July 1921

The following events occurred in July 1921:

July 8, 1921: Ireland's De Valera and the UK's Lloyd George agree on truce
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Friday, July 1, 1921
  • The Chinese Communist Party was founded.[1]
  • Mexico's increased tariff on the export of petroleum products went into effect. In response, oil production came to a halt and employees of oil refineries and drilling sites were laid off from work.[2]
  • British troops arrived in Upper Silesia to support French forces in occupying the region, to maintain order in the wake of the Upper Silesia plebiscite.[3]
  • Britain's striking miners voted to approve a settlement proposed by the British government. The House of Commons then voted a subsidy of ten million pounds sterling to the mining industry to cover the pay increase.[4]
  • The U.S.-registered EDC Design 1023 cargo ship Mopang was sunk by a mine at the entrance to Burgas Bay in the Black Sea.[5][6]
  • Born: Seretse Khama, the first President of Botswana; in Serowe, Bechuanaland (died 1980)[7]

Saturday, July 2, 1921
July 2, 1921: Dempsey defeats Carpentier in a "Fight of the Century"

Sunday, July 3, 1921

Monday, July 4, 1921
Ivanoe Bonomi, new Prime Minister of Italy

Tuesday, July 5, 1921
Hutchison
  • American inventor Miller Reese Hutchison, the former chief engineer to Thomas Edison, demonstrated his new noiseless and smokeless weapon in a press conference at the Woolworth Building, capable of firing a projectile at speeds of up to five miles (8 km) per second, equivalent to 18,000 miles per hour (29,000 km/h). Hutchison claimed that a larger version of the cannon could be adapted to fire a shell weighing five tons — 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) — a distance of up to 300 miles (480 km).[23]
  • South Africa's Prime Minister Jan Smuts conferred with Republicans and Unionists meeting at Dublin and suggested a proposal to remove barriers to a meeting in London.[24]

Wednesday, July 6, 1921
  • At the Leipzig War Crimes Trials in Germany, General Karl Stenger was acquitted of charges of murdering prisoners-of-war during World War I. His subordinate, Major Bruno Crusius, was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to two years in prison.[25]
  • Japanese troops killed 500 Koreans who they claimed had joined the Soviet Bolsheviks.[2]
  • Members of the recently formed Arditi del Popolo, an Italian anti-fascist movement, were arrested by police in Rome.[26]
  • The two-day world Christian Endeavor conference opened in New York City with 16,000 delegates from around the world.[27] The convention closed the next day with a resolution encouraging worldwide disarmament with the goal of "A Warless World in 1923".[28]
  • Born: Nancy Reagan, actress and First Lady of the United States; as Anne Frances Robbins in New York City (d. 2016)[29]

Thursday, July 7, 1921
  • In a move criticized by observers as corrupt, Delaware's Governor William D. Denney appointed a Republican U.S. Senator after persuading the incumbent Democrat Senator to vacate the seat in order to be appointed the Attorney General (or Chancellor) of Delaware. Josiah O. Wolcott, in his first term as U.S. Senator, had resigned on July 2 in return for being given the state post, and Denny then appointed multi-millionaire and retired General T. Coleman du Pont to serve the remainder of Wolcott's term. The change of seats gave the Republican Party a 60 to 36 majority in the U.S. Senate.[30]
  • A U.S. Navy dirigible, C-3, caught fire in mid-air while flying at an altitude of 400 feet (120 m) above the Naval Air Station Hampton Roads in Norfolk, Virginia. The pilot, O. O. Atwood, was able to make a safe landing and the other five persons on board were able to escape before the hydrogen inside the dirigible exploded.[31]
  • Professor Anne Louise McIlroy (Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Royal Free Hospital for Women) delivered a paper at the Medico-Legal Society London, and described the contraceptives dispensed at Marie Stopes Mothers' Clinic as the "most harmful method of which I have experience".[32] Dr Halliday Sutherland would quote her words in his 1922 book "Birth Control". When Stopes sued Sutherland for libel, McIlroy testified for the defence.[33]
  • Born: Ezzard Charles, U.S. boxer and world heavyweight champion 1949-1951; in Lawrenceville, Georgia (died 1975)[34]

