Democratic Action Party

The Democratic Action Party (abbreviation: DAP; Malay: Parti Tindakan Demokratik; Chinese: 民主行动党; Tamil: ஜனநாயக செயல் கட்சி) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Malaysia.[5] As one of four component parties of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, it formed the federal government after defeating Barisan Nasional (BN) in the 2018 Malaysian general election, ending the party's 53 year-long stay in the opposition. However, before the coalition finished its first term, defections from partnering parties caused it to lose power after 22 months, culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis. At the 2022 Malaysian general election, the PH coalition which the DAP was part of was returned to power again, albeit without a majority, leading it to form a unity government with political rivals.

Democratic Action Party
Malay nameParti Tindakan Demokratik
ڤرتي تيندقن ديموکراتيک
Chinese name民主行动党
民主行動黨
Bîn-chú Hêng-tōng-tóng
Man4 zyu2 hang4 dung6 dong2
Mínzhǔ Xíngdòng Dǎng
Tamil nameஜனநாயக செயல் கட்சி
Jaṉanāyaka ceyal kaṭci
AbbreviationDAP
Secretary-GeneralAnthony Loke Siew Fook
National ChairmanLim Guan Eng
National Deputy ChairmanGobind Singh Deo
National Vice-Chairmen
Deputy Secretaries-General
Founders
Founded11 October 1965 (1965-10-11)
Legalised18 March 1966 (1966-03-18)
Split fromPeople's Action Party (Singapore)
Preceded byPeople's Action Party of Malaya
HeadquartersJalan Yew, 55100 Kuala Lumpur
NewspaperThe Rocket RoketKini
Student wingMahasiswa Roket
Youth wingDAP Socialist Youth
Membership (2022)875,584
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left[4]
National affiliationGagasan Rakyat (1990–1996)
Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004)
Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015)
Pakatan Harapan (Since 2015)
Regional affiliationNetwork of Social Democracy in Asia
International affiliationSocialist International (1987–2017)
Progressive Alliance (2012–present)
Colours  Red
  White
  Blue
SloganMalaysian Malaysia and Malaysian First
AnthemBerjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia!
(Fighting for Malaysians!)
Dewan Negara:
4 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:
40 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri:
90 / 606
Chief minister of states
1 / 13
Election symbol

except DAP Sarawak

DAP Sarawak only
Party flag
Website
www.dapmalaysia.org

The DAP was founded in 1965 by Malaya–based members of the Singaporean People's Action Party (PAP), Chen Man Hin and Devan Nair, shortly after Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia. Singapore's expulsion was in part due to intense ideological differences between the federal government, led by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), which favoured the idea of Ketuanan Melayu and Malay racial nationalism for the country. In contrast, the PAP favoured a more egalitarian and civic nationalist Malaysian Malaysia, which the DAP would continue to espouse.[3] Following the expulsion, the PAP was elected as the ruling government of a newly sovereign Singapore, and would continue to operate on a platform of civic nationalism.[3]

The DAP draws much of its support from secular and liberal voters with a stable electorate from voters of cities, coastal regions, the middle class (comprising professionals), and the working class.[6][7] The party's strongholds are primarily in the urban and semi-urban areas of Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Johor, Malacca and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.[7] In the 2018 Malaysian general election, the party contested in 47 federal and 104 state constituencies under the banner of its ally the People's Justice Party,[nb 1] winning 42 and 102 seats respectively, except in Sarawak, where the party's state branch chose to contest under its own banner.

History

Anthony Loke Siew Fook, Member of Parliament for Seremban and Member of the Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly for Chennah, has served as the 6th Secretary-General, the most powerful position of the party since March 2022.

Formation

On 11 October 1965, the DAP was formed by former members of the deregistered Malaysia branch of the Singapore–based People's Action Party (PAP), which was then known as the People's Action Party of Malaya prior to Singapore's expulsion.[3] One of its co-founders include Bangsar Member of Parliament Devan Nair, who later returned to Singapore and became President of Singapore. The party formally registered itself as a democratic socialist party on 18 March 1966.[3]

The ten members of the pro-tem committee were Devan Nair as secretary-general, Chen Man Hin (who won the Seremban state constituency as an independent) as chairman, D. P. Xavier as assistant secretary-general, Goh Hock Guan as vice-chairman, Seeveratnam Sinnathamby (younger brother of Singapore minister S. Rajaratnam) as treasurer and Zain Azahari bin Zainal Abidin, Chin Chan Sung, Michael Khong Chye Huat, Tan Chong Bee and Too Chee Cheong as members.[8]

In the August of that year, the official party organ, The Rocket, was first published. At the first DAP National Congress held in Setapak, Kuala Lumpur on 29 July 1967, the DAP declared itself to be "irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free, democratic and socialist Malaysia, based on the principles of racial and religious equality, social and economic justice, and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy".[9]

