Foreign relations of Jordan

The foreign relations of Jordan have been consistently a pro-Western foreign policy. Jordan had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. These relations were damaged when Jordan proclaimed its neutrality during the Gulf War and maintained relations with Iraq. In public, Jordan continued to call for the lifting of UN sanctions against Iraq within the context of implementing UNIC resolutions .

Nations with which Jordan has diplomatic relations.
Politics of Jordan

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution
Monarchy
Executive
Government
Legislature
Parliament
(18th Parliament)
Senate
House of Representatives
Judiciary
  • Judiciary of Jordan
    • The Constitutional Court
    President: Taher Hikmat
    • The Cassation Court
    President: Mohammad Ghazo
Administrative divisions
Local government
Elections
Foreign relations
Related topics
flag Jordan portal

Since the end of the war, Jordan has largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East war process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq.

Jordan signed a non-aggression pact with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, D.C., on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary of State Warren Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions during which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues.

A handshake between Hussein I of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin, accompanied by Bill Clinton, after signing the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, 26 October 1994

In 2013, the United States approved the CIA–led Timber Sycamore covert operation, based in Jordan, to train and arm Syrian rebels.[1]

Jordan also participates in the multilateral war talks, and recently Jordan has signed a free trade agreement with the United States. Jordan is an active member of the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Non-Aligned Movement, and Arab League.

Within the context of the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy, the EU and Jordan have jointly adopted an Action plan to reinforce their political and economic interdependence, and further implement their current Association Agreement. This Action Plan covers a timeframe of three to five years and will encourage and support Jordan's national reform objectives and further integration into European economic and social structures.

Israel captured East Jerusalem and the West Bank, which was annexed by Jordan since 1950, in 1967. Since 1967 Pakistan has been demanding its vacation at the international level. Jordan together with Pakistan is playing an effective role in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

Bilateral relations
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 18 May 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1987[2]
 Angola 15 July 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 2004[3]
 Antigua and Barbuda 27 September 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2017[4]
 Argentina 23 August 1954 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1954[5]
 Armenia18 June 1996
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1996.[6]
  • Armenia is represented by a consulate in the capital Amman.
 Azerbaijan 13 February 1993 See Azerbaijan-Jordan relations
  • On December 28, 1991, Jordan recognized the independence of Azerbaijan.
  • On February 13, 1993, a protocol on establishing diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was signed.[7]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Baku.
 Bahrain 10 June 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1972.[8]
 Belarus 15 October 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1996[9]
 Belgium 4 May 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1947 when has been appointed Charge d'affaires of Belgium to Jordan Mr. Jean Nieuwenhuys.[10]
 Belize28 June 2006

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 2006[11]

 Benin 4 June 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 2014 when Ambassador of Benin Mr. Mouhaman Dahirou Ambaba presented his credentials to King of Jordan Abdullah.[12]
 Brazil6 April 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1959[13]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Brasília.
 Brunei Darussalam18 February 1985

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1985[14]

In May 2008, King Abdullah II visited Brunei, to bolster ties between Jordan and the southeast Asian nation, as well as discuss issues facing the Muslim world. Along with Sultan of Brunei Darussalam, Abdullah signed agreements devised to enhance cooperation in the economic, tourism and defense fields.[15]

 Burkina Faso 14 June 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 2009 when Ambassador of Burkina Faso (with residence in Cairo) Mr. Nebie Bedializoun Moussa has presented his credentials to Kinf of Jordan Abdallah.[16]
 Canada 23 December 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1964[17]
 Chile28 September 1954Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1954 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Jordan to Chile Mr. Issa Bandak.[18]
  • Chile has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Santiago.
 China7 April 1977
 Colombia 22 October 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1982.[21]
 Comoros 2 September 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 September 2018 when Ambassador of Comoros M. Al-Habib Abbas. has presented his credentials to King of Jordan Abdullah II.[22]
 Democratic Republic of Congo 16 September 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 2002[23]
 Republic of Congo 5 December 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 December 2021 when Ambassador of Republic of Congo Mr. Célestin Jean Paul Akoulafoua M'voula, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[24]
 Costa Rica 10 January 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2007[25]
 Cote d'Ivoire 15 April 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 2015 when Ambassador of Jordan to Cote d'Ivoire Mr. Ali Hassan Al-Kayed to President Alassane Ouattara.[26]
 Denmark18 January 1958Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Jordan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten[27]
  • Denmark has an honorary consulate in Amman.[28]
  • Jordan has an honorary consulate in Copenhagen[29]
 Dominican Republic 23 September 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2008[30]
 Ecuador 1 January 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1980[31]
 EgyptSee Egypt–Jordan relations
  • Egypt has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Cairo.
 El Salvador 10 January 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2007[32]
 Eritrea 15 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1993[33]
 Ethiopia 16 May 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1960[34]
 Fiji 15 November 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 2011[35]
 Finland 28 November 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1959[36]
 France France is Jordan's biggest European investor[37][38][39]
 Gambia 13 March 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 2007 when Gambia's Ambassador to Jordan Mr. Lamin Kiti Jabang, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[42]
 Georgia6 April 1994See Georgia–Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1994[43]

