Ottoman clothing

Ottoman clothing or Ottoman fashion is the style and design of clothing worn during the Ottoman Empire.

An Ottoman official

Ottoman period
Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent adorned in a well embroidered Kaftan
A stylish young woman of the mid-17th century. She wears şalvar (trousers), a long, sheer gömlek (chemise), and an ankle-length purple entari (outer robe) with the ends tucked up. The fur lining of her yelek (jacket or vest) marks her as wealthy and high-ranking.
Abdülmecid I

While the Palace and its court dressed lavishly, the common people were only concerned with covering themselves. Starting in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, administrators enacted sumptuary laws upon clothing. The clothing of Muslims, Christians, Jewish communities, clergy, tradesmen, and state and military officials were particularly strictly regulated during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.

In this period men wore outer items such as 'mintan' (a vest or short jacket), 'zıbın', 'şalvar' (trousers), 'kuşak' (a sash), 'potur', an entari or kaftan (a long robe), 'kalpak', 'sarık' on the head; 'çarık', çizme (boots), 'çedik', 'Yemeni' on the feet. The administrators and the wealthy wore caftans with fur lining and embroidery, whereas the middle class wore 'cübbe' (a mid-length robe) and 'hırka' (a short robe or tunic), and the poor wore collarless 'cepken' or 'yelek' (vest).

Women's everyday wear was şalvar (trousers), a gömlek (chemise) that came down to the mid-calf or ankle, a short, fitted jacket called a zıbın, and a sash or belt tied at or just below the waist. For formal occasions, such as visiting friends, the woman added an entari or kaftan, a long robe that was cut like the zıbın apart from the length. Both zıbın and kaftan were buttoned to the waist, leaving the skirts open in front. Both garments also had buttons all the way to the throat but were often buttoned only to the underside of the bust, leaving the garments to gape open over the bust. All of these clothes could be brightly colored and patterned. However, when a woman left the house, she covered her clothes with a ferace, a dark, modestly cut robe that buttoned all the way to the throat. She also covered her hair and face with a pair of veils.

Headgear was the most potent indicator of male social status. While commoners wore "külah's" covered with 'abani' or 'Yemeni', higher-ranking men wore a wide variety of turbans.

'Political crises of the 17th century were reflected as chaos in clothes. The excessively luxurious compulsion of consumption and showing off in the Tulip Era lasted until the 19th century. The modernization attempts of Mahmud II in the 1830s first had its effects in the state sector. While the 'sarık' was replaced by the 'fez', the people employed in the Sublime Porte began to wear trousers, 'setre' and 'potin'.

Headwear

Ottoman headdresses indicated the status and occupation of the wearer. Royal turbans could be decorated with feathers in an ornamental aigrette. Starting from the 19th century, sultans started wearing fezzes instead of turbans. The daughters of sultans would receive luxurious jewelry when getting married, including diadems or veils with jewels embedded in them. Imperial and noble ladies would also cover their heads with small handkerchiefs and their faces with Brussels net veils.[1]

There are not a lot of records of women's clothing at the time, so artwork is used to gain some understanding. Headdresses were typically tall, pointed hats with a veil attached to them, which served to cover their faces during outings. In depictions of sultanas, their clothing is mostly fabricated with few references to what Ottoman women actually wore. A portrait of Roxelana depicts her wearing a pillbox-shaped headdress with decorative jewels on the border. While her headdress illustrates popular styles in Ottoman women's headwear at the time, her clothing remains very similar to European-style clothing. This was a popular way of depicting women, specifically sultanas, back then.[2]

Many factors contributed to changes in Ottoman women's garments, including the cost of materials and firmans, or royal declarations. At the beginning of the 18th century, upper-class women began wearing yashmaks, or veils that covered their faces when going out. Over time, the yashmaks became more transparent and wider with silver embroidery. As more changes were made to women's clothing, yashmaks and feraces were seen less as garments to cover the body and instead as decorative and ornamental styles.

In the 19th century, there were more extreme changes in women's clothing. Yemenis, or headscarves, were so thin that their hair was almost all visible. Other traditional garments combined Turkish and European styles of fashion.