In October that year, the DAP joined 55 other socialist parties belonging to the Socialist International at the SI International Conference in Zurich, Switzerland.[9] Devan Nair, who was amongst those who founded the DAP, later returned to Singapore. Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP, explained in 1981 that "the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader. I persuaded him to come back".[10]

Early electoral successes

The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969. In line with their commitment to equality, the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputera privileges, such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution. They also continued Lee Kuan Yew's campaign for a "Malaysian Malaysia",[11] the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament: "Malaysia – to whom does it belong? To Malaysians. But who are Malaysians? I hope I am, Mr Speaker, Sir. But sometimes, sitting in this chamber, I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian".[12][13] The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats, with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains. The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia (before 2008), and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power. However, a march made by the DAP along with Gerakan as part of the opposition team led to violence, and resulted in what was euphemistically termed the 13 May Incident. Parliament was suspended for two years, and the executive branch of the government assumed power.[14]

When Parliament reconvened, it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that criminalized discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution. Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges, such as Article 153. The DAP and the People's Progressive Party were the only parties that voted against the Act, which passed by a vote of 125 to 17.[15] After the 1969 election, the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years. Although the DAP remained a major opposition party, the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority. The DAP, however, continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges, giving equal rights for all Malaysians regardless of race and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia.[16][17] During the Mahathir administration in 1987, several DAP leaders, including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang, were detained by the government without trial during Operation Lalang, under the accusation of being a national security threat. It is widely believed they were arrested for protesting the expansion of the New Economic Policy.[18]

1995–2008

In 1995, the party ran what has become widely known as the "Robocop" campaign to wrest Penang from the Barisan Nasional. Despite the hype, the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats. The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir, BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a "robot" and "soulless" person.[19]

Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in September 1998, DAP co-founded the Barisan Alternatif coalition along with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party and the newly formed People's Justice Party. However, the coalition did not work out very well for the DAP, with two of its top leaders, Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh losing their Parliamentary seats in the 1999 election; the DAP managed to win only 5% (10 out of 193) of the seats in Parliament. PAS became the leading opposition party in Parliament. It left the coalition in 2001 due to a disagreement with PAS over the issue of an Islamic state.[20][21]

In the 2004 general election, the DAP managed to capture 12 seats in Parliament, while PAS and Keadilan suffered major setbacks, with PAS losing 20 of the 27 seats it had held after the 1999 elections, and Keadilan lost all seats except one returned after a recount. The eventual outcome saw Lim Kit Siang, who had been elected in his constituency of Ipoh Timur with a majority of 10,000 votes, formally elected as the leader of the opposition in Parliament, a post he had lost to the president of PAS in 1999.[22]

In the 2006 Sarawak state election, the Democratic Action Party won 6 of the 12 seats it contested and narrowly lost three other seats with small majorities.[23] Up til then it was the party's best showing ever in the history of Sarawak's state elections since 1979.

2008–2015

Pakatan Rakyat was formed in 2008 by DAP, PKR and PAS. In the 2008 general election, the DAP won 13% (28 out of 222) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat, with PAS and PKR making substantial gains as well with 23 seats and 31 seats respectively. In total, the taking of 82 seats (37%) by the opposition to Barisan Nasional's 140 seats (63%), makes it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition, and denied Barisan Nasional the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat.[24] DAP advisor Lim Kit Siang expressed surprise at the election results but declared it to be the true power of the voice of the Malaysian people for the leaders of the country to hear them.[25] In addition, DAP, having secured all its contested seats in the state of Penang, formed the Penang state government with its alliance partners PKR and PAS, the Chief Minister being DAP's Lim Guan Eng, son of Lim Kit Siang.[26]

In the 2011 Sarawak state election, DAP furthered its gains from the previous election, winning 12 out of the 70 state assembly seats, with PR winning a total of 15 state seats and 41% of the popular vote. The PR's success was further enhanced in the 2013 general election when DAP went on to win 17% (38 out of 222) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat and the PR coalition won the popular vote, giving the BN government its worst election showing since independence. In 2015, the PR alliance broke up after a PAS Muktamar (General Assembly) motion unanimously approved the breaking of ties with DAP due to disagreements over PAS's decision to propose a private member's bill to implement "hudud" (Islamic penal code).[27] Following PAS's decision to cut ties with DAP, DAP announced that PR had "ceased to exist".[28][29]

At the DAP election in December 2012, Vincent Wu, who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes, dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669. Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee (CEC) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot. The glitch, reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel, had raised suspicion.[30] The DAP admitted to the counting error after discovering the mistake. The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies (RoS). Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations.[31] Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012, the point of contention.[32]

DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election, following the Registrar of Societies' (RoS) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the party's top leadership line-up. DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its letter to suspend the party's existing central executive committee (CEC) but the department was silent on the matter.[33]

On 19 April 2013, DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow, and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng. If the rocket symbol is rejected, then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for Peninsula Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak. This came after the DAP decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May.[33] He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m. on 19 April, stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo, and that the Election Commission (EC) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP.[34]

On 29 September 2013, DAP held a special congress to vote for a new Central Executive Committee.[35]

2015–present

On 22 September 2015, Pakatan Harapan was formed by DAP, PKR and National Trust Party to succeed PR. In the 2016 Sarawak state election, DAP lost its gains from the previous election, retained only 7 out of the 82 state assembly seats, with PH retained only a total of 10 state seats and 29.43% of the popular vote. On 12 February 2017, Kota Melaka MP, Sim Tong Him along with three other DAP state assemblymen from Melaka namely Goh (Duyong), Lim Jack Wong (Bachang), and Chin Choong Seong (Kesidang) announced their resignation from the party to be Independent, citing lack of trust in the party leadership.[36] On 14 March 2017, PPBM officially joined PH as a member party. This made the coalition parties increase to four, where they competed in the 2018 general election against the BN coalition. During the election, PH achieved simple majority in Parliament when the coalition has secured 113 seats and finally able to form a new federal government through an early pact signed with Sabah Heritage Party.[37][38] DAP won 42 seats out of the 47 seats it contested, making it the second-highest number of seats in PH behind PKR with 47 seats.[39] Together with other coalition members, Lim Guan Eng and his peers took on ministerial roles in the newly formed cabinet. Lim became the Minister of Finance of the current ruling government when Mahathir announced the initial 10 minister portfolio holders. He subsequently became the first Malaysian Chinese to hold the post in 44 years since Tun Tan Siew Sin of Malaysian Chinese Association, who served from 1959 until 1974.[40][41] Loke Siew Fook, who was the new Minister of Transport, replaced Lim Kit Siang as DAP parliamentary leader on 11 July 2018 for the 14th Dewan Rakyat session.[42]

2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis

On 24 February 2020, the DAP became the largest party in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time after 11 out of 50 PKR MPs resigned during the political crisis. UMNO had also lost 16 out of 54 MPs over several months, mostly through defections to Bersatu. Even though it lost power, the 42 MPs of the DAP remained intact.

However, a few state assemblymen defected. On 9 March 2020, Paul Yong and A Sivasubramaniam quit the party to join the new Perikatan Nasional state government in Perak.[43] The next day on 10 March, DAP expelled Norhizam Hassan Baktee, Pengkalan Batu assemblyman, after he decided to support the new PN state government in Melaka.[44] DAP also expelled a nominated Sabah assemblyman, Ronnie Loh, for supporting the PN's treacherous attempt to topple the Warisan Plus Sabah state government led by Shafie Apdal.[45]

One assemblyman who did not defect but became disillusioned with the party's direction and management was Padungan assemblyman and Sarawak DAP vice-chairman Wong King Wei, who resigned on 27 July 2020 claiming that the party had deviated from the aims, objectives and struggle of the earlier days when he joined in 2006. He stayed on as an independent until his term ended in 2021.[46]

Ethnic diversity

DAP was founded by Chen Man Hin and Devan Nair, who were ethnic Chinese and Indian respectively. The majority of DAP's party membership is of ethnic Chinese and Indian heritage, with most elected positions within the party being held by Chinese or Indian members. The party's first Malay Member of Parliament, Ahmad Nor, only won his seat in the 1990 general election,[47] The DAP also only gained its first native Sabahan (Kadazandusun) legislator in the 2013 election, Edwin Jack Bosi who sat in Sabah State Legislative Assembly.[48] The lack of Malay members within the party has led to DAP being viewed as a "racist" or "anti-Malay" party by political opponents in that it is exclusively concerned with the issues of the Chinese or Indian communities that they viewed were orchastrated by Malays.[49]

Allegations of racism and chauvinism

Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders, DAP has been depicted by their political opponents, especially from UMNO, as a party that favours the Malaysian Chinese minority above others. This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) entitled "Bahaya Cauvinisme", which translates to "Dangers of Chauvinism". The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations.[50]

On 15 November 2011, Ismail Sabri Yaakob, the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism, accused DAP's publicity chief, Tony Pua of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia, a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers. Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia, whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community, and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores.[51]

Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court.[52]

Party symbols

The symbol or logo of the DAP (see above) is the rocket, which it has used since the 1969 general election. Its components are symbolised as follows:

