]
    • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
    Pharmacokinetics
    Protein binding99%
    MetabolismCYP3A
    Elimination half-life12 hrs (single dose)
    Excretion88% faeces
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC24H28N2O3
    Molar mass392.499 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    SMILES
    • O= C\2c1c(cccc1)N/C= C/2C(= O)Nc3cc(O)c(cc3C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C24H28N2O3/c1-23(2,3)16-11-17(24(4,5)6)20(27)12-19(16)26-22(29)15-13-25-18-10-8-7-9-14(18)21(15)28/h7-13,27H,1-6H3,(H,25,28)(H,26,29) checkY
    • Key:PURKAOJPTOLRMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

    Ivacaftor, sold under the brand name Kalydeco, is a medication used to treat cystic fibrosis.[5] Specifically it is used for cases that have specific mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene.[5] It is taken by mouth.[1]

    Common side effects include headache, throat pain, runny nose, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, and nausea.[2] Other side effects may include liver problems.[2] There is no evidence of harm in pregnancy, but such use has not been well studied.[6] It works by increasing the effectiveness of CFTR.[5]

    Ivacaftor was approved for medical use in the United States and Europe in 2012.[2][5] In the United Kingdom a year of treatment costs the NHS about £196,000 as of 2021.[1] In the United States this amount costs about 350,000 USD.[7] It is also available in combination as lumacaftor/ivacaftor, tezacaftor/ivacaftor, and elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor.[1]

    Medical uses

    Ivacaftor is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis in people having one of several specific mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein: E56K, G178R, S549R, K1060T, G1244E, P67L, E193K, G551D, A1067T, S1251N, R74W, L206W, G551S, G1069R, S1255P, D110E, R347H, D579G, R1070Q, D1270N, D110H, R352Q, S945L, R1070W, G1349D, R117C, A455E, S977F, F1074L, R117H, S549N, F1052V, D1152H.[8][4][9]

    These mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene (primarily the G551D mutation) account for 4–5% cases of cystic fibrosis cases.[10][11]

    Dosage

    It is taken at a dose of 150 mg twice per day.[1] In those on moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors the dose may be decreased to 150 mg per day or 150 mg twice per week.[1]

    Combinations

    Ivacaftor is also included in a combination product, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, which is used to treat people with cystic fibrosis who have the F508del mutation in CFTR.[12][13][14][15]

    In the combination product tezacaftor/ivacaftor sold as Symdeko and as Symkevi.[16][17][18][19] It is indicated to treat people aged six and older who have two copies of the F508del mutation in CFTR.[16][17][20] It is indicated for CF aged twelve years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who are heterozygous for the F508del mutation and have one of the following mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene: P67L, R117C, L206W, R352Q, A455E, D579G, 711+3A→G, S945L, S977F, R1070W, D1152H, 2789+5G→A, 3272 26A→G, and 3849+10kbC→T.[21]

    Side effects

    The most common adverse reactions experienced by patients who received ivacaftor in the pooled placebo-controlled Phase III studies were abdominal pain (15.6% versus 12.5% on placebo), diarrhoea (12.8% versus 9.6% on placebo), dizziness (9.2% versus 1.0% on placebo), rash (12.8% versus 6.7% on placebo), upper respiratory tract reactions (including upper respiratory tract infection, nasal congestion, pharyngeal erythema, oropharyngeal pain, rhinitis, sinus congestion, and nasopharyngitis) (63.3% versus 50.0% on placebo), headache (23.9% versus 16.3% on placebo) and bacteria in sputum (7.3% versus 3.8% on placebo). One patient in the ivacaftor group reported a serious adverse reaction: abdominal pain.[22][23]

    Pharmacology

    Pharmacodynamics

    Ivacaftor is a "potentiator" of CFTR, meaning it increases the probability that the defective channel will be open and allow chloride ions pass through the channel pore.[12]

    Cystic fibrosis is caused by any one of several defects in the CFTR protein, which regulates fluid flow within cells and affects the components of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus. One such defect is the G551D mutation, in which the amino acid glycine (G) in position 551 is replaced with aspartic acid (D). G551D is characterized by a dysfunctional CFTR protein on the cell surface. In the case of G551D, the protein is trafficked to the correct area, the epithelial cell surface, but once there the protein cannot transport chloride through the channel. Ivacaftor, a CFTR potentiator, improves the transport of chloride through the ion channel by binding to the channels directly to induce a non-conventional mode of gating which in turn increases the probability that the channel is open.[24][25][26]

    Pharmacokinetics

    Distribution

    Ivacaftor is approximately 99% bound to plasma proteins, primarily to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin. Ivacaftor does not bind to human red blood cells.[22][23]