Friday, July 8, 1921
  • At the conclusion of the Dublin Conference, a truce between British troops and Irish Republicans was announced by Irish Republican leader Éamon de Valera and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George in Dublin and in London, respectively, scheduled to take effect at noon on Monday, July 11.[35] The truce came in conjunction with De Valera's response to Lloyd George's invitation to discuss a peace treaty in London. De Valera wrote in his reply, "Sir: The desire you expressed on the part of the British Government to end the centuries of conflict between the peoples of these two islands and to establish relations of neighborly harmony is the genuine desire of the people of Ireland. I have consulted with my colleagues... in regard to the invitation you have sent me. In reply I desire to say that I am ready to meet and discuss with you on what basis such a conference as that proposed can reasonably hope to achieve the object desired." The British Government then announced, "In accordance with the Prime Minister's offer and Mr. de Valera's reply, arrangements are being made for hostilities to cease from Monday next, July 11, at noon." [36]
  • The Land O'Lakes agricultural cooperative was founded in Saint Paul, Minnesota, by 320 producers to promote the marketing of butter, initially named the Minnesota Cooperative Creameries Association.[37]
  • The U.S. and Canadian Joint Commission reported that the proposed St. Lawrence Seaway canal linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean could be constructed at a cost of $252,278,200.[2][38]
  • U.S. warships anchored off of the coast of Tampico to protect against unrest were ordered to return to the U.S.[2]
  • France's observers at Germany's war crime trials departed from Leipzig after declaring that the German trials were "a farce".[39]
  • An intense heat wave, with high humidity and temperatures, affected most of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.[2]
  • The Agreement Between Great Britain and Sweden Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt was concluded in Stockholm.[40]
  • Labour candidate Walter Halls won a by-election in the UK parliamentary constituency of Heywood and Radcliffe, by a majority of just over 300 votes.[41]
  • Born: John Money, New Zealand psychologist and sexologist, known for controversial sexual identity study on David Reimer, in Morrinsville[42] (d. 2006)

Saturday, July 9, 1921
  • Mongolia declared its independence from China during the Mongolian Revolution.[43]
  • In a "man-driven airplane", French aviator Gabriel Poulain was able to fly at least one meter off the ground for a distance of at least 10 meters, winning the Peugeot Prize of 10,000 French francs. The pedal-powered aircraft, Aviette, weighed 37 pounds (17 kg) while unoccupied.[44]
  • Former world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Johnson was released from the federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, after serving 10 months of his sentence for his 1913 conviction under the Mann Act.[45] U.S. President Donald Trump would issue a posthumous presidential pardon to Johnson on May 24, 2018 [46]

Sunday, July 10, 1921
  • In parliamentary elections in Portugal, the Republican Liberal Party won 79 seats, just short of an overall majority.[47]
  • Hours before the July 11 truce between Republican and Union forces, "Bloody Sunday" took place as a unit of the Irish Republican Army attacked an armored police truck in Belfast and killed an officer. In retaliation, Protestant loyalists attacked the Catholic population, of Belfast, killing 17 people.[48][49]
  • Five bystanders were killed and 14 seriously injured at a park in Moundsville, West Virginia, when a Martin MB-1 bomber airplane crashed into a crowd and into parked cars. Although the pilots of the plane escaped unharmed, a mechanic in the crew died. Sixteen automobiles were set ablaze, killing some of the victims.[50]
  • U.S. President Harding announced that the leaders of the Allied nations (the United Kingdom, France, Japan and Italy) would be invited to a world disarmament conference to be held in Washington on November 11. UK Prime Minister Lloyd George announced in Commons the next day that his cabinet was in favor of accepting the invitation, and France and Italy accepted on July 12. Japan accepted tentatively on July 13, but stated that it would not discuss questions concerning disarmament in the Pacific Ocean.[51]
  • Born: Eunice Kennedy Shriver, U.S. philanthropist, fifth child and third daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., and Rose Fitzgerald; in Brookline, Massachusetts (d. 2009)[52]
  • Died: William Craven, 4th Earl of Craven, 53, British yachtsman and socialite, drowned in The Solent, the strait between the Isle of Wight and the English coast, after falling overboard from his boat, the Sylvia.[53]