  • The red rocket symbolises the Party's aspiration for a modern, dynamic and progressive society
  • The four rocket boosters represent the support and drive given to the Party objectives by the three major ethnicities (Malay, Chinese, Indian) and others
  • The blue circle stands for the unity of the multi-racial people of Malaysia
  • The white background stands for purity and incorruptibility

Ubah mascot

Ubah bird, the official mascot of DAP

In 2008, DAP initially introduced "Rocket Kid", a rocket as the party's official mascot during the 12th Malaysian general election. This was then changed to Ubah bird, a hornbill which was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state election in 2011 and also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013. DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics, hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation.[53] Its merchandise such as plush toys, buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public.[54] The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary, Chong Chieng Jen, who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people. The name "Ubah", which means "change" in Malay, is in line with the party's aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government. In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume, "Ubah" now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya, Indian costume for Deepavali, Chinese costume for Chinese New Year, Santa Claus costume for Christmas, and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people.[55][56] On 13 July 2013, a gigantic float known as the "Ubah Inflatable Bird (Water Ubah)" was officially launched at IJM Promenade, Jelutong, Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng.[53][57]

Songs

DAP's official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia (Fighting for Malaysians).

Other than the official party anthem, DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as "Ubah" with over 1,000,000 views, 明天 with over 500,000 views and "Ubah Rocket Style" with over 300,000 views, which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit "Gangnam Style".

Leadership structure

Central Executive Committee

Lim Guan Eng, current National Chairman
Anthony Loke, current Secretary-General

The Central Executive Committee (CEC) serves as the party's executive body and its 30 members are elected by party delegates during a national congress held every three years. The CEC, in turn, elects the party's national leadership from among its own members, including the Secretary-General, in whom executive power is vested. The current Secretary-General is Minister of Transport Anthony Loke. The latest leadership structure can be found below.[5][58][59]

Lists of the leaders of the Democratic Action Party

Life Advisor

No. PortraitLife Advisor

(Lifespan)

Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

1 Chen Man Hin
(1924–2022)
MP for Seremban, 1974–1982 & 1983–1990
MP for Seremban Timor, 1969–1974
MLA for Rahang, 1965–1982
3 December 199917 August 2022 13th (1999)
22 years, 257 days 14th (2004)
15th (2008)
16th (2012, 2013, 2017)
17th (2022)

Advisor

No. Portrait Advisor

(Lifespan)
Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

1 Tan Kok Wai
(born 1957)
MP for Sungai Besi, 1986–1995
MP for Cheras, since 1995
20 March 2022 Incumbent 17th (2022)
1 year, 222 days

Mentor

No. Portrait Mentor

(Lifespan) Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

1 Lim Kit Siang
(born 1941)
MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974
MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986
MP for Petaling, 1978–1982
MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999
MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018
MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022
MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982
MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990
MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995
20 March 2022 12 April 2022 17th (2022)
23 days

National Chairmen

No. PortraitNational Chairman

(Lifespan)

Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

National Deputy Chairman
1 Chen Man Hin
(1924–2022)
MP for Seremban, 1974–1982 & 1983–1990
MP for Seremban Timor, 1969–1974
MLA for Rahang, 1965–1982
18 March 19663 December 1999 1st (1967)
33 years, 260 days 2nd (1969)
12th (1995)
2 Lim Kit Siang
(born 1941)
MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974
MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986
MP for Petaling, 1978–1982
MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999
MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018
MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022
MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982
MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990
MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995
3 December 19994 September 2004 13th (1999)
4 years, 276 days
3 Karpal Singh
(1940–2014)
MP for Jelutong, 1978–1999
MP for Bukit Gelugor, 2004–2014
4 September 200429 March 2014 14th (2004) Tan Kok Wai

(–2014)
9 years, 206 days 15th (2008)

16th (2012, 2013)

4 Tan Kok Wai
(born 1957)
MP for Sungai Besi, 1986–1995
MP for Cheras, since 1995
29 March 201420 March 2022 – 16th (2017) Gobind Singh Deo

(since 2017)
7 years, 356 days
5 Lim Guan Eng
(born 1960)
MP for Kota Melaka, 1986–1999
MP for Bagan, since 2008
MLA for Air Putih, since 2008
20 March 2022 Incumbent 17th (2022)
1 year, 222 days

Secretaries-General

No. PortraitSecretary-General

(Lifespan)

Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

Deputy Secretary-General
1 Devan Nair
(1923–2005)
MP for Bangsar, 1964–1969
18 March 1966 30 July 1967 D. P. Xavier
1 year, 134 days
2 Goh Hock Guan
(1935–2018)
MP for Bangsar, 1969–1974
30 July 1967 1 October 1969 1st (1967)
2 years, 63 days
3 Lim Kit Siang
(born 1941)
MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974
MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986
MP for Petaling, 1978–1982
MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999
MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018
MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022
MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982
MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990
MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995
1 October 19703 December 1999 2nd (1969) Lim Guan Eng