 Germany 17 November 1953 See Germany–Jordan relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Amman.[46]
  • Jordan has an embassy in Berlin.[47]
 Ghana 5 June 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 2007 when Ambassador of Ghana to Jordan Mr. Rashid Bawa, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[48]
 GreeceSee Greece–Jordan relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Athens.
 Guatemala 31 January 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1990[49]
 Guinea 17 May 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1966[50]
 Guyana 19 August 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1998[51]
 Holy SeeSee Holy See–Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994. The Holy See has a nunciature in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. The Holy See has maintained comparatively good relations with Jordan. The name of the country comes from the Jordan River, which is significant to Christians because it was the place where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist. Various Christian clerics in the Arab world have a Jordanian background, such as Maroun Lahham in Tunisia and Fouad Twal in Palestine.

 Honduras 7 September 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 September 2003 when ambassador of Honduras to Jordan Mr. Nelson Valencia Garcia, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[52]
 Hungary 16 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1964[53]
 India

See India–Jordan relations

The Republic of India and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan signed their first bilateral agreement for cooperation and friendly relations in 1947, which was formalised in 1950 when India became a sovereign democratic republic.[54] The Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India stated in August 2011 that, 'India and Jordan have very warm, cordial and cooperative relations; and it is our hope that the existing mutually beneficial relationship would be further deepened and strengthened in the days ahead.'[55] Indian tourists visited Jordan in large numbers in 2010, with nearly 51,000 visitors. Apart from this, military, cultural and economic exchanges between the two nations is widespread. Quoting the Indian Foreign Ministry, 'India was the largest export partner and ninth largest import partner of Jordan in 2008. The trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$1.785 billion in 2008 i.e. Jordan's imports from India stood at about US$503 million in 2008 while its exports to India reached at US$1.283 billion in 2008. India's position in 2009 is third and fifteenth respectively as the trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$983 million in 2009 i.e. India's exports to Jordan in 2009 stood at US$297 million while imports were valued at US$686 million. In 2010, the India-Jordan trade volume stood at US$1.16 billion i.e. India's exports to Jordan stood at US$382 million in 2010 while imports were to the tune of US$783 million in 2010.'[55] Jordan is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and has thus forged close relations with India.

 IraqSee Iraq–Jordan relations

Despite periodic crises of confidence and lingering Iraqi resentment over Jordan's close ties with Saddam Hussein, the two countries have managed to forge deep ties, in fact, Jordan has taken the lead among Arab states to do so. In the face of repeated attacks and threats, Jordan has maintained a strong diplomatic presence in Baghdad. The economic impact of the Iraq crisis in Jordan has been mixed. Jordan has benefited greatly from serving as a "gateway" to Iraq for governments, aid workers, contractors, and businesspeople, the real estate and banking sectors are booming, and it stands to reap more benefits from increased trade and transport should the situation in Iraq improve. However, with the fall of Saddam Hussein, Jordan lost the sizable oil subsidies and customary shipments it received from Iraq.[56]

Unlike many of Iraq's other neighbors, Jordan can claim only modest influence over developments in Iraq. The kingdom does have notable intelligence capabilities vis-à-vis Iraq, and it reportedly helped the United States track down and kill Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Although some Jordanians highlight cross-border tribal and family connections with Iraqi Sunni Arabs, they pale in comparison to those of the West Bank, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan's most significant means of influence is its hosting of a large and ever-changing Iraqi expatriate community, mostly of Sunni Arab origin.

 Ireland 15 May 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1984[57]
 Israel27 November 1994See Israel–Jordan relations

Both countries established full diplomatic relations with the ratification of the peace treaty on 27 November 1994.[58][59]

Jordan and Israel have had official relations since 1994, when their leaders signed a peace treaty.[60] Historically, Jordan has had relatively warm relations with Israel compared to other Arab nations. Jordan, Egypt, the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco are the only Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel.

 Jamaica 23 September 2023 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2023.[61]
 Japan 14 July 1954 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1954[62]Japan is one of Jordan’s biggest donors.[63]
 Kosovo4 June 2013

Jordan recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 7 July 2009.[64] Jordan supported Kosovo at the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in December 2009.[65] Jordan and Kosovo established full diplomatic relations on 4 June 2013.[66]

 Kuwait2 December 1961See Jordan–Kuwait relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1961[67]

Kuwait's relations with Jordan weakened during the Gulf War because of Jordan's stand with Iraq. However, the two nations have apparently decided to bury the past. King Abdullah II and the Emir of Kuwait are working to restore good relations and further strengthen them.

 LebanonSee Jordan–Lebanon relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
 Liberia 10 December 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 2007 when ambassador of Liberia to Jordan Mr. Konah K. Blakeet, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[68]
 Malawi 23 June 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1999[69]
 MalaysiaSee Jordan–Malaysia relations

Jordan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[70] and Malaysia has an embassy in Amman.[71] Relations between the two countries are mainly in economic and Islamic affairs.

