2012 United States presidential election

The 2012 United States presidential election was the 57th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate, incumbent Vice President Joe Biden, were re-elected to a second term. They defeated the Republican ticket of businessman and former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.

2012 United States presidential election

November 6, 2012

538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout58.6%[1] Decrease 3.0 pp
 
Nominee Barack Obama Mitt Romney
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Illinois Massachusetts
Running mate Joe Biden Paul Ryan
Electoral vote 332 206
States carried 26 + DC 24
Popular vote 65,915,795[2] 60,933,504[2]
Percentage 51.1% 47.2%

Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Obama/Biden and red denotes those won by Romney/Ryan. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.

President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

As the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination without serious opposition. The Republicans experienced a competitive primary. Romney was consistently competitive in the polls and won the support of many party leaders, but he faced challenges from a number of more conservative contenders. Romney secured his party's nomination in May, defeating former Senator Rick Santorum, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and Texas congressman Ron Paul, among other candidates.

The campaigns focused heavily on domestic issues, and debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social insurance programs, and the Affordable Care Act, Obama's marquee legislative program. Foreign policy was also discussed, including the end of the Iraq War in 2011, military spending, the Iranian nuclear program, and appropriate counteractions to terrorism. Romney attacked Obama's domestic policies as ineffective and financially insolvent while Obama's campaign sought to characterize Romney as a plutocratic businessman who was out of touch with the average American.[3][4] The campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from nominally independent Super PACs.

Obama defeated Romney, winning a majority of both the Electoral College and the popular vote. Obama won 332 electoral votes and 51.1% of the popular vote compared to Romney's 206 electoral votes and 47.2%. Obama was the first president to ever win a second term with fewer electoral votes and a smaller popular vote percentage. Nonetheless, he was the first president since Ronald Reagan in 1984 to win a majority of the national popular vote more than once, and the first Democrat to do so since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944.

Obama did not hold onto Indiana, North Carolina, or Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, but crucially won all 18 "blue wall" states and defeated Romney in other swing states the Republicans had won in 2000 and 2004, most notably Colorado, Florida, Ohio, and Virginia. Ultimately, of the nine swing states identified by The Washington Post in the 2012 election, Obama won eight, losing only North Carolina.[5] This is the most recent presidential election in which the Democratic candidate won the states of Iowa, Ohio, and Florida, along with Maine's 2nd congressional district, the most recent presidential election in which the incumbent president won reelection, and the most recent in which neither major party's ticket included a woman.

All four major candidates for president and vice president went on to hold significant public office after this election. Obama served his second term as president, while Biden also served his second term as vice president and initially retired from politics but was later elected president in 2020, defeating the incumbent president (and Obama's successor), Donald Trump. This is the most recent election in which two major party nominees would go on to become president. Romney initially retired from politics and moved to Utah in 2014 but was later elected to the Senate there in 2018, succeeding Orrin Hatch. Ryan served three more terms in the House and eventually became Speaker from 2015 until his retirement from politics in 2019.

State changes to voter registration and electoral rules

In 2011, several state legislatures passed new voting laws, especially pertaining to voter identification, with the stated purpose of combating voter fraud; the laws were attacked, however, by the Democratic Party as attempts to suppress voting among its supporters and to improve the Republican Party's presidential prospects. Florida, Georgia, Ohio,[6] Tennessee, and West Virginia's state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting. Kansas, South Carolina,[7] Tennessee, Texas,[8] and Wisconsin[9] state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. This meant, typically, that people without driver's licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID. Former President Bill Clinton denounced them, saying, "There has never been in my lifetime, since we got rid of the poll tax and all the Jim Crow burdens on voting, the determined effort to limit the franchise that we see today".[10] He was referring to Jim Crow laws passed in southern states near the turn of the twentieth century that disenfranchised most blacks from voting and excluded them from the political process for more than six decades. Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including college students, Blacks, and Latinos.[11][12] The Obama campaign fought against the Ohio law, pushing for a petition and statewide referendum to repeal it in time for the 2012 election.[13]

In addition, the Pennsylvania legislature proposed a plan to change its representation in the electoral college from the traditional winner-take-all model to a district-by-district model.[14] As the governorship and both houses of its legislature were Republican-controlled, the move was viewed by some as an attempt to reduce Democratic chances.[15][16][17] Ultimately they did not do it, leaving their winner take all format intact as of 2020.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Primaries

With an incumbent president running for re-election against token opposition, the race for the Democratic nomination was largely uneventful. The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Democrats Abroad. Additionally, high-ranking party members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention. A few of the primary challengers surpassed the president's vote total in individual counties in several of the seven contested primaries, though none made a significant impact in the delegate count. Running unopposed everywhere else, Obama cemented his status as the Democratic presumptive nominee on April 3, 2012, by securing the minimum number of pledged delegates needed to obtain the nomination.[18][19]

Candidate

Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
2012 Democratic Party ticket
Barack Obama Joe Biden
for President for Vice President
44th
President of the United States
(2009–2017)
47th
Vice President of the United States
(2009–2017)
Campaign

Republican Party nomination

Primaries

Candidates with considerable name recognition who entered the race for the Republican presidential nomination in the early stages of the primary campaign included U.S. Representative and former Libertarian nominee Ron Paul, former Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty, who co-chaired John McCain's campaign in 2008, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, the runner-up for the nomination in the 2008 cycle, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

The first debate took place on May 5, 2011, in Greenville, South Carolina, with businessman Herman Cain, former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, Ron Paul, Tim Pawlenty, and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum participating. Another debate took place a month later, with Newt Gingrich, Mitt Romney, former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman, and Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann participating, and Gary Johnson excluded. A total of thirteen debates were held before the Iowa caucuses.

The first major event of the campaign was the Ames Straw Poll, which took place in Iowa on August 13, 2011. Michele Bachmann won the straw poll (this ultimately proved to be the acme of her campaign).[20] Pawlenty withdrew from the race after a poor showing in the straw poll, as did Thaddeus McCotter, the only candidate among those who qualified for the ballot who was refused entrance into the debate.[21]

It became clear at around this point in the nomination process that while Romney was considered to be the likely nominee by the Republican establishment, a large segment of the conservative primary electorate found him to be too moderate for their political views. As a result, a number of potential "anti-Romney" candidates were put forward,[22][23] including future President Donald Trump,[24] former Alaska Governor and 2008 vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin,[25] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie,[26] and Texas Governor Rick Perry,[27] the last of whom decided to run in August 2011. Perry did poorly in the debates, however, and Herman Cain and then Newt Gingrich came to the fore in October and November.

Due to a number of scandals, Cain withdrew just before the end of the year, after having gotten on the ballot in several states.[28] Around the same time, Johnson, who had been able to get into only one other debate, withdrew to seek the Libertarian Party nomination.[29]

For the first time in modern Republican Party history, three different candidates won the first three state contests in January (the Iowa caucuses, the New Hampshire primary, and the South Carolina primary).[30] Although Romney had been expected to win in at least Iowa and New Hampshire, Rick Santorum won the non-binding poll at caucus sites in Iowa by 34 votes, as near as could be determined from the incomplete tally, earning him a declaration as winner by state party leaders, although vote totals were missing from eight precincts.[31][32] The election of county delegates at the caucuses would eventually lead to Ron Paul earning 22 of the 28 Iowa delegates to the Republican National Convention.[33] Newt Gingrich won South Carolina by a surprisingly large margin,[34] and Romney won only in New Hampshire.

