Guenon

The guenons (UK: /ɡəˈnɒnz/, US: /ˈɡwɛn.ənz/) are Old World monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus (/ˌsɜːrkəˈpɪθəkəs/). Not all members of this genus have the word "guenon" in their common names; also, because of changes in scientific classification, some monkeys in other genera may have common names that include the word "guenon". Nonetheless, the use of the term guenon for monkeys of this genus is widely accepted.

This article is about the monkey. For the French metaphysician, see René Guénon.

Guenons[1]
Diana monkey (C. diana)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Subfamily: Cercopithecinae
Tribe: Cercopithecini
Genus: Cercopithecus
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Simia diana
Species

See text

All members of the genus are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, and most are forest monkeys. Many of the species are quite local in their ranges, and some have even more local subspecies. Many are threatened or endangered because of habitat loss. The species currently placed in the genus Chlorocebus, such as vervet monkeys and green monkeys, were formerly considered as a single species in this genus, Cercopithecus aethiops.

In the English language, the word "guenon" is apparently of French origin.[2] In French, guenon was the common name for all species and individuals, both males and females, from the genus Cercopithecus. In all other monkey and apes species, the French word guenon designates only the females.[3] The 3 species such as the L'hoest's monkey, Preuss's monkey and the sun-tailed monkey were formerly included in the genus and now listed in a different genus Allochrocebus[1][4][5]

Classification

The genus Cercopithecus, derived from the Ancient Greek terms κέρκος (kérkos, “tail”) and πίθηκος (píthēkos, "ape"), was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.

Species list
Genus Cercopithecus – Linnaeus, 1758 – nineteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Blue monkey

Gray monkey

 C. mitis
Wolf, 1822

Sixteen subspecies
  • C. m. albogularis (Sykes' monkey)
  • C. m. albotorquatus
  • C. m. boutourlinii (Boutourlini's blue monkey)
  • C. m. doggetti (silver monkey)
  • C. m. erythrarchus
  • C. m. heymansi (Lomami River blue monkey)
  • C. m. kandti (golden monkey)
  • C. m. kolbi
  • C. m. labiatus
  • C. m. manyaraensis
  • C. m. mitis (Pluto monkey)
  • C. m. moloneyi
  • C. m. monoides
  • C. m. opisthostictus
  • C. m. stuhlmanni (Stuhlmann's blue monkey)
  • C. m. zammaranoi
Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range		 Size: 31–70 cm (12–28 in) long, plus 55–109 cm (22–43 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest[7]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates[8]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[7]

Campbell's mona monkey

ray monkeys

 C. campbelli
Waterhouse, 1838		 Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 49–85 cm (19–33 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[10]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and grains, as well as birds, bird eggs, small reptiles, and insects[9]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[10]

Crested mona monkey

Brown and white monkey

 C. pogonias
Bennett, 1833

Three subspecies
  • C. p. grayi (Gray's crested mona)
  • C. p. nigripes (Black-footed crested mona)
  • C. p. pogonias (Golden-bellied crested mona)
Central Africa
Map of range		 Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 48–87 cm (19–34 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as leaves, flowers and insects[12]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[12]

De Brazza's monkey

Gray monkey

 C. neglectus
Schlegel, 1876		 Central Africa
Map of range		 Size: 39–60 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 47–79 cm (19–31 in) tail[13]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[14]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, mushrooms, beetles, termites, and worms[15]		  LC 


Unknown Unknown[14]

Dent's mona monkey

Brown and white monkey

 C. denti
Thomas, 1907		 Central Africa
Map of range		 Size: 40–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 70–90 cm (28–35 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Fruit and arthropods, as well as flowers, caterpillars, shoots, and leaves[17]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[17]

Diana monkey

Gray monkey

 C. diana
(Linnaeus, 1758)		 Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 40–55 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail[18]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Fruit, flowers, leaves, insects, and other invertebrates[18]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Greater spot-nosed monkey

Gray monkey

 C. nictitans
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Five subspecies
  • C. n. insolitus
  • C. n. ludio
  • C. n. martini
  • C. n. nictitans
  • C. n. stampflii
Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 40–57 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 56–100 cm (22–39 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves and insects[22]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Hamlyn's monkey

Gray monkey

 C. hamlyni
Pocock, 1907

Two subspecies
  • C. h. hamlyni
  • C. h. kahuziensis
Central Africa
Map of range		 Size: 43–63 cm (17–25 in) long, plus 49–63 cm (19–25 in) tail[23]

Habitat: Forest[24]

Diet: Shoots, leaves, plants, and herbs, as well as fruit and seeds[25]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[24]

Lesser spot-nosed monkey

Gray monkey

 C. petaurista
(Schreber, 1774)

Two subspecies
  • C. p. buettikoferi
  • C. p. petaurista
Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 29–53 cm (11–21 in) long, plus 57–78 cm (22–31 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Fruit as well as insects[26]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[27]

Lesula

Gray and yellow monkey

 C. lomamiensis
Hart et al., 2012		 Central Africa
Map of range		 Size: 40–65 cm (16–26 in) long, plus 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Leaves, fruits and flowers[30]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Lowe's mona monkey