Monday, July 11, 1921
The Bogd Khan, ruler of Mongolia

Tuesday, July 12, 1921
  • Beginning at 3:00 in the afternoon local time, the first radio broadcast in Sweden was made, transmitted from the city of Boden with a signal that could be heard in Stockholm.[60]
  • The Spanish passenger ship Manuel L. Villaverde struck rocks off the coast of Colonial Nigeria, broke in two and sank. All those on board were rescued.[61]
  • U.S. baseball player Babe Ruth tied and then broke the record for career home runs in the same game,[62] surpassing Roger Connor's record of 136. Ruth would continue to break his own record, finishing his career with 714 homers, a mark that would stand until being broken by Hank Aaron in 1974. Despite Ruth's effort, the New York Yankees still lost to the host St. Louis Browns, 6 to 4.
  • Died: Harry Hawker, 32, Australian test pilot and aircraft designer, was killed in the crash of his Nieuport Nighthawk airplane shortly after takeoff from the Hendon Aerodrome near London.[63]

Wednesday, July 13, 1921
  • The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 expired while the 1921 Imperial Conference was in progress.[64]
  • U.S. Army planes, in a project promoted by General Billy Mitchell, bombed and sank a former German Navy destroyer SMS G102 off of the coast of Cape Henry, Virginia. The empty ship, surrendered to the U.S. after World War One, went down only 20 minutes after aerial bombardment began after being struck by 51 bombs, each with 300 pounds (140 kg) or explosives.[65]
  • The Southern Ireland parliament convened in Dublin, but with only 12 senators and only two members of its House showing up.
  • U.S. Secretary of War Weeks announced the firing of 21,174 civilian employees in order to save over $225 million per year in salaries and benefits.[2]
  • Born: Kenneth Utt, American film producer and actor; in Winston-Salem, North Carolina (d. 1994).[66]
  • Died: Gabriel Lippmann, 75, Luxembourg-born French physicist and pioneer in color photography, 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate.[67]

Thursday, July 14, 1921

Friday, July 15, 1921

Saturday, July 16, 1921
  • The sixth annual Aerial Derby, sponsored by the Royal Aero Club of Great Britain, was won by J. H. James, who completed the course in a Gloster Mars at an average speed of 163.34 mph (262.87 km/h) in 1 hour 18 minutes 10 seconds with a handicap of 4 minutes 42 seconds.[80][81]
  • The Soviet government issued an appeal to its people to aid 10 million victims of starvation in Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk, Ufa and Vyatka, along with villages in the Volga River valley and in Chuvash.[75]
  • In the Greco-Turkish War, Greek troops seized control of the strategically-located city of Kutaia from Turkish control.[82]
  • The U.S. paid $32,688,352 to the United Kingdom for British expenses in the transportation of American soldiers during World War One.[83]
  • The International Women's Congress, presided over by Jane Addams of the U.S., opened in Vienna.[75]
  • Born:
  • Died: Arthur Irwin, 63, Canadian-born American sportsman, former Major League Baseball player and manager who perfected the baseball glove and later served as the president of the first American pro soccer football league, the 1894 American League of Professional Football, committed suicide by jumping off of a passenger ship, the steamer Calvin Austin, shortly after being released from a New York City hospital.[86]

Sunday, July 17, 1921
  • The unrecognized Republic of Mirdita was proclaimed in northern Albania by Marka Gjoni.[87]
  • Cantonese troops, under the command of former Republic of China President Sun Yat-sen, who had proclaimed the "Extraordinary Government of China", reported victory in a war in the provinces of Guangxi and Guangdong.[75]
  • Japan announced its terms for recognition of the newly proclaimed Far Eastern Republic within the borders of the Soviet Union, including indemnities for the families of Japanese citizens who had been killed in Siberia, along with the outlawing of communism.[75]
  • Died: Winthrop E. Stone, 59, American university administrator and President of Purdue University since 1900, made the first successful ascent of the 10,843 feet (3,305 m) Eon Mountain in the Canadian Rockies, but fell to his death as he made his way back down the peak.[88][89][90]