A number of candidates dropped out at this point in the nomination process. Bachmann withdrew after finishing sixth in the Iowa caucuses,[35] Huntsman withdrew after coming in third in New Hampshire, and Perry withdrew when polls showed him drawing low numbers in South Carolina.[36]

Mitt Romney on the campaign trail

Santorum, who had previously run an essentially one-state campaign in Iowa, was able to organize a national campaign after his surprising victory there. He unexpectedly carried three states in a row on February 7 and overtook Romney in nationwide opinion polls, becoming the only candidate in the race to effectively challenge the notion that Romney was the inevitable nominee.[37] However, Romney won all of the other contests between South Carolina and the Super Tuesday primaries, and regained his first-place status in nationwide opinion polls by the end of February.

The Super Tuesday primaries took place on March 6. Romney carried six states, Santorum carried three, and Gingrich won only in his home state of Georgia.[38] Throughout the rest of March, 266 delegates were allocated in 12 events, including the territorial contests and the first local conventions that allocated delegates (Wyoming's county conventions). Santorum won Kansas and three Southern primaries, but he was unable to make any substantial gain on Romney, who became a formidable frontrunner after securing more than half of the delegates allocated in March.

On April 10, Santorum suspended his campaign due to a variety of reasons, such as a low delegate count, unfavorable polls in his home state of Pennsylvania, and his daughter's health, leaving Mitt Romney as the undisputed front-runner for the presidential nomination and allowing Gingrich to claim that he was "the last conservative standing" in the campaign for the nomination.[39] After disappointing results in the April 24 primaries (finishing second in one state, third in three, and fourth in one), Gingrich dropped out on May 2 in a move that was seen as an effective end to the contest for the nomination.[40] After Gingrich's spokesman announced his upcoming withdrawal, the Republican National Committee declared Romney the party's presumptive nominee.[41] Ron Paul officially remained in the race, but he stopped campaigning on May 14 to focus on state conventions.

On May 29, after winning the Texas primary, Romney had received a sufficient number of delegates to clinch the party's nomination with the inclusion of unpledged delegates. After winning the June 5 primaries in California and several other states, Romney had received more than enough pledged delegates to clinch the nomination without counting unpledged delegates, making the June 26 Utah Primary, the last contest of the cycle, purely symbolic. CNN's final delegate estimate, released on July 27, 2012, put Romney at 1,462 pledged delegates and 62 unpledged delegates, for a total estimate of 1,524 delegates. No other candidate had unpledged delegates. The delegate estimates for the other candidates were Santorum at 261 delegates, Paul at 154, Gingrich at 142, Bachmann at 1, Huntsman at 1, and all others at 0.[42]

On August 28, 2012, delegates at the Republican National Convention officially named Romney the party's presidential nominee.[43] Romney formally accepted the delegates' nomination on August 30, 2012.[44]

Candidate

Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party (United States)
2012 Republican Party ticket
Mitt Romney Paul Ryan
for President for Vice President
70th
Governor of Massachusetts
(2003–2007)
U.S. Representative
from Wisconsin
(1999–2019)
Campaign
[45][46]

Withdrawn candidates

Candidates in this section are sorted by reverse date of withdrawal from the primaries
Ron Paul Newt Gingrich Rick Santorum Buddy Roemer Rick Perry Jon Huntsman Jr.
U.S. Representative
from Texas
(1997–2013)
50th
Speaker
of the United States
House of Representatives
(1995–1999)
U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania  
(1995–2007)
52nd
Governor of
Louisiana
(1988–1992)
47th
Governor of
Texas
(2000–2015)
U.S. Ambassador
to China
(2009-2011)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: N/A
2,017,957 votes
W: May 2
2,737,442 votes
W: April 10
3,816,110 votes
W: Feb 22
33,212 votes
W: Jan 19
42,251 votes
W: Jan 16
83,173 votes
[47] [48][49] [50][51][52] [53][54] [55][56] [57][58]
Michele Bachmann Gary Johnson Herman Cain Thaddeus McCotter Tim Pawlenty Fred Karger
U.S. Representative
from Minnesota
(2007–2013)
29th
Governor of
New Mexico
(1995–2003)
Chair of the
Federal Reserve
Bank of Kansas City
(1995–1996)
U.S. Representative
from Michigan
(2003–2012)
39th
Governor of
Minnesota
(2003–2011)
Political
Consultant
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
W: Jan 4
35,089 votes
W: Dec 28, 2011
4,286 votes
W: Dec 3, 2011
13,538 votes
W: Sep 22, 2011
0 votes
W: Aug 14, 2011
0 votes
W: June 29, 2012

12,776 votes

[59][60][61] [62][63] [64][65] [66][67] [68][69] [70]

Third party and other nominations

Four other parties nominated candidates that had ballot access or write-in access to at least 270 electoral votes, the minimum number of votes needed in the 2012 election to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college.

Libertarian Party

Green Party

Constitution Party

  • Virgil Goode, former Representative from Virginia.[76] Vice-presidential nominee: Jim Clymer from Pennsylvania[77]

Justice Party

Campaigns

Ballot access

Presidential ticket Party Ballot access[80] Votes Percentage
States Electors % of voters
Obama / Biden Democratic 50 + DC 538 100% 65,915,795 51.1%
Romney / Ryan Republican 50 + DC 538 100% 60,933,504 47.2%
Johnson / Gray Libertarian 48 + DC 515 95.1% 1,275,971 1.0%
Stein / Honkala Green 36 + DC 436 83.1% 469,627 0.4%
Goode / Clymer Constitution 26 257 49.9% 122,388 0.1%
Anderson / Rodriguez Justice 15 145 28.1% 43,018 nil
Lindsay / Osorio Socialism & Liberation 13 115 28.6% 7,791 nil

Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes.

All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 10 states, 100 electors, and less than 20% of voters nationwide.

Financing and advertising

The United States presidential election of 2012 broke new records in financing, fundraising, and negative campaigning. Through grassroots campaign contributions, online donations, and Super PACs, Obama and Romney raised a combined total of more than $2 billion.[81] Super PACs constituted nearly one-fourth of the total financing, with most coming from pro-Romney PACs.[82] Obama raised $690 million through online channels, beating his record of $500 million in 2008.[83] Most of the advertising in the 2012 presidential campaign was decidedly negative—80% of Obama's ads and 84% of Romney's ads were negative.[84] The tax-exempt non-profit Americans for Prosperity, a so-called "outside group", that is, a political advocacy group that is not a political action committee or super-PAC, ran a television advertising campaign opposing Obama described by The Washington Post as "early and relentless".[85][86] Americans for Prosperity spent $8.4 million in swing states on television advertisements denouncing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 loan guarantee to Solyndra, a manufacturer of solar panels that went bankrupt,[87] an advertising campaign described by The Wall Street Journal in November 2011 as "perhaps the biggest attack on Mr. Obama so far".[88][89]

Party conventions

Map of United States showing Charlotte, Tampa, Las Vegas, Baltimore, and Nashville
Charlotte
Charlotte
Tampa
Tampa
Nashville
Nashville
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Baltimore
Baltimore
Sites of the 2012 national party conventions.

Presidential debates

The Commission on Presidential Debates held four debates during the last weeks of the campaign: three presidential and one vice-presidential. The major issues debated were the economy and jobs, the federal budget deficit, taxation and spending, the future of Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, healthcare reform, education, social issues, immigration, and foreign policy.