Gray monkey

 C. lowei
Thomas, 1923		 Western Africa (in green)
Map of range		 Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 54–85 cm (21–33 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[32]

Diet: Fruit and insects[31]		  VU 


10,000 Population declining[32]

Mona monkey

Brown and white monkey

 C. mona
(Schreber, 1774)		 Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 32–53 cm (13–21 in) long, plus 67–90 cm (26–35 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest[34]

Diet: Fruit, sprouts, leaves, and invertebrates[33]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[34]

Moustached guenon

Brown monkey

 C. cephus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Three subspecies
  • C. c. cephodes
  • C. c. cephus
  • C. c. ngottoensis
Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 66–99 cm (26–39 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest[36]

Diet: Fruit, as well as seeds, leaves, insects, and eggs[37]		  LC 


Unknown Unknown[36]

Red-eared guenon

Gray monkey

 C. erythrotis
Waterhouse, 1838

Two subspecies
  • C. e. camerunensis (Cameroon Red-eared Monkey)
  • C. e. erythrotis (Bioko Red-eared Monkey)
Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 46–77 cm (18–30 in) tail[38]

Habitat: Forest[39]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots and arthropods[39]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[39]

Red-tailed monkey

Gray monkey

 C. ascanius
(Audebert, 1799)

Five subspecies
  • C. a. ascanius
  • C. a. atrinasus
  • C. a. katangae
  • C. a. schmidti
  • C. a. whitesidei
Central Africa
Map of range		 Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 67–92 cm (26–36 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, flowers, buds, and tree gum[42]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[41]

Roloway monkey

Gray monkey

 C. roloway
(Schreber, 1774)		 Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 44–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 70–91 cm (28–36 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Forest[44]

Diet: Insects, as well as seeds, fruit, and leaves[43]		  CR 


Unknown Population declining[44]

Sclater's guenon

Gray monkey

 C. sclateri
Pocock, 1904		 Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 61–85 cm (24–33 in) tail[45]

Habitat: Forest[46]

Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, flowers and leaves[47]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[46]

White-throated guenon

Gray and brown monkey

 C. erythrogaster
Gray, 1866

Two subspecies
  • C. e. erythrogaster (Red-bellied guenon)
  • C. e. pococki (Nigerian white-throated guenon)
Western Africa
Map of range		 Size: 38–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 58–70 cm (23–28 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[48]

Diet: Fruit[48]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[48]

Wolf's mona monkey

Gray and brown monkey

 C. wolfi
(Meyer, 1891)

Three subspecies
  • C. w. elegans
  • C. w. pyrogaster
  • C. w. wolfi
Central Africa Size: 44–52 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 69–83 cm (27–33 in) tail[49]

Habitat: Forest[50]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds, and flowers[49]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[50]

Hybrids

The red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) is known to hybridize with the blue monkey (C. mitis) in several locations in the wild in Africa.[51]

References
  1. Groves, C. P. (2005). "GENUS Cercopithecus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–158. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. guenon /gəˈnoʊn/ n. M19. [Fr., of uncertain origin.] (The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, Vol. 1 A-M, 1993 edition, see page 1,157)
  3. guenon [gənɔ̃] n. f. - 1505 ; o. i. ; p.-ê même rad. que guenille 1. vx Cercopithèque, mâle ou femelle. 2. MOD. Singe femelle. [...] (Le Petit Robert, grand format, Dictionnaires Le Robert, Paris, first edition: 1967, Nouveau Petit Robert edition: 1993, grand format edition: 1996, ISBN 2-85036-469-X, see page 1,056)
  4. "Allochrocebus". ITIS. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  5. "Allochrocebus". Mammal Diversity Database. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  6. Kingdon 2015, p. 175
  7. Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A. (2021) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Cercopithecus mitis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T4221A196007901. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T4221A196007901.en.
  8. Strawder, Nicole (2001). "Cercopithecus mitis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
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  10. Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Koné, I. (2020). "Cercopithecus campbelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136930A92374066. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136930A92374066.en.
  11. Kingdon 2015, p. 168
  12. Maisels, F.; Cronin, D. T.; Hart, J.; Etiendem, D.; Oates, J. F.; Butynski, T. M.; Linder, J. (2021) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Cercopithecus pogonias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T92411527A197301301. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T92411527A197301301.en.
  13. Kingdon 2015, p. 161
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  35. Kingdon 2015, p. 181
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  37. Miretti, Juan (2006). "Cercopithecus cephus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  38. Kingdon 2015, p. 182
  39. Hofner, A.; Cronin, D. T.; Imong, I.; Gadsby, E. L.; Ndeloh, D. (2020). "Cercopithecus erythrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4218A17946043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T4218A17946043.en.
  40. Kingdon 2015, p. 183
  41. de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M. (2019). "Cercopithecus ascanius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T4212A17947340. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T4212A17947340.en.
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  45. Kingdon 2015, p. 180
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  51. Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press. pp. 139, 143, 154, 185, 223. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.

Sources
  • Kingdon, Jonathan (2015). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (Second ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-2531-2.
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