(1995–2004)
29 years, 63 days 12th (1995)
4 Kerk Kim Hock
(1956–2017)
MP for Pasir Pinji, 1990–1999
MP for Kota Melaka, 1999–2004
MLA for Durian Daun, 1986–1990
3 December 1999 5 May 2002 13th (1999)
2 years, 153 days
22 September 2002 28 March 2004
1 year, 188 days
5 Lim Guan Eng
(born 1960)
MP for Kota Melaka, 1986–1999
MP for Bagan, since 2008
MLA for Air Putih, since 2008
4 September 2004 20 March 2022 14th (2004) Chong Eng

(–2017)
Ramasamy Palanisamy

(–2017)
Ngeh Koo Ham

(–2017)
Nga Kor Ming

(2017–2022)
15th (2008)
16th (2012 & 2013 & 2017) Teresa Kok Suh Sim

(2017–2022)
17 years, 197 days V. Sivakumar

(since 2017)
6 Anthony Loke Siew Fook
(born 1977)
MP for Rasah, 2008–2013
MP for Seremban, since 2013
MLA for Lobak, 2004–2013
MLA for Chennah, since 2013
20 March 2022 Incumbent 17th (2022)
1 year, 222 days Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji

(since 2022)
Liew Chin Tong

(since 2022)

Acting Secretaries-General

No. PortraitActing Secretary-General

(Lifespan)

Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

Deputy Secretary-General
1 Fan Yew Teng
(1942–2010)
MP for Kampar, 1969–1974
MP for Menglembu, 1974–1978
MLA for Petaling Jaya, 1974–1978
1 October 19691 October 1970 – 2nd (1969)
1 year, 0 days
2 Chong Eng
(born 1957)
MP for Bukit Mertajam, 1999–2013
MLA for Batu Lancang, 1995–1999
MLA for Padang Lalang, 2013–2023
5 May 200222 September 2002 – 13th (1999)
140 days
3 M. Kulasegaran
(born 1957)
MP for Teluk Intan, 1997–1999
MP for Ipoh Barat, since 2004
28 March 20044 September 2004
184 days

Note: The Acting Secretary-General is appointed when the Secretary-General is incapable of carrying out their duties or if the position is vacated before an election can be held.. Lim Kit Siang was elected as Secretary-General in October 1969 while detained under the ISA and Fan Yew Teng was Acting Secretary-General. Chong Eng took over for Kerk Kim Hock while the latter sought treatment for rectal cancer. M. Kulasegaran was Acting Secretary-General after Kerk Kim Hock lost his seat in parliament and resigned before Lim Guan Eng was elected Secretary-General.

Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission

No. PortraitChairman of Central Policy and

Strategic Planning Commission

(Lifespan)

Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

1 Lim Kit Siang
(born 1941)
MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974
MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986
MP for Petaling, 1978–1982
MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999
MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018
MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022
MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982
MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990
MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995
4 September 2004Incumbent 14th (2004)
19 years, 54 days 15th (2008)
16th (2012, 2013, 2017)
17th (2022)

Note: Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission is a newly created position on 2004 when Lim Kit Siang refused to be re-elected as Chairman of DAP.

Parliamentary Leaders

No. PortraitParliamentary Leader

(Lifespan)

Office

Term of office & mandate

(Duration in years and days)

1 Lim Kit Siang
(born 1941)
MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974
MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986
MP for Petaling, 1978–1982
MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999
MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018
MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022
MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982
MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990
MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995
5 March 2008 11 July 2018 15th (2008)

16th (2012, 2013, 2017)

10 years, 128 days
2 Anthony Loke Siew Fook
(born 1977)
MP for Rasah, 2008–2013
MP for Seremban, since 2013
MLA for Lobak, 2004–2013
MLA for Chennah, since 2013
11 July 201820 March 2022 – 16th (2012, 2013, 2017)
3 years, 252 days
3 Nga Kor Ming
(born 1972)
MP for Taiping, 2008–2018
MP for Teluk Intan, since 2018
MLA for Pantai Remis, 1999–2013
MLA for Kepayang, 2013–2018, since 2022
MLA for Aulong, 2018–2022
20 March 2022 Incumbent 17th (2022)
1 year, 222 days

Elected representatives

Senators

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

DAP has 40 members in the House of Representatives.