Debate schedule:[96][97]

Debates among candidates for the 2012 U.S. presidential election
No. Date Host City Moderator Participants
Viewership
(million)
P1 Wednesday, October 3, 2012 University of Denver Denver, Colorado Jim Lehrer 67.2[98]
VP Thursday, October 11, 2012 Centre College Danville, Kentucky Martha Raddatz 51.4[98]
P2 Tuesday, October 16, 2012 Hofstra University Hempstead, New York Candy Crowley 65.6[98]
P3 Monday, October 22, 2012 Lynn University Boca Raton, Florida Bob Schieffer 59.2[98]
President Obama talks with Ron Klain during presidential debate preparations. Senator John Kerry, at podium, played the role of Mitt Romney during the preparatory sessions.

An independent presidential debate featuring minor party candidates took place on Tuesday, October 23 at the Hilton Hotel in Chicago, Illinois.[99][100] The debate was moderated by Larry King[101] and organized by the Free & Equal Elections Foundation.[100] The participants were Gary Johnson (Libertarian), Jill Stein (Green), Virgil Goode (Constitution), and Rocky Anderson (Justice).[100][101] A second debate between Stein and Johnson took place on Sunday, November 4, and was moderated by Ralph Nader.[102]

Notable expressions, phrases, and statements

  • Severely conservative – In a speech he made at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2012, Romney claimed that he had been a "severely conservative Republican governor". Romney's description of his record as "severely conservative" was widely criticized by political commentators as both rhetorically clumsy and factually inaccurate.[103][104][105] Later, the phrase "severely conservative" was frequently brought up by Democrats to make fun of Romney's willingness to associate himself with the far-right of the Republican Party as well as his apparent lack of sincerity while doing so.[106] Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh, who played the clip on his radio show, said: "I have never heard anybody say, 'I'm severely conservative.' "[107]
  • You didn't build that – A portion of a statement that Obama made in a July 2012 campaign speech in Roanoke, Virginia. Obama said that businesses depend on government-provided infrastructure to succeed, but critics of his remarks argued that he was underplaying the work of entrepreneurs and giving the government credit for individuals' success. The Romney campaign immediately used the statement in an effort to contrast Romney's economic policies with Obama's and to appeal to small business owners/employees. A major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention was "We Built It".
  • 47 percent – An expression Romney used at a private campaign fundraising event, which was secretly recorded and publicly released. At the private event, Romney said that 47 percent of the people would vote for Barack Obama no matter what Romney said or did because those people "...are dependent upon government... I'll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives." Ironically, Romney received almost exactly 47% of the vote.
  • The 1980s are now calling to ask for their foreign policy back – A portion of a statement that Obama made in an October 2012 debate. In the debate, Obama was deriding an earlier Romney statement in the campaign that Russia is "without question, our No. 1 geopolitical foe."[108]
  • Binders full of women – A phrase that Romney used in the second presidential debate to refer to the long list of female candidates that he considered when choosing his cabinet members as Governor of Massachusetts.
  • Horses and bayonets – After Romney said in the third presidential debate that the U.S. Navy was smaller than at any time since 1917, Obama replied, "We have fewer ships than we did in 1916. Well, governor, we also have fewer horses and bayonets, because the nature of our military's changed."[109]
  • Shovel-ready jobs – a phrase used to describe some stimulus projects promoted by the administration. During the debate on September 23, 2011, Gary Johnson quipped, "My next-door neighbor's two dogs have created more shovel-ready jobs than this president."[110]
  • Romnesia – A term coined by a blogger in April 2011 and used by Obama late in the campaign to describe Romney's alleged inability to take responsibility for his past statements.[111][112]
  • $10,000 bet – During a Republican debate, Romney facetiously bet Texas governor Rick Perry $10,000 that he (Perry) was wrong about Romney's position on the individual mandate under the Affordable Healthcare Act. The statement was vilified by Democrats as exemplary of Romney being out of touch with working-class and middle-class Americans.
  • Romneyshambles – a word used by the British press after Romney criticized British preparations for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The word is a play on omnishambles, and it became a popular hashtag on Twitter. It was subsequently chosen as one of Collins English Dictionary's words of the year.[113][114]
  • Malarkey – a word used by Joe Biden in his debate with Paul Ryan to mean bullshit. Biden later used the word in his own campaign in 2020.[115]

Results

Electoral results

On the day of the election, spread betting firm Spreadex were offering an Obama Electoral College Votes spread of 296–300 to Romney's 239–243.[116] In reality Obama's victory over Romney was far greater, winning 332 electoral votes to Romney's 206. Romney lost all but one of nine battleground states, and received 47 percent of the nationwide popular vote to Obama's 51 percent.[117][118]

Popular vote totals are from the Federal Election Commission report.[2] The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 4, 2013.[119]

Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
Barack Hussein Obama II Democratic Illinois 65,915,795 51.06% 332 Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. Delaware 332
Willard Mitt Romney Republican Massachusetts 60,933,504 47.20% 206 Paul Davis Ryan Jr. Wisconsin 206
Gary Earl Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 1,275,971 0.99% 0 James Polin Gray California 0
Jill Ellen Stein Green Massachusetts 469,627 0.36% 0 Cheri Lynn Honkala Minnesota 0
Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr. Constitution Virginia 122,389 0.11% 0 James N. Clymer Pennsylvania 0
Roseanne Cherrie Barr Peace and Freedom Utah 67,326 0.05% 0 Cindy Lee Miller Sheehan California 0
Ross Carl "Rocky" Anderson Justice Utah 43,018 0.03% 0 Luis Javier Rodriguez Texas 0
Thomas Conrad Hoefling America's Nebraska 40,628 0.03% 0 J.D. Ellis Tennessee 0
Other 217,152 0.17% Other
Total 129,085,410 100% 538 538
Needed to win 270 270
President Obama casts his ballot at the Martin Luther King Jr. Community Center in Chicago.
Popular vote
Obama
51.06%
Romney
47.20%
Johnson
0.99%
Stein
0.36%
Others
0.39%
Electoral vote
Obama
61.71%
Romney
38.29%

Results by state

The table below displays the official vote tallies by each state's Electoral College voting method. The source for the results of all states, except those that amended their official results, is the official Federal Election Commission report.[2] The column labeled "Margin" shows Obama's margin of victory over Romney (the margin is negative for every state that Romney won).

Legend
States/districts won by Obama/Biden
States/districts won by Romney/Ryan
At-large results (for states that split electoral votes)
Barack Obama
Democratic
Mitt Romney
Republican
Gary Johnson
Libertarian
Jill Stein
Green
Others Margin Total
State/District # % EV # % EV # % EV # % EV # % EV # % #