Around the time of World War I, Turkish women began wearing headscarves tied below the chin instead of the charsaf, a robe-like dress that covered the whole body and head except for the eyes.[3]

Tanzimat period
Main article: Tanzimat

During the 'Tanzimat' and 'Meşrutiyet' period in the 19th century, the common people still keeping to their traditional clothing styles presented a great contrast with the administrators and the wealthy wearing 'redingot', jacket, waistcoat, boyunbağı (tie), 'mintan', sharp-pointed and high-heeled shoes. Women's clothes of the Ottoman period were observed in the 'mansions' and Palace courts. 'Entari', 'kuşak', 'şalvar', 'başörtü', 'ferace' of the 19th century continued their existence without much change. In the 16th century, women wore two-layer long 'entari' and 'tül', velvet shawl on their heads. Their outdoor clothing consisted of 'ferace' and 'yeldirme'. The simplification in the 17th century was apparent in an inner 'entari' worn under a short-sleeved, caftan-shaped outfit and the matching accessory was a belt.

Women's wear becoming more showy and extravagant brought about adorned hair buns and tailoring. Tailoring in its real sense began in this period. The sense of women's wear primarily began in large residential centers such as Istanbul and İzmir in the 19th century and women gradually began to participate in social life, along with the westernization movement. Pera became the center of fashion and the Paris fashion was followed by the tailors of Greek and Armenian origin. In the period of Abdul Hamid II, the use of 'ferace' (a concealing outer robe shaped like a modestly cut version of the indoor dress) was replaced by 'çarşaf' of different styles. However, the rural sector continued its traditional style of clothing.

Ottoman influence on Western female dress
Further information: Turquerie and Orientalism in early modern France
Madame de Pompadour portrayed as a Turkish lady in 1747 by Charles André van Loo
Man In Oriental Costume ("The Noble Slav"), oil on canvas, by Rembrandt, 1632. A significant example of European emulation of Ottoman dress for the purpose of portraying a dignified, elite appearance.

Interactions between Ottomans and Britons occurred throughout history, but in the 18th century, European visitors and residents in the Ottoman Empire markedly increased, and exploded in the 19th century.[4] As such, fashion is one method to gauge the increased interactions. Historically, Europeans clothing was more delineated between male and female dress. Hose and trousers were reserved for men, and skirts were for women.[5] Conversely, in the Ottoman Empire, the male and female dress was more similar. A common item worn by both was the şalvar, a voluminous undergarment in white fabric shaped like what is today called "harem pants".[6] To British women traveling in the Ottoman Empire, the şalvar quickly became a symbol of freedom because they observed that Ottoman women had more rights than British women did. Lady Mary Wortley Montague (1689–1762), whose husband was the British Ambassador to Constantinople, noted in her travels in her "Embassy Letters" that Ottoman women "possessed legal property rights and protections that far surpassed the rights of Western women".[7] These female travelers often gained an intimate view of Ottoman culture, since as women, they had easier access to the Muslim Elite harems than did men.[8] Şalvar successfully spread into Europe at the end of the 19th century as various female suffragists and feminists used şalvar as a symbol of emancipation. Other British women of distinction, such as Lady (Janey) Archibald Campbell (1845–1923), and Lady Ottoline (Violet Anne) Morrell (1873–1938) wore şalvar "in an attempt to symbolize their refusal of traditional British standards and sexual differences".[9] Şalvar also spread beyond Europe when Amelia Jenks Bloomer modified these "Turkish trousers" to create American "bloomers".[10]

Another area where the Ottomans influenced female Western dress was in layering. Initially, layering had a practical use for the ancestors of the Ottoman Empire, who were pastoral nomads and horse riders, and needed to wear layers to adapt to changing temperatures.[11] But as the Ottoman Empire came into being, the layering of garments would distinguish one's gender, class, or rank within particular communities, while also displaying many sumptuous fabrics, thus signaling one's wealth and status. Layering also had spiritual significance. For instance, in Islamic art, layering different patterns represents a spiritual metaphor of the divine order that seems to be incomprehensible, but is actually planned and meaningful.[11]