State No. Parliament Constituency Member Party
 PenangP043BaganLim Guan EngDAP
P045Bukit MertajamSteven Sim Chee KeongDAP
P046Batu KawanChow Kon YeowDAP
P048Bukit BenderaSyerleena Abdul RashidDAP
P049TanjongLim Hui YingDAP
P050JelutongSanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji RayerDAP
P051Bukit GelugorRamkarpal SinghDAP
 PerakP060TaipingWong Kah WohDAP
P064Ipoh TimorHoward Lee Chuan HowDAP
P065Ipoh BaratKulasegaran MurugesonDAP
P066Batu GajahSivakumar Varatharaju NaiduDAP
P068BeruasNgeh Koo HamDAP
P070KamparChong ZheminDAP
P076Teluk IntanNga Kor MingDAP
 PahangP080RaubChow Yu HuiDAP
P089BentongYoung Syefura OthmanDAP
 SelangorP102BangiSyahredzan JohanDAP
P103PuchongYeo Bee YinDAP
P106DamansaraGobind Singh DeoDAP
P110KlangGanabatirau VeramanDAP
 Kuala LumpurP114KepongLim Lip EngDAP
P117SegambutHannah Yeoh Tseow SuanDAP
P120Bukit BintangFong Kui LunDAP
P122SeputehTeresa Kok Suh SimDAP
P123CherasTan Kok WaiDAP
 Negeri SembilanP128SerembanLoke Siew FookDAP
P130RasahCha Kee ChinDAP
 MalaccaP138Kota MelakaKhoo Poay TiongDAP
 JohorP142LabisPang Hok LiongDAP
P145BakriTan Hong PinDAP
P152KluangWong Shu QiDAP
P162Iskandar PuteriLiew Chin TongDAP
P163KulaiTeo Nie ChingDAP
 SabahP172Kota KinabaluChan Foong HinDAP
P186SandakanVivian Wong Shir YeeDAP
 SarawakP192Mas GadingMordi BimolDAP
P195Bandar KuchingKelvin Yii Lee WuenDAP
P196StampinChong Chieng JenDAP
P211LanangAlice Lau Kiong YiengDAP
P212SibuOscar Ling Chai YewDAP
TotalPenang (7), Perak (7), Pahang (2), Selangor (4), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (5), Negeri Sembilan (2), Malacca (1), Johor (5), Sabah (2), Sarawak (5)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