Alabama Alabama795,69638.36%1,255,92560.55%912,3280.59%3,3970.16%6,9920.3%−460,229−22.19%2,074,338AL
Alaska Alaska122,64040.81%164,67654.80%37,3922.46%2,9170.97%2,8701.0%−42,036−13.99%300,495AK
Arizona Arizona1,025,23244.59%1,233,65453.65%1132,1001.39%7,8160.34%452nil−208,422−9.06%2,299,254AZ
Arkansas Arkansas394,40936.88%647,74460.57%616,2761.52%9,3050.87%1,7340.16%−253,335−23.69%1,069,468AR
California California7,854,28560.24%554,839,95837.12%143,2211.10%85,6380.66%115,4450.88%3,014,32723.12%13,038,547CA
Colorado Colorado1,323,10151.49%91,185,24346.13%35,5451.38%7,5080.29%18,1210.71%137,8585.36%2,569,518CO
Connecticut Connecticut905,08358.06%7634,89240.73%12,5800.81%8630.06%5,5420.36%270,19117.33%1,558,960CT
Delaware Delaware242,58458.61%3165,48439.98%3,8820.94%1,9400.47%31nil77,10018.63%413,921DE
Washington, D.C. District of ColumbiaDistrict of Columbia267,07090.91%321,3817.28%2,0830.71%2,4580.84%7720.26%245,68983.63%293,764DC
Florida Florida4,237,75650.01%294,163,44749.13%44,7260.5%8,9470.1%19,3030.2%74,3090.88%8,474,179FL
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia1,773,82745.48%2,078,68853.30%1645,3241.2%1,516nil695nil−304,861−7.82%3,900,050GA
Hawaii Hawaii306,65870.55%4121,01527.84%3,8400.9%3,1840.7%185,64342.71%434,697HI
Idaho Idaho212,78732.40%420,91164.09%49,4531.5%4,4020.7%4,7210.7%−208,124−31.69%652,274ID
Illinois Illinois3,019,51257.60%202,135,21640.73%56,2291.1%30,2220.6%835nil884,29616.87%5,242,014IL
Indiana Indiana1,152,88743.93%1,420,54354.13%1150,1111.9%625nil368nil−267,656−10.20%2,624,534IN
Iowa Iowa822,54451.99%6730,61746.18%12,9260.8%3,7690.2%12,3240.8%91,9275.81%1,582,180IA
Kansas Kansas440,72638.05%692,63459.66%620,4561.8%7140.1%5,4410.5%−251,908−21.71%1,159,971KS
Kentucky Kentucky679,37037.80%1,087,19060.49%817,0631.0%6,3370.4%7,2520.4%−407,820−22.69%1,797,212KY
Louisiana Louisiana809,14140.58%1,152,26257.78%818,1570.9%6,9780.4%7,5270.4%−343,121−17.20%1,994,065LA
Maine Maine401,30656.27%2292,27640.98%9,3521.3%8,1191.1%2,1270.3%109,03015.29%713,180ME–AL
Maine ME-1Tooltip Maine's 1st congressional district223,03559.57%1142,93738.18%4,5011.2%3,9461.1%80,09821.39%374,149ME1
Maine ME-2Tooltip Maine's 2nd congressional district177,99852.94%1149,21544.38%4,8431.4%4,1701.2%28,7838.56%336,226ME2
Maryland Maryland1,677,84461.97%10971,86935.90%30,1951.1%17,1100.6%10,3090.4%705,97526.07%2,707,327MD
Massachusetts Massachusetts1,921,29060.65%111,188,31437.51%30,9201.0%20,6910.7%6,5520.2%732,97623.14%3,167,767MA
Michigan Michigan2,564,56954.21%162,115,25644.71%7,7740.2%21,8970.5%21,4650.5%449,3139.50%4,730,961MI
Minnesota Minnesota1,546,16752.65%101,320,22544.96%35,0981.2%13,0230.4%22,0480.8%225,9427.69%2,936,561MN
Mississippi Mississippi562,94943.79%710,74655.29%66,6760.5%1,5880.1%3,6250.3%−147,797−11.50%1,285,584MS
Missouri Missouri1,223,79644.38%1,482,44053.76%1043,1511.6%7,9360.3%−258,644−9.38%2,757,323MO
Montana Montana201,83941.70%267,92855.35%314,1652.9%116nil−66,089−13.65%484,048MT
Nebraska Nebraska302,08138.03%475,06459.80%211,1091.4%6,1250.8%−172,983−21.77%794,379NE–AL
Nebraska NE-1Tooltip Nebraska's 1st congressional district108,08240.83%152,02157.43%13,8471.2%7620.3%-43,949-16.60%264,712NE1
Nebraska NE-2Tooltip Nebraska's 2nd congressional district121,88945.70%140,97652.85%13,3931.3%4690.2%-19,087-7.15%266,727NE2
Nebraska NE-3Tooltip Nebraska's 3rd congressional district72,11027.82%182,06770.23%13,8691.5%1,1770.5%−109,957−42.41%259,223NE3
Nevada Nevada531,37352.36%6463,56745.68%10,9681.1%9,0100.9%67,8066.68%1,014,918NV
New Hampshire New Hampshire369,56151.98%4329,91846.40%8,2121.2%3240.1%2,9570.4%39,6435.58%710,972NH
New Jersey New Jersey[120]2,125,10158.38%141,477,56840.59%21,0450.6%9,8880.3%6,6900.2%647,53317.79%3,640,292NJ
New Mexico New Mexico415,33552.99%5335,78842.84%27,7883.6%2,6910.3%2,1560.3%79,54710.15%783,758NM
New York (state) New York[121]4,485,74163.35%292,490,43135.17%47,2560.7%39,9820.6%17,7490.3%1,995,31028.18%7,081,159NY
North Carolina North Carolina2,178,39148.35%2,270,39550.39%1544,5151.0%12,0710.3%−92,004−2.04%4,505,372NC
North Dakota North Dakota124,82738.70%188,16358.32%35,2311.6%1,3610.4%3,0450.9%−63,336−19.62%322,627ND
Ohio Ohio[122]2,827,70950.67%182,661,43747.69%49,4930.9%18,5730.3%23,6350.4%166,2722.98%5,580,847OH
Oklahoma Oklahoma443,54733.23%891,32566.77%7−447,778−33.44%1,334,872OK
Oregon Oregon970,48854.24%7754,17542.15%24,0891.4%19,4271.1%21,0911.2%216,31312.09%1,789,270OR
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania2,990,27451.97%202,680,43446.59%49,9910.9%21,3410.4%11,6300.2%309,8405.38%5,753,670PA
Rhode Island Rhode Island279,67762.70%4157,20435.24%4,3881.0%2,4210.5%2,3590.5%122,47327.46%446,049RI
South Carolina South Carolina865,94144.09%1,071,64554.56%916,3210.8%5,4460.3%4,7650.2%−205,704−10.47%1,964,118SC
South Dakota South Dakota145,03939.87%210,61057.89%35,7951.6%2,3710.7%−65,571−18.02%363,815SD
Tennessee Tennessee960,70939.08%1,462,33059.48%1118,6230.8%6,5150.3%10,4000.4%−501,621−20.40%2,458,577TN
Texas Texas3,308,12441.38%4,569,84357.17%3888,5801.1%24,6570.3%2,647nil−1,261,719−15.79%7,993,851TX
Utah Utah251,81324.69%740,60072.62%612,5721.2%3,8170.4%8,6380.9%−488,787−47.93%1,017,440UT
Vermont Vermont199,23966.57%392,69830.97%3,4871.2%5940.2%3,2721.1%106,54135.60%299,290VT
Virginia Virginia1,971,82051.16%131,822,52247.28%31,2160.8%8,6270.2%20,3040.5%149,2983.88%3,854,489VA
Washington (state) Washington1,755,39656.16%121,290,67041.29%42,2021.4%20,9280.7%16,3200.5%464,72614.87%3,125,516WA
West Virginia West Virginia238,26935.54%417,65562.30%56,3020.9%4,4060.7%3,8060.6%−179,386−26.76%670,438WV
Wisconsin Wisconsin[123]1,620,98552.83%101,407,96645.89%20,4390.7%7,6650.3%11,3790.4%213,0196.94%3,068,434WI
Wyoming Wyoming69,28627.82%170,96268.64%35,3262.1%3,4871.4%−101,676−40.82%249,061WY
U.S. Total65,915,79551.06%33260,933,50447.20%2061,275,9711.0%469,6270.4%490,5100.4%4,982,2913.86%129,085,410US

Maine and Nebraska each allow for their election results votes to be split between candidates. The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes. In the 2012 election, all four of Maine's electoral votes were won by Obama and all five of Nebraska's electoral votes were won by Romney.[124][125]

Close states

Swing from 2008 to 2012 in each state. Only six states swung more Democratic in 2012: Alaska, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, and New York. The arrows to the right represent how many places up or down on the list the state moved since 2008. States are listed by (increasing) percentage of Democratic votes.

