Sodium triphosphate

Sodium triphosphate (STP), also sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), or tripolyphosphate (TPP),[1]) is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10. It is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triphosphoric acid. It is produced on a large scale as a component of many domestic and industrial products, especially detergents. Environmental problems associated with eutrophication are attributed to its widespread use.[2]

Not to be confused with Trisodium phosphate.
Sodium triphosphate
Names
IUPAC name
Pentasodium triphosphate
Other names
sodium tripolyphosphate, polygon, STPP
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.944
E number E451 (thickeners, ...)
RTECS number
  • YK4570000
UNII
Properties
Na5P3O10
Molar mass 367.864 g/mol
Appearance white powder
Density 2.52 g/cm3
Melting point 622 °C (1,152 °F; 895 K)
14.5 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
2
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 1469
Related compounds
Other anions
 Trisodium phosphate
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
Sodium hexametaphosphate
Other cations
 Pentapotassium triphosphate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Preparation and properties

Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, and monosodium phosphate, NaH2PO4, under carefully controlled conditions.[2]

2 Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10 + 2 H2O

In this way, approximately 2 million tons are produced annually.[3]

STPP is a colourless salt, which exists both in anhydrous form and as the hexahydrate. The anion can be described as the pentanionic chain [O3POP(O)2OPO3]5−.[4][5] Many related di-, tri-, and polyphosphates are known including the cyclic triphosphate (e.g. sodium trimetaphosphate). It binds strongly to metal cations as both a bidentate and tridentate chelating agent.

Chelation of a metal cation by triphosphate.

Uses

Detergents

The majority of STPP is consumed as a component of commercial detergents. It serves as a "builder", industrial jargon for a water softener. In hard water (water that contains high concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+), detergents are deactivated. Being a highly charged chelating agent, TPP5− binds to dications tightly and prevents them from interfering with the sulfonate detergent.[3]

Food

STPP is a preservative for seafood, meats, poultry, and animal feeds.[3] It is common in food production as E number E451. In foods, STPP is used as an emulsifier and to retain moisture. Many governments regulate the quantities allowed in foods, as it can substantially increase the sale weight of seafood in particular. The United States Food and Drug Administration lists STPP as Generally recognized as safe.[6]

Other

Other uses (hundreds of thousands of tons/year) include ceramics (decrease the viscosity of glazes up to a certain limit), leather tanning (as masking agent and synthetic tanning agent - SYNTAN), anticaking agents, setting retarders, flame retardants, paper, anticorrosion pigments, textiles, rubber manufacture, fermentation, antifreeze."[3] TPP is used as a polyanion crosslinker in polysaccharide based drug delivery.[7] Toothpaste may contain sodium triphosphate.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Health effects

High serum phosphate concentration has been identified as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality. Whilst phosphate is present in the body and food in organic forms, inorganic forms of phosphate such as sodium triphosphate are readily adsorbed and can result in elevated phosphate levels in serum.[15] Salts of polyphosphate anions are moderately irritating to skin and mucous membranes because they are mildly alkaline.[1]

Environmental effects

Because it is very water-soluble, STPP is not significantly removed by waste water treatment. STPP hydrolyses to phosphate, which is assimilated into the natural phosphorus cycle. Detergents containing phosphorus contribute to the eutrophication of many fresh waters.[1]

The eutrophication of the Potomac River, caused from phosphate run-off, is evident from the bright green bloom of algae.

See also

References
  1. Complexing agents, Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Accessed 2008-07-15
  2. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  3. Schrödter, Klaus; Bettermann, Gerhard; Staffel, Thomas; Wahl, Friedrich; Klein, Thomas; Hofmann, Thomas (2008). "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3. ISBN 978-3527306732. S2CID 94458523.
  4. Corbridge, D. E. C. (1 March 1960). "The crystal structure of sodium triphosphate, Na5P3O10, phase I". Acta Crystallographica. 13 (3): 263–269. doi:10.1107/S0365110X60000583.
  5. Davies, D. R.; Corbridge, D. E. C. (1 May 1958). "The crystal structure of sodium triphosphate, Na5P3O10, phase II". Acta Crystallographica. 11 (5): 315–319. doi:10.1107/S0365110X58000876.
  6. "Substances Added to Food (Formerly EAFUS)".
  7. Calvo, P.; Remuñán‐López, C.; Vila-Jato, J. L.; Alonso, M. J. (3 January 1997). "Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 63 (1): 125–132. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970103)63:1<125::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-4.
  8. Saxton, C. A.; Ouderaa, F. J. G. (January 1989). "The effect of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and Triclosan on developing gingivitis". Journal of Periodontal Research. 24 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1989.tb00860.x. PMID 2524573.
  9. Lobene, RR; Weatherford, T; Ross, NM; Lamm, RA; Menaker, L (1986). "A modified gingival index for use in clinical trials". Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 8 (1): 3–6. PMID 3485495.
  10. Lobene, RR; Soparkar, PM; Newman, MB (1982). "Use of dental floss. Effect on plaque and gingivitis". Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 4 (1): 5–8. PMID 6980082.
  11. Mankodi, Suru; Bartizek, Robert D.; Leslie Winston, J.; Biesbrock, Aaron R.; McClanahan, Stephen F.; He, Tao (January 2005). "Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. A controlled 6-month clinical trial". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 32 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x. PMID 15642062.
  12. Mankodi, S; Petrone, DM; Battista, G; Petrone, ME; Chaknis, P; DeVizio, W; Volpe, AR; Proskin, HM (1997). "Clinical efficacy of an optimized stannous fluoride dentifrice, Part 2: A 6-month plaque/gingivitis clinical study, northeast USA". Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry. 18 Spec No: 10–5. PMID 12206029.
  13. Mallatt, Mark; Mankodi, Suru; Bauroth, Karen; Bsoul, Samer A.; Bartizek, Robert D.; He, Tao (September 2007). "A controlled 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on gingivitis". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 34 (9): 762–767. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01109.x. PMID 17645550.
  14. Lang, Niklaus P. (1990). "Epidemiology of periodontal disease". Archives of Oral Biology. 35: S9–S14. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(90)90125-t. PMID 2088238.
  15. Ritz, Eberhard; Hahn, Kai; Ketteler, Markus; Kuhlmann, Martin K; Mann, Johannes (2012). "Phosphate Additives in Food—a Health Risk". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 109 (4): 49–55. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0049. PMC 3278747. PMID 22334826.


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