 Mali 12 September 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 September 2006 when Ambassador of Mali to Jordan Mr. Mamadou Kaba, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[72]
 Mauritania 4 May 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1970[73]
 Mexico9 July 1975See Jordan–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations between both nations were established on 9 July 1975[74]

 Moldova 19 June1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 June 1997.[77]
 Monaco 29 April 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 2021 when Ambassador of Jordan Mr. Makram Mustafa A. Queisi, has presented his credentials to Prince of Monaco.[78]
 Mongolia 21 May 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1981[79]
 Montenegro 19 May 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 May 2010[80]
   Nepal 20 August 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1965.[81]
 Nicaragua 27 May 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1991.[82]
 Niger 11 December 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 2006 when ambassador of Niger to Jordan Mr. Assoumane Guiaouri, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[83]
 Nigeria 30 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1961.[84]
 Norway 7 January 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1969[85]
 Pakistan29 December 1947See Jordan–Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December 1947 when Mr. Mohammad Pasha El Shuraiki, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Transjordan to Pakistan, presented his credentials.[86]

The preliminary and initial forms of Pakistan-Jordan contact can date as early as up to the 1970s and 1980s, although associations have risen at firmer altitudes since the mid-1990s up to 2000. In 2001, some prominent Pakistani leaders completed a visit to Amman, where they discussed with leaders of Jordan about pledging full-scale cooperations. In the duration of the convention, the King of Jordan had lauded what he called "deep, strong and historical relations" between the two countries and affirmed Jordan's keenness on consolidating its ties with Pakistan for the benefit of the two peoples.[87]

 PalestineSee Jordan–Palestine relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Ramallah and a representative office in Gaza City.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Amman.
 Panama 7 February 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1994[88]
 Paraguay 15 November 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 2005[89]
 Peru 21 October 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1985.[90]
 Philippines 1 March 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1976.[91]
 Poland 20 February 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1964[92]
 Portugal5 July 1972See Jordan–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1972[93]

 Qatar18 May 1972See Jordan–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1972 when Jordan's first Ambassador to Qatar Mr. Hashem Abu Amara presented his credentials.[94]

During the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Jordan downgraded diplomatic ties with Qatar.[95]

 Romania 2 April 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1965[96]
 Russia21 August 1963See Jordan–Russia relations

Russia has an embassy in Amman, while Jordan has an embassy in Moscow. Both countries had established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1963[97]

 Rwanda 4 June 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 2017[98]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 9 December 2020 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 2020.[99]
 San Marino 13 July 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1992.[100]
 Saudi Arabia12 August 1948See Jordan–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1948.[101]

  • Jordan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Amman.
 Senegal 12 July 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1969[102]
 Sierra Leone 3 December 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 2012 when Ambassador of Sierra leone to Jordan Mr. Ibrahim Bakarr Kamara, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[103]
 Singapore 28 July 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1988[104]
 Somalia 24 February 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1966 when Jordanian Ambassador to Somalia, Mr. Mohammed El Amin Shingeidi , presented his letters of credence to President Osman.[105]
 South Africa 28 September 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1993.[106]
 South Korea26 July 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1962[107]

 South Sudan 1 March 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 2015 when Ambassador of South Sudan to Jordan Mr. Anthony Louis Kon, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[108]
 Spain19 April 1947See Jordan–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1947.[109]

 Sri Lanka 6 July 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1965.[110]
 Sudan 27 October 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1958 when has been accredited Charge d'Affairs of Embassy of Jordan to Sudan Sayed Askar El Nasir.[111]
  Switzerland 18 June 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1951[112]
 SyriaSee Jordan–Syria relations

Relations between Jordan and Syria have fluctuated widely between normal diplomatic relations and full armed confrontation. At times, each side has attempted to subvert the other, and has supported and provided refuge to the other's internal opposition groups.

 Tajikistan 13 January 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012[113]
 Tanzania 3 June 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 2015 when Ambassador of Tanzania to Jordan Mr. Mohammed Haji Hamza, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[114]
 Thailand 10 November 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1966.[115]
 Turkey11 January 1947See Jordan–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1947[116]

  • Jordan has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Amman.
 Turkmenistan 18 February 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1993.[117]
 Uganda 27 June 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1972[118]
 Ukraine 19 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1992[119]
 United Arab EmiratesSee Jordan–United Arab Emirates relations
  • The United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Amman.
  • Jordan maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. Both countries are part of the Middle East region and share close cultural ties.
  • Most notably, Princess Haya bint Al Hussein of Dubai is of Jordanian origin.
 United Kingdom17 June 1946See Jordan–United Kingdom relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1946[120]
British Sea King of 845 NAS in the Jordanian desert during Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013

The royal family has close ties to Britain - King Abdullah's mother Princess Muna is British by birth and Queen Noor has a country house in Berkshire. Jordan has good relations with the British armed services, with regular visits and training events such as Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013.

 United States18 February 1949See Jordan–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1949[121]

See also: Embassy of Jordan, Washington, D.C.; List of Jordanian ambassadors to the United States; and United States Ambassador to Jordan

U.S. policy seeks to reinforce Jordan's commitment to peace, stability, and moderation.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

 Zambia 6 June 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 2006 when ambassador of Zambia to Jordan Mr. Cecil Almos Holmes, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[124]

See also

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