Red denotes states (or congressional districts that contribute an electoral vote) won by Republican Mitt Romney; blue denotes those won by Democrat Barack Obama.

State where the margin of victory was under 1% (29 electoral votes):

  1. Florida, 0.88% (74,309 votes)

States where the margin of victory was under 5% (46 electoral votes):

  1. North Carolina, 2.04% (92,004 votes)
  2. Ohio, 2.98% (166,272 votes)
  3. Virginia, 3.88% (149,298 votes)

States/districts where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (120 electoral votes):

  1. Colorado, 5.36% (137,858 votes) (tipping point state)
  2. Pennsylvania, 5.38% (309,840 votes)
  3. New Hampshire, 5.58% (39,643 votes)
  4. Iowa, 5.81% (91,927 votes)
  5. Nevada, 6.68% (67,806 votes)
  6. Wisconsin, 6.94% (213,019 votes)
  7. Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District, 7.15% (19,087 votes)
  8. Minnesota, 7.69% (225,942 votes)
  9. Georgia, 7.82% (304,861 votes)
  10. Maine's 2nd Congressional District, 8.56% (28,783 votes)
  11. Arizona, 9.06% (208,422 votes)
  12. Missouri, 9.38% (258,644 votes)
  13. Michigan, 9.50% (449,313 votes)

Statistics

[126]

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

  1. Shannon County, South Dakota 93.39%
  2. Kalawao County, Hawaii 92.59%
  3. Bronx County, New York 91.45%
  4. Washington, D.C. 90.91%
  5. Petersburg, Virginia 89.79%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

  1. King County, Texas 95.86%
  2. Madison County, Idaho 93.29%
  3. Sterling County, Texas 92.91%
  4. Franklin County, Idaho 92.77%
  5. Roberts County, Texas 92.13%

Romney's concession

Obama takes a phone call from Romney conceding the election early Wednesday morning in Chicago.

After the networks called Ohio (the state that was arguably the most critical for Romney, as no Republican had ever won the Presidency without carrying it) for Obama at around 11:15 pm EST on Election Day, Romney was ready to concede the race, but hesitated when Karl Rove strenuously objected on Fox News to the network's decision to make that call.[127][128] However, after Colorado and Nevada were called for the President (giving Obama enough electoral votes to win even if Ohio were to leave his column), in tandem with Obama's apparent lead in Florida and Virginia (both were eventually called for Obama), Romney acknowledged that he had lost and conceded at around 1:00 am EST on November 7.

Despite public polling showing Romney behind Obama in the swing states of Nevada, Colorado, Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, and New Hampshire, tied with Obama in Virginia, and just barely ahead of Obama in Florida, the Romney campaign said they were genuinely surprised by the loss, having believed that public polling was oversampling Democrats.[129] The Romney campaign had already set up a transition website, and had scheduled and purchased a fireworks display to celebrate in case he won the election.[130][131]

On November 30, 2012, it was revealed that shortly before the election, internal polling done by the Romney campaign had shown Romney ahead in Colorado and New Hampshire, tied in Iowa, and within a few points of Obama in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Ohio.[132] In addition, the Romney campaign had assumed that they would win Florida, North Carolina and Virginia.[133] The polls had made Romney and his campaign team so confident of their victory that Romney did not write a concession speech until Obama's victory was announced.[134][135]

Reactions

Foreign leaders reacted with both positive and mixed messages. Most world leaders congratulated and praised Barack Obama on his re-election victory. However, Venezuela and some other states had tempered reactions. Pakistan commented that Romney's defeat had made Pakistan-United States relations safer. Stock markets fell noticeably after Obama's re-election, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ, and the S&P 500 each declining over two percent the day after the election.[136]

All 50 states had a petition on the White House website We The People calling for their state to secede from the union. These petitions were created by individual people, with some gaining thousands of signatures.[137]

Voter demographics

2012 presidential election by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup Obama Romney Other  % of
total vote
Total vote 51 47 2 100
Ideology
Liberals 86 11 3 25
Moderates 56 41 3 41
Conservatives 17 82 1 35
Party
Democrats 92 7 1 38
Republicans 6 93 1 32
Independents 45 50 5 29
Gender
Men 45 52 3 47
Women 55 44 1 53
Marital status
Married 42 56 2 60
Unmarried 62 35 3 40
Sex by marital status
Married men 38 60 2 29
Married women 46 53 1 31
Single men 56 40 4 18
Single women 67 31 2 23
Race/ethnicity
White 39 59 2 72
Black 93 6 1 13
Asian 73 26 1 3
Other 58 38 4 2
Hispanic 71 27 2 10
Religion
Protestant or other Christian 42 57 1 53
Catholic 50 48 2 25
Mormon 21 78 1 2
Jewish 69 30 1 2
Other 74 23 3 7
None 70 26 4 12
Religious service attendance
More than once a week 36 63 1 14
Once a week 41 58 1 28
A few times a month 55 44 1 13
A few times a year 56 42 2 27
Never 62 34 4 17
White evangelical or born-again Christian?
White evangelical or born-again Christian 21 78 1 26
Everyone else 60 37 3 74
Age
18–24 years old 60 36 4 11
25–29 years old 60 38 2 8
30–39 years old 55 42 3 17
40–49 years old 48 50 2 20
50–64 years old 47 52 1 28
65 and older 44 56 0 16
Age by race
Whites 18–29 years old 44 51 5 11
Whites 30–44 years old 38 59 3 18
Whites 45–64 years old 38 61 1 29
Whites 65 and older 39 61 n/a 14
Blacks 18–29 years old 91 8 1 3
Blacks 30–44 years old 94 5 1 4
Blacks 45–64 years old 93 7 n/a 4
Blacks 65 and older 93 6 1 1
Latinos 18–29 years old 74 23 3 4
Latinos 30–44 years old 71 28 1 3
Latinos 45–64 years old 68 31 1 3
Latinos 65 and older 65 35 n/a 1
Others 67 31 2 5
LGBT
Yes 76 22 2 5
No 49 49 2 95
Education
Not a high school graduate 64 35 1 3
High school graduate 51 48 1 21
Some college education 49 48 3 29
College graduate 47 51 2 29
Postgraduate education 55 42 3 18
Family income
Under $30,000 63 35 2 20
$30,000–49,999 57 42 1 21
$50,000–99,999 46 52 2 31
$100,000–199,999 44 54 2 21
$200,000–249,999 47 52 1 3
Over $250,000 42 55 3 4
Union households
Union 58 40 2 18
Non-union 49 48 3 82
Issue regarded as most important
Economy 47 51 2 59
Federal budget deficit 32 66 2 15
Foreign policy 56 33 11 5
Health care 75 24 1 18
Region
Northeast 59 40 1 18
Midwest 50 48 2 24
South 46 53 1 36
West 54 43 3 22
Community size
Big cities (population over 500,000) 69 29 2 11
Mid-sized cities (population 50,000 to 500,000) 58 40 2 21
Suburbs 48 50 2 47
Towns (population 10,000 to 50,000) 42 56 2 8
Rural areas 37 61 2 14

Hispanic vote

The United States has a population of 50 million Hispanic and Latino Americans, 27 million of whom are citizens eligible to vote (13% of total eligible voters). Traditionally, only half of eligible Hispanic voters vote (around 7% of voters); of them, 71% voted for Barack Obama (increasing his percentage of the vote by 5%); therefore, the Hispanic vote was an important factor in Obama's re-election, since the vote difference between the two main parties was only 3.9%[138][139][140][141]

Exit polls were conducted by Edison Research of Somerville, New Jersey, for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, Associated Press, CBS News, CNN,[142] Fox News,[143] and NBC News.[144]

Analysis

Combined with the re-election victories of Bill Clinton (1996) and George W. Bush (2004), Obama's victory in the 2012 election marked only the second time in American history that three consecutive presidents were each elected to two full terms after the consecutive two-term presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe ending in 1820, which is the only other time any two-term president succeeded another.[145] This was also the first election since 1928 in which neither of the major candidates had any military experience.[146] Eight years later, Obama's successor, Donald Trump, also ran for his own re-election in 2020, but ultimately defeated by Joe Biden, who served as vice president under Obama.