In Europe, in the 16th century, skirts began to have a layered appearance. Previous to the 16th century, skirts were slit only at the bottom, but now, the slit bisected the front of the skirt to reveal a contrasting layer underneath. Often, the underlayer would coordinate with a layered sleeve.[12] Hanging sleeves were also a European concept that was derived from the Ottomans, although they arrived in Europe much earlier than layered skirts. In the 12th century, religious and scholarly peoples would wear coats that had hanging sleeves, similar to Turkish-style outer kaftans. These hanging sleeves meant one could see the second layer of fabric underneath the outer layer.[12] Although hanging sleeves had been present in Europe since the 12th century, they did not escape Lady Mary Montague's fascination in the 18th century. In a letter dated 10 March 1717, she wrote to the Countess of Marabout Hafiz (Hafsa) Sultan, a woman who was a favorite of the deposed Sultan Mustafa: "But her dress was something so surprisingly rich, that I cannot forbear describing it to you. She wore a vest called donalmá, which differs from a caftan by long sleeves and folding over the bottom. It was of purple cloth, straight to her shape, and thick-set on each side, down to her feet, and round the sleeves, with pearls of the best water, of the same size as their buttons commonly are."[13]

Republican period

The common clothing styles prevailing in the mid 19th century imposed by religious reasons entered a transformation phase in the Republican period. In this period the 'şapka' and the following 'kılık kıyafet' reform being realized with the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Kastamonu in 1925 had a full impact in Istanbul. Women's 'çarşaf' and 'peçe' were replaced by a coat, scarf, and shawl. Men began to wear hats, jackets, shirts, waistcoats, ties, trousers and shoes. With the industrialization process of the 1960s, women entered the work-life and tailors were substituted by readymade clothes industry. The contemporary fashion concept, as it is in the whole world, is apparent in both social and economic dimensions in Turkey as well.

Modern use

Modern Turkish designers such as Rıfat Özbek, Cemil İpekçi, Vural Gökçaylı, Yıldırım Mayruk, Sadık Kızılağaç, Hakan Elyaban, and Bahar Korçan draw inspiration from historical Ottoman designs, and Ottoman or Ottoman-inspired patterns are important to the Turkish textile industry.

Religious garb (1878)

Everyday people (1878)

  • Turkish peasant
    Turkish peasant
  • Turkish Zeybek
    Turkish Zeybek
  • Turkish man
    Turkish man
  • Turkish woman at home
    Turkish woman at home
  • Veiled Turkish woman
    Veiled Turkish woman
  • Porter
    Porter
  • Turkish Boy
    Turkish Boy
  • Turkish boy
    Turkish boy
  • Turkish girl
    Turkish girl
  • Gypsy girl
    Gypsy girl
  • Men aboard a ferry
    Men aboard a ferry
  • Men aboard a ferry
    Men aboard a ferry
  • Odalisque
    Odalisque
  • Woman outdoors
    Woman outdoors