State No. Parliament Constituency No. State Constituency Member Party
 Kedah P9 Alor Setar N13Kota Darul AmanTeh Swee LeongDAP
 Penang P43 BaganN7Sungai PuyuPhee Syn TzeDAP
N8Bagan JermalChee Yeeh KeenDAP
N9Bagan DalamKumaran KrishnanDAP
P45 Bukit Mertajam N13BerapitHeng Lee LeeDAP
N15Padang LalangDaniel Gooi Zi SenDAP
P46 Batu Kawan N16PeraiSundarajoo SomuDAP
P47 Nibong Tebal N19JawiJason H’ng Mooi LyeDAP
P48 Bukit Bendera N22Tanjong BungaZairil Khir JohariDAP
N23Air PutihLim Guan EngDAP
N25Pulau TikusJoshua Woo Sze ZengDAP
P49 Tanjong N26Padang KotaChow Kon YeowDAP
N27Pengkalan KotaWong Yuee HarngDAP
N28KomtarTeh Lai HengDAP
P50 Jelutong N29Datok KeramatJagdeep Singh DeoDAP
N30Sungai PinangLim Siew KhimDAP
N31Batu LancangOng Ah TeongDAP
P51 Bukit Gelugor N32Seri DelimaConnie Tan Hooi PengDAP
N33Air ItamJoseph Ng Soon SiangDAP
N34Paya TerubongWong Hon WaiDAP
 Perak P60 TaipingN17Pokok AssamOng Seng GuanDAP
N18AulongTeh Kok LimDAP
P62 Sungai Siput N22JalongLoh Sze YeeDAP
P64 Ipoh Timor N25CanningJenny Choy Tsi JenDAP
N26Tebing TinggiAbdul Aziz BariDAP
N27Pasir PinjiGoh See HuaDAP
P65 Ipoh Barat N28BerchamOng Boon PiowDAP
N29KepayangNga Kor MingDAP
N30BuntongThulsi Thivani ManogaranDAP
P66 Batu Gajah N31JelapangCheah Poh HianDAP
N32MenglembuChaw Kam FoonDAP
N33TronohSteven Tiw Tee SiangDAP
P68 Beruas N37Pantai RemisWong May IngDAP
N38AstakaJason Ng Thien YeongDAP
P70 Kampar N41Malim NawarBhavani VeraiahDAP
N42KeranjiAngeline Koo Haai YenDAP
P76 Teluk Intan N55Pasir BedamarWoo Kah LeongDAP
P77 Tanjong Malim N57SungkaiSivanesan AchalingamDAP
 Pahang P78 Cameron HighlandsN1Tanah RataHo Chi YangDAP
P80 Raub N7TrasTengku Zulpuri Shah Raja PujiDAP
P88 Temerloh N30MentakabWoo Chee WanDAP
P89 Bentong N33BilutLee Chin ChenDAP
N34KetariThomas Su Keong SiongDAP
P90 Bera N36TriangLeong Yu ManDAP
 Selangor P93 Sungai BesarN4SekinchanNg Suee LimDAP
P94 Hulu Selangor N6Kuala Kubu BaharuLee Kee HiongDAP
P100 Pandan N22TerataiYew Jia HaurDAP
P102 Bangi N27BalakongWayne Ong Chun WeiDAP
P103 Puchong N28Seri KembanganWong Siew KiDAP
P104 Subang N30KinraraNg Sze HanDAP
N31Subang JayaMichelle Ng Mei SzeDAP
P105 Petaling Jaya N34Bukit GasingRajiv RishyakaranDAP
P106 Damansara N35Kampung TunkuLim Yi WeiDAP
N36Bandar UtamaJamaliah JamaluddinDAP
P110 Klang N45Bandar Baru KlangQuah Perng FeiDAP
N47PandamaranLeong Tuck CheeDAP
P111 Kota Raja N50Kota KemuningPreakas SampunathanDAP
P112 Kuala Langat N52BantingPapparaidu VeramanDAP
P113 Sepang N56Sungai PelekLwi Kian KeongDAP
 Negeri Sembilan P126 JelebuN1ChennahAnthony Loke Siew FookDAP
P127 Jempol N8BahauTeo Kok SeongDAP
P128 Seremban N10NilaiArul Kumar JambunathanDAP
N11LobakChew Seh YongDAP
N12TemiangNg Chin TsaiDAP
P130 Rasah N21Bukit KepayangNicole Tan Lee KoonDAP
N22RahangSiau Meow KongDAP
N23MambauYap Yew WengDAP
N24Seremban JayaGunasekaren PalasamyDAP
P132 Port Dickson N30LukutChoo Ken HwaDAP
P133 Tampin N36RepahVeerapan SuperamaniamDAP
 Malacca P137 Hang Tuah Jaya N16Ayer KerohKerk Chee YeeDAP
P138 Kota Melaka N19KesidangAllex Seah Shoo ChinDAP
N20Kota LaksamanaLow Chee LeongDAP
N22Bandar HilirLeng Chau YenDAP
 Johor P140 SegamatN2JementahNg Kor SimDAP
P144 Ledang N10TangkakEe Chin LiDAP
P145 Bakri N12BentayanNg Yak HoweDAP
P150 Batu Pahat N23PenggaramGan Peck ChengDAP
P152 Kluang N28MengkibolChew Chong SinDAP
P159 Pasir Gudang N42Johor JayaLiow Cai TungDAP
P160 Johor Bahru N45StulangAndrew Chen Kah EngDAP
P161 Pulai N46PerlingLiew Chin TongDAP
P162 Iskandar Puteri N48SkudaiMarina IbrahimDAP
P163 Kulai N52SenaiWong Bor YangDAP
 Sabah P172 Kota KinabaluN19LikasTan Lee FattDAP
N21LuyangPhoong Jin ZheDAP
P174 Penampang N25KapayanJannie LasimbangDAP
P186 Sandakan N56Tanjong PapatFrankie Poon Ming FungDAP
 Sarawak P195 Bandar Kuching N09PadunganChong Chieng JenDAP
N10PendingViolet Yong Wui WuiDAP
Total Kedah (1), Penang (19), Perak (18), Pahang (6), Selangor (15), Negeri Sembilan (11), Malacca (4), Johor (10), Sabah (4), Sarawak (2)

DAP state governments

State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 PenangChief MinisterChow Kon YeowDAPPadang Kota
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 PenangDeputy Chief Minister IIJagdeep Singh DeoDAPDatok Keramat