    Biotransformation

    Ivacaftor is extensively metabolised in humans. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that ivacaftor is primarily metabolised by CYP3A. M1 and M6 are the two major metabolites of ivacaftor in humans. M1 has approximately one-sixth the potency of ivacaftor and is considered pharmacologically active. M6 has less than one-fiftieth the potency of ivacaftor and is not considered pharmacologically active.[22][23]

    Elimination

    Following oral administration, the majority of ivacaftor (87.8%) is eliminated in the faeces after metabolic conversion. The major metabolites M1 and M6 accounted for approximately 65% of total dose eliminated with 22% as M1 and 43% as M6. There was negligible urinary excretion of ivacaftor as unchanged parent. The apparent terminal half-life was approximately 12 hours following a single dose in the fed state. The apparent clearance (CL/F) of ivacaftor was similar for healthy subjects and patients with CF. The mean (±SD) of CL/F for the 150 mg dose was 17.3 (8.4) L/h in healthy subjects at steady state.[22][23]

    History

    Ivacaftor was developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals in conjunction with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and is the first medication that treats the underlying cause rather than the symptoms of the disease.[27]

    Society and culture

    The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ivacaftor in January 2012,[28] and soon afterwards so too did the European Medicines Agency (EMA)[22][23] and Canada[29] and across some European countries.[30][31][32]

    Lumacaftor/ivacaftor was approved by the FDA in July 2015, under breakthrough therapy status and under a priority review.[33]

    Cost

    The cost of ivacaftor is US$311,000 per year.[34] In the first nine months of its second year on the market (2014), ivacaftor sales were $339M, representing 54% of Vertex's product sales revenue. During the same period, total drug development expenses were $458M, most of which was spent on cystic fibrosis-related research.[35]

    An editorial in JAMA called the price of ivacaftor "exorbitant", citing the support by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in its development and the contribution made by fundamental scientific research performed by the National Institutes of Health and relied upon by Vertex in its cystic fibrosis drug discovery programs.[36] The company responded in an email that "while publicly funded academic research provided important early understanding of the cause of cystic fibrosis, it took Vertex scientists 14 years of their own research, funded mostly by the company, before the drug won approval."[37]

    The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to improving healthcare for people with cystic fibrosis, provided $150 million of the funding for the development for ivacaftor in exchange for royalty rights in the event that the drug was successfully developed and commercialized. In 2014, the Foundation sold these royalty rights for $3.3 billion. The Foundation has stated that it intends to spend these funds in support of further research.[38][39]

    Vertex said it would make the drug available free to patients in the United States with no insurance and a household income of under $150,000.[40] In 2012, 24 US doctors and researchers involved in the development of the drug wrote to Vertex to protest the price of the drug, which had been set at about $300,000 per year. In the UK, the company provided the drug free for a limited time for certain patients, then left the hospitals to decide whether to continue to pay for it for those patients. UK agencies estimated the cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) at between £335,000 and £1,274,000 —well above the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence thresholds.[41]

    The drug was not covered under the Ontario Drug Benefit plan until June 2014, when the Government of Ontario and the manufacturer negotiated for what "Ontario Health Minister Deb Matthews had called a "fair price" for taxpayers". The negotiations took 16 months and it was estimated that around 20 Ontarians required the drug at the time.[42]

    The province of Alberta began covering the drug in July 2014, and in September the province of Saskatchewan became the third province to include it in its provincial drug plan.[43]

    Delay in agreement on a price for Vertex to charge national health plans led to patient group protests in Wales,[44][45] England,[46] and Australia.[47]

    As of March 2016, the combination drug cost $259,000 a year in the United States.[48]

    Research

    G551D mutation

    Of the approximately 70,000 cases of cystic fibrosis worldwide, 4% (~3,000) are due to a mutation called G551D.[49][50] The safety and efficacy of ivacaftor for the treatment of cystic fibrosis in patients with this mutation was examined in two clinical trials.

    The first trial was performed in adults having baseline respiratory function (FEV1) between 32% and 98% of normal for persons of similar age, height, and weight. The baseline average was 64%. Improvement in FEV1 was rapid and sustained. At the end of 48 weeks, people treated with ivacaftor had on average an absolute increase in FEV1 of 10.4%, vs. a decline of 0.2% in the placebo group. Pulmonary exacerbations were reduced by about half in the ivacaftor group relative to the placebo group.[4]

    In a second trial conducted in children age six to 11, the average improvement in FEV1 was an absolute increase of 12.5% in the ivacaftor group at 48 weeks, compared to a very slight decline in the placebo group.[4]