Folk costumes in 1873
  • 1. Burgher from Constantinople2. Aiwas (servant)
    1. Burgher from Constantinople
    2. Aiwas (servant)
  • 1. Caikji (boatman)2. Sakka (water carrier)3. Hammal (porter)
    1. Caikji (boatman)
    2. Sakka (water carrier)
    3. Hammal (porter)
  • 1. Mevlevi Dervish2. Bektashi Dervish3. Mullah
    1. Mevlevi Dervish
    2. Bektashi Dervish
    3. Mullah
  • 1 and 2. Turkish ladies from Constantinople3. Turkish schoolboy
    1 and 2. Turkish ladies from Constantinople
    3. Turkish schoolboy
  • 1. Armenian bride2. Jewish woman from Constantinople3. Greek girl
    1. Armenian bride
    2. Jewish woman from Constantinople
    3. Greek girl
  • 1. Muslim inhabitant of Edirne2. Muslim horseman from Edirne3. Christian artisan from Edirne
    1. Muslim inhabitant of Edirne
    2. Muslim horseman from Edirne
    3. Christian artisan from Edirne
  • 1. Macedonian peasant from Monastir2. Macedonian peasant woman Monastir3. Bulgarian woman from Shkodër
    1. Macedonian peasant from Monastir
    2. Macedonian peasant woman Monastir
    3. Bulgarian woman from Shkodër
  • 1. Muslim horseman from Plovdiv2. Bulgarian man from Koyountepe3. Bulgarian man from Ah'i Tchelebi
    1. Muslim horseman from Plovdiv
    2. Bulgarian man from Koyountepe
    3. Bulgarian man from Ah'i Tchelebi
  • 1. Bulgarian woman from Ahi Tchelebi2. Greek woman from Haskovo3. Peasant woman from Baidjas
    1. Bulgarian woman from Ahi Tchelebi
    2. Greek woman from Haskovo
    3. Peasant woman from Baidjas
  • 1: Bulgarian man from Sofia2. Bulgarian woman from Sofia
    1: Bulgarian man from Sofia
    2. Bulgarian woman from Sofia
  • 1: Bulgarian woman from Ruse2. Christian Bulgarian from Vidin3. Muslim Bulgarian from Vidin
    1: Bulgarian woman from Ruse
    2. Christian Bulgarian from Vidin
    3. Muslim Bulgarian from Vidin
  • 1: Muslim woman from Prizren2. Farmers from around Prizren3. Christian peasant woman from Matefse
    1: Muslim woman from Prizren
    2. Farmers from around Prizren
    3. Christian peasant woman from Matefse
  • 1: Hodja from Shkodër2. Christian priest from Shkodër
    1: Hodja from Shkodër
    2. Christian priest from Shkodër
  • 1: Muslim lady from Shkodër2. Christian lady from Shkodër3. Peasant woman from Malissor
    1: Muslim lady from Shkodër
    2. Christian lady from Shkodër
    3. Peasant woman from Malissor
  • 1: Muslim from Shkodër2. Muslim lady from Shkodër
    1: Muslim from Shkodër
    2. Muslim lady from Shkodër
  • 1: Christian from Shkodër2. Christian lady from Shkodër
    1: Christian from Shkodër
    2. Christian lady from Shkodër
  • 1: Shepherd and peasant woman from Malissor
    1: Shepherd and peasant woman from Malissor
  • 1: Wealthy Arnaut from Ioannina2. Wealthy Arnaut lady from Ioannina3. Arnaut child of a wealthy family.
    1: Wealthy Arnaut from Ioannina
    2. Wealthy Arnaut lady from Ioannina
    3. Arnaut child of a wealthy family.
  • 1: Arnaut from Ioannina (middle class)2. Arnaut from Ioannina (lower class)
    1: Arnaut from Ioannina (middle class)
    2. Arnaut from Ioannina (lower class)
  • 1: Wallachian (Aromanian) Woman from Ioannina2. Christian woman from Preveza3. Peasant woman from around Trikala
    1: Wallachian (Aromanian) Woman from Ioannina
    2. Christian woman from Preveza
    3. Peasant woman from around Trikala
  • 1: Hodja from Saloniki2. Hakham Bashi of Saloniki3. Burgher from Monastir
    1: Hodja from Saloniki
    2. Hakham Bashi of Saloniki
    3. Burgher from Monastir
  • 1: Muslim lady from Saloniki2. Jewish lady from Saloniki3. Macedonian woman from Prilep
    1: Muslim lady from Saloniki
    2. Jewish lady from Saloniki
    3. Macedonian woman from Prilep
  • 1: Inhabitant of Mostar2. Burgher from Sarajevo3. Lady from Sarajevo
    1: Inhabitant of Mostar
    2. Burgher from Sarajevo
    3. Lady from Sarajevo
  • 1. Christian burgher from Chania2. Christian horseman from Chania3. Muslim lady from Chania
    1. Christian burgher from Chania
    2. Christian horseman from Chania
    3. Muslim lady from Chania
  • 1. Female Christian villager from Chania2. Christian villager from Chania3. Inhabitant of Sfakia
    1. Female Christian villager from Chania
    2. Christian villager from Chania
    3. Inhabitant of Sfakia
  • 1. Muslim Artisan man and woman from Çanakkale
    1. Muslim Artisan man and woman from Çanakkale