General election results

Election Total seats won Seats contested Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader
1964
(as PAP)
1 / 144
11 42,130 2.0% Increase1 seats; Opposition Lee Kuan Yew
1969
13 / 144
24 286,606 12.1% Increase12 seats; Opposition Goh Hock Guan
1974
9 / 144
46 387,845 18.3% Decrease4 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1978
16 / 154
53 664,433 19.1% Increase7 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1982
9 / 154
63 815,473 19.6% Decrease7 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1986
24 / 154
64 968,009 21.0% Increase15 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1990
20 / 180
57 985,228 17.13% Decrease4 seats; Opposition coalition
(Gagasan Rakyat)
Lim Kit Siang
1995
9 / 192
50 712,175 12.0% Decrease11 seats; Opposition coalition
(Gagasan Rakyat)
Lim Kit Siang
1999
10 / 193
47 830,870 12.53% Increase1 seats; Opposition coalition
(Barisan Alternatif)
Lim Kit Siang
2004
12 / 219
44 687,340 9.9% Increase2 seats; Opposition Kerk Kim Hock (Secretary-general)
Lim Kit Siang (Chairman, Central Policy
& Strategic Planning Commission)
2008
28 / 222
47 1,118,025 13.77% Increase16 seats; Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Rakyat)
Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general)
Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)
2013
38 / 222
51 1,736,601 15.71% Increase10 seats; Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Rakyat)
Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general)
Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)
2018
42 / 222
47 2,040,068 18.48% Increase4 seats; Governing coalition,
later Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Harapan)
Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general)
Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)
2022
40 / 222
55 2,422,577 15.61% Decrease2 seats; Governing Coalition
(Pakatan Harapan)
Lim Guan Eng (Chairman)
Anthony Loke (Secretary-general)

State election results

State electionState Legislative Assembly
PerlisKedahKelantanTerengganuPenangPerakPahangSelangorNegeri SembilanMalaccaJohorSabahSarawakTotal won / Total contested
2/3 majority
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
1964
(as PAP)
0 / 12
0 / 24
0 / 30
0 / 24
0 / 24
0 / 40
0 / 24
0 / 28
0 / 24
0 / 20
0 / 32
0 / 15
1969
0 / 12
0 / 24
0 / 30
0 / 24
3 / 24
6 / 40
0 / 24
9 / 28
8 / 24
4 / 20
1 / 32
0 / 48
31 / 57
1974
0 / 12
1 / 26
0 / 36
0 / 28
2 / 27
11 / 42
0 / 32
1 / 33
3 / 24
4 / 20
1 / 32
0 / 48
23 / 120
1978
0 / 12
0 / 26
0 / 28
5 / 27
9 / 42
0 / 32
3 / 33
3 / 24
4 / 20
1 / 32
25 / 127
1979
0 / 48
0 / 11
1982
0 / 12
0 / 26
0 / 36
0 / 28
2 / 27
4 / 42
1 / 32
1 / 33
2 / 24
2 / 20
0 / 32
12 / 131
1983
0 / 48
0 / 7
1985
0 / 48
0 / 3
1986
0 / 14
0 / 28
0 / 39
0 / 32
10 / 33
13 / 46
1 / 33
5 / 42
4 / 28
3 / 20
1 / 36
0 / 48
37 / 118
1987
0 / 56
0 / 11
1990
0 / 14
1 / 28
0 / 39
0 / 32
14 / 33
13 / 46
1 / 33
6 / 42
4 / 28
3 / 20
3 / 36
0 / 48
45 / 94
1991
0 / 56
0 / 18
1994
0 / 48
0 / 2
1995
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 43
0 / 32
1 / 33
1 / 52
1 / 38
3 / 48
2 / 32
3 / 25
0 / 40
11 / 103
1996
3 / 62
3 / 6
1999
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 43
0 / 32
1 / 33
4 / 52
1 / 38
1 / 48
0 / 32
4 / 25
0 / 40
0 / 48
11 / 88
2001
1 / 62
1 / 13
2004
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
1 / 40
7 / 59
1 / 42
2 / 56
2 / 36
2 / 28
0 / 56
0 / 60
15 / 104
2006
6 / 71
6 / 12
2008
0 / 15
1 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
19 / 40
18 / 59
2 / 42
13 / 56
10 / 36
5 / 28
4 / 56
1 / 60
73 / 102
2011
12 / 71
12 / 15
2013
0 / 15
2 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
19 / 40
18 / 59
7 / 42
15 / 56
11 / 36
6 / 28
13 / 56
4 / 60
95 / 103
2016
7 / 82
7 / 31
2018
0 / 15
2 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
19 / 40
18 / 59
7 / 42
16 / 56
11 / 36
8 / 28
14 / 56
6 / 60
101 / 104
2020
6 / 73
6 / 7
2021
4 / 28
4 / 8
2021
2 / 82
2 / 26
2022
10 / 56
10 / 14
2022
0 / 15
18 / 59
6 / 42
24 / 30
2023
1 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
19 / 40
15 / 56
11 / 36
46 / 47

See also

References

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Notes

  1. The party contested under the banner of the People's Justice Party as Pakatan Harapan was yet to be officially registered by the government, meaning its logo could not be used.
  • James Chin. The Sarawak Chinese Voters and their support for the Democratic Action Party (DAP), Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1996, pp 387–401
  • James Chin. The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009

Further reading

  • Zhang, Kevin; Choo, John; Fong, Sok Eng (2022). The Democratic Action Party in Johor. ISEAS Publishing. ISBN 978-981-5011-11-1.
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