The 2012 election marked the first time since Franklin D. Roosevelt's last two re-elections in 1940 and 1944 that the incumbent Democratic president won a majority of the popular vote in two consecutive elections.[147] Obama was also the first president of either party to secure a majority of the popular vote in two elections since Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984.[148] Obama is the third Democratic president to secure at least 51% of the vote twice, after Andrew Jackson and Franklin D. Roosevelt.[149] Romney won the popular vote in 226 congressional districts making this the first time since 1960 that the winner of the election did not win the popular vote in a majority of the congressional districts.[150]

Romney lost his home state of Massachusetts, becoming the first major party presidential candidate to lose his home state since Democrat Al Gore lost his home state of Tennessee to Republican George W. Bush in the 2000 election.[151] Romney lost his home state by more than 23%, the worst losing margin for a major party candidate since John Frémont in 1856.[152] Even worse than Frémont, Romney failed to win a single county in his home state, something last seen by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.[153][154] This was the first time a Republican lost his home state since Richard Nixon in 1968. In addition, since Obama carried Ryan's home state of Wisconsin, the Romney–Ryan ticket was the first major party ticket since the 1972 election to have both of its nominees lose their home states.[155] Romney won the popular vote in every county of three states: Utah, Oklahoma, and West Virginia; Obama did so in four states: Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Hawaii.[156]

Romney's loss prompted the Republican National Committee to try to appeal to the American Latino population by concentrating on different approaches to immigration. These were short-lived due to activity and anger from the Republican base and may have contributed to the selection of Donald Trump as their presidential candidate four years later.[157]

Gary Johnson's popular vote total set a Libertarian Party record, and his popular vote percentage was the second-best showing for a Libertarian in a presidential election, trailing only Ed Clark's in 1980.[158] Johnson would go on to beat this record in the 2016 presidential election, winning the most votes for the Libertarian ticket in history. At the time, Green Party candidate Jill Stein's popular vote total made her the most successful female presidential candidate in a general election in United States history.[159][160] This was later surpassed by Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election.

Obama's vote total was the fourth most votes received in the history of presidential elections (behind Obama's 2008 victory and both major candidates in 2020) and the most ever for a reelected president. The 2012 election marked the first time since 1988 in which no state was won by a candidate with a plurality of the state's popular vote. Furthermore, it is the only post-World War II presidential election in which no states were won by margins smaller than 30,000 votes. Obama's narrowest victories were in New Hampshire by 39,643 votes, followed by Florida by 74,309 votes. Every other presidential election in modern history has seen states narrowly won by several thousand votes. So far, this is the only presidential election in history where both the Republican and Democratic vice presidential candidates are practicing Roman Catholics. It is also the only presidential election where there are no white Protestants on either major party ticket.

Obama was the fourth of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections, the other three were James Madison in 1812, Woodrow Wilson in 1916 and Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944. Additionally, Obama was the fifth of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections, the other four are James Madison in 1812, Andrew Jackson in 1832, Grover Cleveland in 1892, and Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944.