  • 1. Yorouk (nomad) from Biga2. Christian inhabitant of Chios3. Christian from Lemnos
    1. Yorouk (nomad) from Biga
    2. Christian inhabitant of Chios
    3. Christian from Lemnos
  • 1. Yorouk woman from Biga2. Christian woman from Chios3. Christian woman from Lemnos
    1. Yorouk woman from Biga
    2. Christian woman from Chios
    3. Christian woman from Lemnos
  • 1. Muslim from Rhodes2. Muslim lady from Rhodes
    1. Muslim from Rhodes
    2. Muslim lady from Rhodes
  • 1. Jew from Rhodes2. Jewish woman from Rhodes
    1. Jew from Rhodes
    2. Jewish woman from Rhodes
  • 1. Christian inhabitant of Lesbos2. Christian woman from Lesbos3. Christian woman from Symi
    1. Christian inhabitant of Lesbos
    2. Christian woman from Lesbos
    3. Christian woman from Symi
  • 1. Christian inhabitant of Famagusta2. Christian woman from Famagusta3. Greek religious man of the Tchiko Monastery, near Lefka
    1. Christian inhabitant of Famagusta
    2. Christian woman from Famagusta
    3. Greek religious man of the Tchiko Monastery, near Lefka
  • 1. Turkmen from around Bursa
    1. Turkmen from around Bursa
  • 1. Peasant man and woman from around Bursa (wearing wedding clothing)2. Seis (horse groom)
    1. Peasant man and woman from around Bursa (wearing wedding clothing)
    2. Seis (horse groom)
  • 1. Jew and Jewish woman from Bursa
    1. Jew and Jewish woman from Bursa
  • 1. Zeibek2. Artisan from Aydın
    1. Zeibek
    2. Artisan from Aydın
  • 1. Christian merchant from Aydın2. Haham from Izmir3. Burgher from Manisa
    1. Christian merchant from Aydın
    2. Haham from Izmir
    3. Burgher from Manisa
  • 1. Muslim lady from Manisa2. Muslim lady from Izmir
    1. Muslim lady from Manisa
    2. Muslim lady from Izmir
  • 1. Christian from Konya2. Muslim horseman from Konya3. Inhabitant of Elmalı
    1. Christian from Konya
    2. Muslim horseman from Konya
    3. Inhabitant of Elmalı
  • 1. Armenian Priest from Konya2. Mullah from Konya3. Greek Priest from Konya
    1. Armenian Priest from Konya
    2. Mullah from Konya
    3. Greek Priest from Konya
  • 1. Burgher from Konya2. Greek woman from Burdur3. Muslim woman from Burdur
    1. Burgher from Konya
    2. Greek woman from Burdur
    3. Muslim woman from Burdur
  • 1. Armenian woman from Burdur2. Turkmen woman from Karie de Outmouk3. Kurdish woman from Sarıkaya
    1. Armenian woman from Burdur
    2. Turkmen woman from Karie de Outmouk
    3. Kurdish woman from Sarıkaya
  • 1. Muslim Artisan from Ankara2. Christian Artisan from Ankara3. Kurd from around Yozgat
    1. Muslim Artisan from Ankara
    2. Christian Artisan from Ankara
    3. Kurd from around Yozgat
  • 1. Bashi-bazouk from Ankara2. Muslim peasant from around Ankara3. Muslim peasant woman from around Ankara
    1. Bashi-bazouk from Ankara
    2. Muslim peasant from around Ankara
    3. Muslim peasant woman from around Ankara
  • 1. Kurdish woman from around Yozgat2. Female Christian artisan from Ankara3. Muslim female artisan from Ankara
    1. Kurdish woman from around Yozgat
    2. Female Christian artisan from Ankara
    3. Muslim female artisan from Ankara
  • 1. Turkish woman from Osmancık2. Muslim artisan from Amasya3. Christian lady from Tokat
    1. Turkish woman from Osmancık
    2. Muslim artisan from Amasya
    3. Christian lady from Tokat
  • 1. Muslim woman from Sivas2. Armenian woman from Sivas3. Kurdish woman from around Sivas
    1. Muslim woman from Sivas
    2. Armenian woman from Sivas
    3. Kurdish woman from around Sivas
  • 1. Muslim from Trabzon2. Muslim peasant woman from around Trabzon3. Laz man
    1. Muslim from Trabzon
    2. Muslim peasant woman from around Trabzon
    3. Laz man
  • 1. Muslim lady from Trabzon (indoor dress)2. Muslim lady from Trabzon (outdoor dress)
    1. Muslim lady from Trabzon (indoor dress)
    2. Muslim lady from Trabzon (outdoor dress)
  • 1. Worker from around Erzurum2. Muslim woman from Van3. Armenian woman from Van
    1. Worker from around Erzurum
    2. Muslim woman from Van
    3. Armenian woman from Van
  • 1. Armenian priest from Akhtamar2. Kurdish horseman from Hakkâri3. Kurdish piade (foot soldier) from Hakkâri
    1. Armenian priest from Akhtamar
    2. Kurdish horseman from Hakkâri
    3. Kurdish piade (foot soldier) from Hakkâri
  • 1. Muslim from Diyarbakır2. Christian from Diyarbakır3. Kurd from Palu
    1. Muslim from Diyarbakır
