Lazarus sign

The Lazarus sign or Lazarus reflex is a reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients,[1] which causes them to briefly raise their arms and drop them crossed on their chests (in a position similar to some Egyptian mummies).[2][3] The phenomenon is named after the Biblical figure Lazarus of Bethany,[4] whom Jesus Christ raised from the dead according to the Gospel of John.

Causes

Like the knee jerk reflex, the Lazarus sign is an example of a reflex mediated by a reflex arc—a neural pathway which passes via the spinal column but not through the brain. As a consequence, the movement is possible in brain-dead patients whose organs have been kept functioning by life-support machines, precluding the use of complex involuntary motions as a test for brain activity.[3] It has been suggested by neurologists studying the phenomenon that increased awareness of this and similar reflexes "may prevent delays in brain-dead diagnosis and misinterpretations."[2]

The reflex is often preceded by slight shivering motions of the patient's arms, or the appearance of goose bumps on the arms and torso. The arms then begin to flex at the elbows before lifting to be held above the sternum. They are often brought from here towards the neck or chin and touch or cross over. Short exhalations have also been observed coinciding with the action.[3]

Occurrences

The phenomenon has been observed to occur several minutes after the removal of medical ventilators used to pump air in and out of brain-dead patients.[4] It also occurs during testing for apnea—that is, suspension of external breathing and motion of the lung muscles—which is one of the criteria for determining brain death used for example by the American Academy of Neurology.[5]

Occurrences of the Lazarus sign in intensive-care units have been mistaken for evidence of resuscitation of patients. They may frighten those who witness the movement, and have been viewed by some as miraculous events.[3][4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Brain death and brainstem failure". The Egyptian Society of Medical Ethics. 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  2. 1 2 S.G Han; et al. (2006). "Reflex Movements in Patients with Brain Death: A Prospective Study in A Tertiary Medical Center". Journal of Korean Medical Science. 21 (3): 588–90. doi:10.3346/jkms.2006.21.3.588. ISSN 1011-8934. PMC 2729975. PMID 16778413.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Allan H Ropper (1984). "Unusual spontaneous movements in brain-dead patients". Neurology. 34 (8): 1089–90. doi:10.1212/wnl.34.8.1089. PMID 6540387. S2CID 2351431.
  4. 1 2 3 Calixto Machado (2007). Brain death: a reappraisal. Springer. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-387-38975-2.
  5. ↑ "Practice Parameters: Determining Brain Death in Adults" (PDF). American Academy of Neurology. 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
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