Maps

See also

References

  1. "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
  2. "Federal Elections 2012" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Washington, D.C. 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  3. "Obama: Romney is out of touch". The Christian Science Monitor. September 20, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  4. "Romney hits Obama on deficit". Politico. May 16, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  5. Cillizza, Chris (April 16, 2012). "The 9 swing states of 2012". Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  6. "David Callahan: Ohio's Voter ID Law and the 2012 Election". Huffington Post Politics blog. March 25, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  7. "New SC voter ID requirements clears Senate". Charleston: WCBD-TV 2. Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  8. "Rick Perry's agenda may signal run for W.H. – Andy Barr". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  9. "The Next Election: The Surprising Reality by Andrew Hacker". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  10. "Bill Clinton likens GOP effort to Jim Crow laws – Darren Samuelsohn". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  11. Sonmez, Felicia (May 23, 2011). "Republicans rewriting state election laws in ways that could how hurt Democrat". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  12. Jackson, Jesse. "38-states-rigging-voting-rules-for-GOP". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  13. Provance, Jim. "Obama campaign fighting Ohio voting law". Toledo Blade. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  14. "Pennsylvania's 'Democrat-screwing' 2012 'genius plan'". The Week. New York. September 15, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  15. Olson, Laura (September 13, 2011). "Change proposed for state's electoral vote process". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  16. Rosenbaum, Ron (September 13, 2011). "Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat-Screwing Electoral Plan". Slate. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  17. "Pennsylvania GOP looks to split electoral votes". The Washington Times. September 15, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  18. Jackson, David (April 4, 2012)"It's official: Obama clinches Democratic nomination", USA Today. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  19. (April 4, 2012) "Obama Clinches Democratic Nomination" Archived October 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, CNN. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  20. Goldman, Russell (July 5, 2012). "Michele Bachmann Drops Out of Presidential Race". ABC News.
  21. Summers, Juana (August 11, 2011). "Barred hopefuls make debate plans". Politico. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  22. Reid, Tim (January 9, 2012). "Romney's rivals running out of time to stop him". Reuters. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  23. Norington, Brad. "Romney has money but lacks conviction". The Australian. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  24. Cohn, Alicia M. (December 9, 2011). "Trump says Romney lacks the 'courage' to participate in Newsmax debate". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  25. Stanley, Timothy (March 30, 2012). "If only Sarah Palin had run ..." CNN. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  26. Avlon, John (August 31, 2011). "Chris Christie's 2012 Tease". The Daily Beast.
  27. Cohen, Tom; Silverleib, Alan (September 1, 2011). "Seeking the 'anti-Romney' in the Republican presidential race". CNN. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  28. "Herman Cain suspends presidential campaign". Newsday. December 3, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  29. Stewart, Rebecca (December 28, 2011). "'Liberated' Gary Johnson seeks Libertarian nomination". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
  30. Knickerbocker, Brad (January 21, 2012). "Newt Gingrich wins South Carolina. Can he do the same in Florida?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  31. Rick Santorum Is Declared Winner of Iowa Caucuses by State Party Leaders" (January 21, 2012). Bloomberg News. Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  32. "2012 GOP caucus count unresolved". Iowa Caucuses. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  33. "Yes, Ron Paul won the Iowa caucuses". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  34. Begala, Paul (January 21, 2012). "Newt Gingrich's Surprise Win in South Carolina Panics Republicans".
  35. Wheaton, Sarah (January 4, 2012). "Bachmann Says She Will Not Continue in the Race". The New York Times.
  36. Zeleny, Jeff; Shear, Michael D. (January 19, 2012). "Perry to End Bid for Presidency". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  37. Madison, Lucy (February 8, 2012). "Santorum hopes to build momentum from 3-state sweep". CBS News. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  38. "Results: March 6, 2012 – Super Tuesday". CNN. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  39. Gabriel, Trip (April 10, 2012). "Gingrich Says He's in the Race to the End". The New York Times.
  40. "Overheard on CNN.com: What brought down Gingrich's campaign? What's next?". CNN. April 25, 2012. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  41. Shear, Michael D. (April 25, 2012). "Republican National Committee Backs Romney". The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  42. Holland, Steve (May 30, 2012). "Romney clinches Republican 2012 nomination in Texas". Reuters. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  43. Caldwell, Leigh Ann (August 28, 2012). "Republican delegates nominate Mitt Romney". CBS News. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  44. O'Brien, Michael (August 30, 2012). "Romney accepts nomination, says 'The time has come to turn the page'". NBC News. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  45. "Mitt Romney announces bid to be US president in 2012", BBC. June 2, 2011
  46. Elliott, Philip (June 2, 2011). "Romney opens presidential bid — he's got company". Deseret News. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  47. Good, Chris (May 14, 2012). "Ron Paul to Stop Campaigning in New States". ABC News. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  48. Marr, Kendra (May 11, 2011). "Newt Gingrich running for president". Politico. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  49. O'Brien, Michael (April 25, 2012). "Gingrich to leave campaign, but not the national spotlight". MSNBC. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
  50. George, Stephanopoulos (June 6, 2011). "Rick Santorum Will Run for President: 'We're In It to Win'". ABC News. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  51. Salant, Jonathan D. (June 6, 2011). "Ex-Pennsylvania Senator Santorum Announces '12 Republican Presidential Bid". Bloomberg News. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  52. "Republican Rick Santorum announces presidential run". The Patriot News. Associated Press. June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  53. "Roemer kicks off 2012 presidential bid". KRQE. July 21, 2011. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  54. McKinnon, Mark (July 21, 2011). "Listen to Candidate Roemer". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  55. Hamby, Peter (January 19, 2012). "Perry drops out, endorses Gingrich". CNN. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  56. Reston, Maeve (August 13, 2011). "Texas Gov. Rick Perry declares GOP presidential bid". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  57. "Huntsman's sly web strategy", The Hill. May 11, 2011.
  58. "Jon Huntsman: My Mormonism is 'tough to define'", Politico. May 12, 2011.
  59. Rucker, Philip (January 4, 2012). "Michele Bachmann drops out of GOP race after Iowa caucuses". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  60. Rosenwald, Michael S. (June 14, 2011). "Michele Bachmann files paperwork to run for president". The Washington Post.
  61. Burns, Alexander (June 13, 2011). "Michele Bachmann is in". Politico. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  62. Camia, Catalina (April 21, 2011). "Ex-N.M. governor Gary Johnson announces for president". USA Today.
  63. "Gary Johnson throws his hat into the GOP presidential ring, will he be the 2012 Ron Paul?". Los Angeles Times. April 21, 2011.
  64. Green, Joshua (May 21, 2011) "Herman Cain Makes It Official", The Atlantic. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  65. Creed, Ryan (May 21, 2011) "Herman Cain, Former CEO of Godfather's Pizza, Announces His Candidacy", ABC News. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  66. Madison, Lucy (July 1, 2011). "Michigan Rep. Thaddeus McCotter to jump into Republican presidential race". CBS News. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  67. Summers, Juana (July 20, 2011). "Candidates face off on Twitter". Politico. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  68. Bakst, Brian (August 14, 2011). "Ex-Minn. Gov. Tim Pawlenty ends White House bid". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  69. Reinhard, Beth (August 13, 2011). "Bachmann Boom; TPaw Bust?". National Journal. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  70. "Fred Karger officially ends 2012 presidential campaign". Wikinews. June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  71. Pratt, Timothy (May 5, 2012). "Libertarians nominate ex-Governor Gary Johnson for president". Reuters. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  72. Riggs, Mike (May 5, 2012). "Judge Jim Gray Is the 2012 Libertarian Party Vice Presidential Nominee". Reason. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  73. "Mass. doctor Jill Stein wins Green Party's presidential nod". USA Today. Associated Press. July 14, 2012. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  74. Kilar, Steve (July 14, 2012). "Green Party nominates Jill Stein for president at Baltimore convention". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  75. Steinmetz, Katy (July 11, 2012). "The Green Team: Jill Stein's Third-Party Bid to Shake Up 2012". Time. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  76. "Goode gets Constitution Party's nomination for president". The Roanoke Times. April 21, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  77. Hill, Trent (April 21, 2012). "Constitution Party Convention Wrap-Up: vice Presidential Candidate and Officer Elections". Independent Political Report. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  78. Gehrke, Robert (July 17, 2012). "Rocky picks activist-author as his VP running mate". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  79. Schwarz, Hunter (January 13, 2012). "Rocky Anderson accepts his newly-formed party's presidential nomination". Deseret News. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  80. "2012 Ballot Status for President". Ballot-access.org. October 27, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  81. Braun, Stephen (December 6, 2012). "$2 Billion Price Tag for Presidential Election". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  82. Confessore, Nicholas (December 7, 2012). "Little to Show for Cash Flood by Big Donors". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  83. Scherer, Michael (November 27, 2012). "Exclusive: Obama's 2012 Digital Fundraising Outperformed 2008". Time. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  84. Hunt, Albert (October 14, 2012). "Barrage of Negative Ads May Haunt President-Elect". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 9, 2012. The hundreds of thousands of television commercials broadcast by the presidential candidates are lopsidedly negative; this is the case with 80 percent of those put out by President Barack Obama and 84 percent of those for Mitt Romney.
  85. Gold, Matea (January 5, 2014). "The players in the Koch-backed $400 million political donor network". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 9, 2015. Americans for Prosperity, the Virginia-based nonprofit that finances grass-roots activities across the country and ran an early and relentless television ad assault against President Obama during the 2012 campaign.
  86. Boorstin, Julia (November 8, 2011). "Record Political Ad Spending Powered by Special Interests". CNBC. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
  87. Bathon, Michael (October 17, 2012). "Solyndra Lenders Ahead of Government Won't Recover Fully". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  88. Lacey, Stephen (November 28, 2011). "Koch-Fueled Americans for Prosperity Spends $2.4 Million on Solyndra Attack Ad". ThinkProgress. Center for American Progress. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  89. Mullins, Brody (January 14, 2012). "Americans for Prosperity to Air Ads Slamming Obama's Ties to Solyndra". The Wall Street Journal. Washington Wire blog. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  90. Winger, Richard (November 18, 2010) "2012 Constitution Party National Convention Set for Nashville", Ballot Access News. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
  91. Myers, Laura (November 30, 2010) "Las Vegas will host Libertarian convention" Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  92. Cristina Silva (May 5, 2012). "Gary Johnson Wins 2012 Libertarian Nomination". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
  93. "Green Party National Convention will be in Baltimore". Ballot Access News. November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  94. Barr, Andy; Mike Allen (May 12, 2010) "Republicans pick Tampa for 2012 convention", Politico. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  95. Falcone, Michael (February 1, 2011). "2012 Democratic National Convention To Be Held In Charlotte, N.C." ABC News. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  96. Kiely, Kathy (October 31, 2011). "Fall 2012 Presidential Debates Set". National Journal. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  97. Blake, Aaron (August 13, 2012) "Presidential debate moderators announced: Crowley is first woman in 20 years", The Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  98. "CPD: 2012 Debates". www.debates.org. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  99. "Third-party candidates finally get their own presidential debate", The Washington Post. October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  100. Sullivan, Sean (October 23, 2012). "Third-party candidates debate: United against Obama, Romney". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  101. "Larry King to moderate third-party debate". CBS News. Associated Press. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  102. Lowrey, Annie (November 5, 2012). "Another Presidential Debate, but This Time the Candidates Are Much Less Familiar (Published 2012)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  103. David A. Fahrenthold (February 16, 2012). "Mitt Romney reframes himself as a 'severely conservative' governor". The Washington Post.
  104. Mitt Romney's 'Severe Conservatism'. The Weekly Standard (September 18, 2012). Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  105. Frum, David (February 13, 2012). ""Mitt Romney's 'severely' bad moves"". CNN.
  106. Paul Krugman (February 13, 2012). "Severe Conservative Syndrome". The New York Times.
  107. "Rush On Romney @ CPAC: I Have Never Heard Anybody Say 'I'm Severely Conservative'". Daily Rushbo. February 10, 2012. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
  108. Jillian Rayfield (October 23, 2012). "Obama: The '80s called, they want their foreign policy back". Salon.
  109. Rogers, Katie (October 23, 2012). "Horses and bayonets catch on during final US presidential debate". The Guardian.
  110. Burns, Alexander (September 22, 2011). "Gary Johnson's moment". Politico.
  111. "Romnesia". hcfama.org. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011.
  112. Kantrowitz, Alex (October 21, 2012). "#Romnesia: A Made for Social Media Attack Line". Forbes. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  113. Collins, Lauren (September 18, 2012). "Romneyshambles, Part II". The New Yorker.
  114. "'Gangnam Style,' 'fiscal cliff,' 'Romneyshambles' chosen as Collins Dictionary's words of the year". Daily News. December 20, 2012.
  115. Korecki, Natasha (December 2, 2019). "No malarkey? Biden's old-school slogan gets mocked and praised in Iowa". Politico.
  116. "US Election Betting | Financial Spread Betting | Spreadex". www.spreadex.com. November 7, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  117. "Obama defeats Romney to win second term, vows he has 'more work to do'". Fox News. November 7, 2012.
  118. Memoli, Michael A. (January 4, 2013). "It's official: Obama, Biden win second term". Los Angeles Times.
  119. Congressional Record at H50 (January 4, 2013).
  120. "2012 Election Information". Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  121. "NYS Board of Elections President and Vice-President Election Returns Nov. 6, 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  122. "Final Results". Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  123. "Wisconsin Fall 2012 General Election Results". Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  124. "State of Maine Certificate of Ascertainment of Electors" (PDF). Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  125. "Official Results of Nebraska General Election – November 6, 2012" (PDF). Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  126. 2012 Presidential General Election Data – National, Uselectionatlas.org.
  127. Kranish, Michael (December 22, 2012). "The story behind Mitt Romney's loss in the presidential campaign to President Obama". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  128. "The Real Reason for Karl Rove's Election Night Denial". Newsweek. January 21, 2014.
  129. "Adviser: Romney "shellshocked" by loss". CBS News. November 8, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  130. "Romney's Transition Site". Political Wire. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  131. "Romney campaign spent $25,000 on fireworks". Boston Globe. November 9, 2012. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  132. Silver, Nate (December 1, 2012). "When Internal Polls Mislead, a Whole Campaign May Be to Blame". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  133. "Exclusive: The Internal Polls That Made Mitt Romney Think He'd Win". The New Republic. November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  134. Rucker, Phillip (November 7, 2012). "Romney's belief in himself never wavered". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  135. Reeve, Elspeth (November 8, 2012). "The Whole Romney Ticket Believed in Unskewed Polls?". The Atlantic Wire. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  136. Cheng, Jonathan (November 7, 2012). "Dow's 300-Point Slide Takes It Back to August Levels". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  137. Ryan, Danielle (November 14, 2012). "White House receives secession pleas from all 50 states". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  138. Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Lopez, Mark Hugo; López, Gustavo; Passel, Jeffrey S.; Patten, Eileen (January 19, 2016). "1. Looking Forward to 2016: The Changing Latino Electorate". Pew Research Center.
  139. Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Lopez, Mark Hugo; López, Gustavo; Passel, Jeffrey S.; Patten, Eileen (January 19, 2016). "Millennials Make Up Almost Half of Latino Eligible Voters in 2016". Pew Research Center.
  140. Krogstad, Jens Manuel (February 3, 2016). "2016 electorate will be the most diverse in U.S. history". Pew Research Center.
  141. Valdes, Marcela (September 18, 2016). "27 Million Potential Hispanic Votes. But What Will They Really Add Up To?". The New York Times.
  142. "Presidential Race – 2012 Election Center – Elections & Politics from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  143. "Fox News Exit Polls". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  144. "President Exit Polls". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  145. Hum, Robert (November 7, 2012). "Two-Term Presidency Musings". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  146. Dilanian, Ken (August 11, 2012) "Ryan pick cements lack of military service in presidential race", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  147. Nichols, John (November 9, 2012). "Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate". The Nation. New York. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  148. Giroux, Greg (January 4, 2013). "Final Tally Shows Obama First Since '56 to Win 51% Twice". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  149. Frank, Steve (January 7, 2014) "Obama first presidential candidate since Eisenhower to top 51% twice", MSNBC.com. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  150. Bensen, Clark (April 4, 2013). "Presidential Results By Congressional Districts: Obama is reelected but Romney carries a majority of districts" (PDF). Cookpolitical.com. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  151. Gabbatt, Adam (October 19, 2012). "Romney poised to lose home state by wider margin than any other candidate". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  152. Ostermeier, Eric (November 14, 2012). "20 Presidential Tickets That Lost Both Home States". Smart Politics (University of Minnesota blog). Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  153. "2012 Presidential General Election Data – Massachusetts by County". Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  154. "Presidential Election of 1856 – Map by counties". Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  155. Ostermeier, Eric (November 14, 2012). "20 Presidential Tickets That Lost Both Home States". Smart Politics.
  156. Blow, Charles M. (November 9, 2012) "Election Data Dive", The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  157. Harwood, John. "Donald Trump Takes Advantage of a Republican Party Pitted Against Itself." New York Times. October 6, 2016. October 6, 2016.
  158. Harrington, Gerry (November 8, 2012). "Libertarian Party buoyant; Greens hopeful". United Press International. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  159. Wood, Daniel (November 30, 2015). "Harvard Grad Jill Stein Faces Uphill Battle for Presidency". The Harvard Crimson.
  160. Herzog, Katie (March 14, 2016). "Meet the presidential candidate who makes Bernie Sanders look conservative". Grist Magazine.
  161. Wells, Charlie (November 6, 2012). "Empire State Building lights up to broadcast election results". Daily News. New York.