    2. Christian from Diyarbakır
    3. Kurd from Palu
  • 1. Muslim lady from Diyarbakır.2. Christian lady from Diyarbakır3. Kurdish woman from Palu
    1. Muslim lady from Diyarbakır.
    2. Christian lady from Diyarbakır
    3. Kurdish woman from Palu
  • 1. Shepherd from around Diyarbakır2. A Kurd from Cizre3. Kurd from around Mardin
    1. Shepherd from around Diyarbakır
    2. A Kurd from Cizre
    3. Kurd from around Mardin
  • 1. Muslim lady from Sa'nt (indoor clothing)2. Muslim lady from Sa'nt (outdoor clothing)3. Kurdish woman from Elazığ
    1. Muslim lady from Sa'nt (indoor clothing)
    2. Muslim lady from Sa'nt (outdoor clothing)
    3. Kurdish woman from Elazığ
  • 1. Bedouin from the vilayet of Aleppo2. Bedouin woman from the vilayet of Aleppo3. Jewish lady from Aleppo
    1. Bedouin from the vilayet of Aleppo
    2. Bedouin woman from the vilayet of Aleppo
    3. Jewish lady from Aleppo
  • 1. Muslim from around Adana2. Muslim woman from around Tarsus3. Inhabitant of Hadjin
    1. Muslim from around Adana
    2. Muslim woman from around Tarsus
    3. Inhabitant of Hadjin
  • 1. Christian inhabitant of Beirut (summer dress)2. Muslim lady from Beirut3. Christian lady from Beirut (winter dress)
    1. Christian inhabitant of Beirut (summer dress)
    2. Muslim lady from Beirut
    3. Christian lady from Beirut (winter dress)
  • 1. Muslim from Lebanon2. Muslim woman from Lebanon
    1. Muslim from Lebanon
    2. Muslim woman from Lebanon
  • 1. Christian mountain dweller, from Zahlé (Lebanon)2. Christian mountain dweller, from Zgharta (Lebanon)3. Druze from Lebanon
    1. Christian mountain dweller, from Zahlé (Lebanon)
    2. Christian mountain dweller, from Zgharta (Lebanon)
    3. Druze from Lebanon
  • 1. Christian woman from Zahlé (Lebanon)2. Christian woman from Zgharta (Lebanon)3. Druze woman from Lebanon
    1. Christian woman from Zahlé (Lebanon)
    2. Christian woman from Zgharta (Lebanon)
    3. Druze woman from Lebanon
  • 1. Bedouin from Mount Lebanon.2. Bedouin woman from Lebanon
    1. Bedouin from Mount Lebanon.
    2. Bedouin woman from Lebanon
  • 1. Fellah from around Damascus2. Druze from around Damascus3. Arab nomad woman from the Ourban tribe
    1. Fellah from around Damascus
    2. Druze from around Damascus
    3. Arab nomad woman from the Ourban tribe
  • 1. Fellah woman from around Damascus2. Druze woman from around Damascus3. Lady from Damascus
    1. Fellah woman from around Damascus
    2. Druze woman from around Damascus
    3. Lady from Damascus
  • 1. Christian artisan from Belka2. Artisan woman from Belka3. Peasant Muslim woman from around Belka
    1. Christian artisan from Belka
    2. Artisan woman from Belka
    3. Peasant Muslim woman from around Belka
  • 1. Shopkeeper from Belka2. Fellah from around Belka3. Muslim artisan from Belka
    1. Shopkeeper from Belka
    2. Fellah from around Belka
    3. Muslim artisan from Belka
  • 1. Jew from Jerusalem2. Jewish woman from Jerusalem
    1. Jew from Jerusalem
    2. Jewish woman from Jerusalem
  • 1. Arab lady from Jerusalem2. Fellah from around Jerusalem3. Fellah woman from around Jerusalem
    1. Arab lady from Jerusalem
    2. Fellah from around Jerusalem
    3. Fellah woman from around Jerusalem
  • 1. Arab man of the Shammar tribe2. Arab man from Zubaid tribe 3. Muslim lady from Baghdad
    1. Arab man of the Shammar tribe
    2. Arab man from Zubaid tribe
    3. Muslim lady from Baghdad
  • 1. A'alim from Mecca2. Inhabitant from Djeaddele (environs of Mecca)3. Baveri of the guard of the Sharif of Mecca
    1. A'alim from Mecca
    2. Inhabitant from Djeaddele (environs of Mecca)
    3. Baveri of the guard of the Sharif of Mecca
  • 1. Kabyle of the Harb tribe (environs of Medina)2. Kabyle woman of the Harb tribe (environs of Medina)3. Muslim woman from Djeaddele (environs of Mecca)
    1. Kabyle of the Harb tribe (environs of Medina)
    2. Kabyle woman of the Harb tribe (environs of Medina)
    3. Muslim woman from Djeaddele (environs of Mecca)
  • 1. A'alim from Al Hudaydah2. Burgher from Al Hudaydah3. Muslim lady from Sana'a
    1. A'alim from Al Hudaydah
    2. Burgher from Al Hudaydah
    3. Muslim lady from Sana'a
  • 1. Shopkeeper from Mocha2. Muslim lady from Mecca3. Moorish girl from Tripoli
    1. Shopkeeper from Mocha
    2. Muslim lady from Mecca
    3. Moorish girl from Tripoli