    Other mutations

    A third clinical trial examined the efficacy of ivacaftor in people with cystic fibrosis due to G1244E, G1349D, G178R, G551S, S1251N, S1255P, S549N, or S549R mutations. This trial, which included 39 people of age greater than six years, used a crossover design. The people in the trial had FEV1 averaging 78% of normal at baseline. The people in the trial were randomized to receive either ivacaftor or placebo for eight weeks. This was followed by a four to eight week washout period, then each group received the opposite treatment from what it received in the first part of the trial. At week 8, the people on treatment with ivacaftor experienced an average absolute improvement in FEV1 of 13.8%, but there was a strong dependence of the efficacy on the exact mutation that a patient had. The detailed data for different mutation types is shown in the U.S package insert.[4]

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 310. ISBN 978-0857114105.
    2. 1 2 3 4 "Ivacaftor Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
    3. 1 2 "Ivacaftor (Kalydeco) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 9 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Kalydeco- ivacaftor tablet, film coated Kalydeco- ivacaftor granule prescribing information". DailyMed. 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Kalydeco". Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
    6. ↑ "Ivacaftor (Kalydeco) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
    7. ↑ "Kalydeco Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
    8. ↑ Cystic Fibrosis Foundation: FDA Approves Ivacaftor for 23 Additional CFTR Mutations Archived 3 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
    9. ↑ "FDA expands approved use of Kalydeco to treat additional mutations of cystic fibrosis". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 17 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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    11. ↑ McPhail GL, Clancy JP (April 2013). "Ivacaftor: the first therapy acting on the primary cause of cystic fibrosis". Drugs Today. 49 (4): 253–60. doi:10.1358/dot.2013.49.4.1940984. PMID 23616952.
    12. 1 2 Kuk K, Taylor-Cousar JL (2015). "Lumacaftor and ivacaftor in the management of patients with cystic fibrosis: current evidence and future prospects". Ther Adv Respir Dis. 9 (6): 313–26. doi:10.1177/1753465815601934. PMID 26416827.
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    21. ↑ "Symkevi EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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    29. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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    31. ↑ "Kalydeco 75mg granules sachets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
    32. ↑ "Kalydeco 150 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
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    34. ↑ "F.D.A. Approves New Cystic Fibrosis Drug". The New York Times. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
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    36. ↑ Brian P. O'Sullivan; David M. Orenstein; Carlos E. Milla (2 October 2013). "Viewpoint: Pricing for Orphan Drugs: Will the Market Bear What Society Cannot?". JAMA. 310 (13): 1343–1344. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.278129. PMID 24084916.
    37. ↑ "Cystic Fibrosis: Charity and Industry Partner for Profit". MedPage Today. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
    38. ↑ "CF Foundation Cashes Out on Kalydeco in $3.3B Sale to Royalty Pharma | Xconomy". 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    39. ↑ "CF Foundation Royalty Sale Will Be Transformational for People with CF". Archived from the original on 27 December 2014.
    40. ↑ "FDA Approves KALYDECO™ (ivacaftor), the First Medicine to Treat the Underlying Cause of Cystic Fibrosis" (Press release). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Vertex Pharmaceuticals. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
    41. ↑ Deborah Cohen; James Raftery (12 February 2014). "Orphan Drugs: Paying twice: questions over high cost of cystic fibrosis drug developed with charitable funding". BMJ. 348: g1445. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1445. PMID 24523379. S2CID 8702814. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    42. ↑ Ferguson R (20 June 2014). "OHIP to cover cystic fibrosis drug Kalydeco". The Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
    43. ↑ "Saskatchewan to cover $300K cystic fibrosis drug Kalydeco". CBC News. 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
    44. ↑ "Plea for Kalydeco drug to be introduced | Wales - ITV News". Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    45. ↑ "Cystic fibrosis: New drug Kalydeco refused for Welsh NHS". BBC News Online. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    46. ↑ "Protests at Birmingham Hospital as cystic fibrosis sufferer is denied life-saving drug". Birmingham Mail. 29 October 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    47. ↑ "Kalydeco breakthrough: Plea for life-saving medicine proves a winner". Manning River Times. 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    48. ↑ Wasserman, Emily (23 March 2016). "NICE gives initial thumbs-down to Vertex's CF combo med Orkambi, citing costs". FiercePharma. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    49. ↑ "FAQs about the Cause, Diagnosis, Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis & More | CF Foundation". Archived from the original on 25 October 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
    50. ↑ Bobadilla JL, Macek M, Fine JP, Farrell PM (June 2002). "Cystic fibrosis: a worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations--correlation with incidence data and application to screening". Hum. Mutat. 19 (6): 575–606. doi:10.1002/humu.10041. PMID 12007216. S2CID 35428054.
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