Further reading

  • Gardner, Liz, et al. "Press Coverage of the 2012 US Presidential Election: A Multinational, Cross-Language Comparison". in Die US-Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 (Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016). pp 241–267.
  • Hansen, Wendy L., Michael S. Rocca, and Brittany Leigh Ortiz. "The effects of Citizens United on corporate spending in the 2012 presidential election". Journal of Politics 77.2 (2015): 535–545. in JSTOR
  • Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2013). Double Down: Game Change 2012. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1594204401.
  • Masket, Seth, John Sides, and Lynn Vavreck. "The Ground Game in the 2012 Presidential Election". Political Communication (2015) 33#2 pp: 1-19.
  • Mayer, William G.; Bernstein, Jonathan, eds. (2012). The Making of the Presidential Candidates, 2012. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1170-4. Scholars explore nominations in the post-public-funding era, digital media and campaigns, television coverage, and the Tea Party.
  • Miller, William J., ed. The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party: The Internal Battle (Lexington Books; 2013) 265 pages; essays by experts on Romney and each of his main rivals
  • Nelson, Michael, ed. The Elections of 2012 (2013) excerpt and text search; topical essays by experts
  • Sides, John, and Lynn Vavreck. The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election (Princeton U.P. 2013) excerpt and text search
  • Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds. The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote (2 vol. 2015).
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.