See also

Notes
  1. İrepoğlu, Gül (2012). Imperial Ottoman jewellery : reading history through jewellery. Feyza Howell. İstanbul. ISBN 978-605-5488-14-7. OCLC 815521945.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Madar, Heather (2011). "Before the Odalisque: Renaissance Representations of Elite Ottoman Women". Early Modern Women. 6: 1–41. doi:10.1086/EMW23617325. ISSN 1933-0065. JSTOR 23617325. S2CID 164805076.
  3. Koç, Fatma; Koca, Emine (January 2007). "The Westernization Process in Ottoman Women's Garments: 18th Century~20th Century". Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 13 (4): 57–84. doi:10.1080/12259276.2007.11666035. ISSN 1225-9276. S2CID 155237364.
  4. Charlotte Jirousek. Ottoman Costumes: From Textile to Identity. S Faroqhi and C. Neumann, ed. Istanbul: Eren Publishing, 2005.
  5. Inal, Onur. "Women's Fashions in Transition: Ottoman Borderlands and the Anglo-Ottoman Exchange of Costumes." Journal of World History 22.2 (2011): 243–72. Web. p. 234
  6. Inal, p. 252
  7. Jirousek, p. 8
  8. Inal, p. 264
  9. Inal, p. 258
  10. Jirousek, p. 9
  11. Jirousek, p. 2
  12. Jirousek, p. 12
  13. Inal, p. 253

References
  • Feyzi, Muharrem. Eski Türk Kıyafetleri ve Güzel Giyim Tarzları.
  • Koçu, Reşat Ekrem (1967). Türk Giyim Kuşam ve Süslenme Sözlüğü. Ankara: Sümerbank.
  • .Küçükerman, Önder (1966). . Türk Giyim Sanayinin Tarihi Kaynakları. İstanbul: GSD Dış Ticaret AŞ.
  • Sevin, Nurettin (1990). Onüç Asırlık Türk Kıyafet Tarihine Bir Bakış. Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • .Tuğlac, Pars (1985). Osmanlı Saray Kadınları / The Ottoman Palace Women. Istanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.