Monday, July 18, 1921
Javanshir

Tuesday, July 19, 1921

Wednesday, July 20, 1921
  • France informed the United Kingdom that it would decline the British request for an immediate conference on the Silesian boundary between Germany and Poland.[102] Instead, France intended to send more troops to the area. France reversed its decision six days later.[75]
  • The Governor and the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, Len Small and Fred E. Sterling, were both indicted by a grand jury on charges of embezzling public funds and conspiracy to defraud the state.[75] Both had served as the Illinois State Treasurer in the past.
A bomb misses SMS Ostfriesland
  • A group of 15 pilots of the U.S. Army, Navy and Marines carried out final aerial bombardment of a retired German warship, choosing the largest of the ships surrendered to the U.S. as part of German reparations, the dreadnought SMS Ostfriesland. U.S. Secretary of War Weeks and U.S. Secretary of Navy Denby watched the demonstration along with U.S. Army General John J. Pershing and other prominent U.S. officials in attendance.[103] To the embarrassment of the planners, only 13 of the 52 bombs struck the Ostfriesland, and only four of those actually exploded, without sinking the German warship.[104] The U.S. Army carried out a second attack the next day, as two 2,000 pounds (910 kg) bombs sank Ostfriesland 60 miles (97 km) off of the American coast.[105]
  • The British cabinet voted to approve Prime Minister Lloyd George's peace proposal to the Irish Republicans, which included Dominion status and self-government for Ireland in all domestic matters, while reserving defense and foreign relations to the United Kingdom.[106]
  • Born: Ted Schroeder, U.S. tennis player who won the finals at the U.S. Open in 1942 and at Wimbledon in 1949; in Newark, New Jersey (died 2006)[107]

Thursday, July 21, 1921
  • The Eskimo Pie was launched as a packaged chocolate and ice cream dessert when Christian Nelson of Onawa, Iowa, was able to persuade candy manufacturer Russell Stover to invest in what Nelson initially called "the I-Scream-Bar".[108]
  • After meeting with King George V, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George presented a peace proposal to Irish Republican Éamon de Valera, offering recognition of self-governing Dominion of Ireland in return for Irish permission for Britain to maintain a military and naval presence.[75]
  • As the Russian Civil War continued, the Soviet ship Sawa was shelled and sunk by the Soviet submarine Trotsky in the Black Sea while trying to defect to the Whites. The vessel and most of her crew were killed. Four men were rescued and imprisoned.[109]
  • Died: Milorad Drašković, 48, Serbian politician and Minister of Internal Affairs for Yugoslavia, the kingdom's police agency, was assassinated by a member of the Yugoslavian Communist Party. The killing, coupled with the June 29 attempt on the life of Prince Alexander, prompted the passage of the "Law Concerning the Protection of Security and Order in the State" eleven days later on August 1.[110]

Friday, July 22, 1921
General Fernández Silvestre

Saturday, July 23, 1921

Sunday, July 24, 1921

Monday, July 25, 1921

Tuesday, July 26, 1921
  • Turkish nationalists moved their capital from Ankara to Sivas as Greek troops closed in.[75]
  • U.S. President Harding granted an official reception to impostor Stanley Clifford Weyman, who was posing as a representative of Princess Fatima Sultana, a daughter of Mohammad Yaqub Khan, the former Emir of Afghanistan.[124] Nevertheless, the U.S. recognized Amanullah Khan as the Emir of Afghanistan and would establish diplomatic relations in 1935.[125]
  • Mexico's President Alvaro Obregon announced a reduction of 10 percent in wages for all government and military officials.[75]
  • Born: Amedeo Amadei, Italian footballer and manager; in Frascati (died 2013)[126]

Wednesday, July 27, 1921

Thursday, July 28, 1921

Friday, July 29, 1921

Saturday, July 30, 1921

Sunday, July 31, 1921

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  9. "Wireless Telephone Spreads Fight News Over 120,000 Miles", The New York Times, July 3, 1921, p. 6
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  23. "New Gun Marvel May Shoot 5 Tons 200 to 300 Miles; Noiseless and Smokeless Weapon Has Muzzle Velocity up to Five Miles a Second", The New York Times, July 6, 1921, p. 1
  24. "Smuts Meets Irish; Craig and Midleton Go to Lloyd George", The New York Times, July 6, 1921, p. 1
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  81. "James Wins Air Derby; Flies 200 miles in 1 Hr. 14 minutes", The New York Times, July 17, 1921, p. 1
  82. "Greeks Take Kutaia on Kemal's Front", The New York Times, July 17, 1921, p. 3
  83. "Our Treasury Pays Britain $32,688,352", The New York Times, July 17, 1921, p. 13
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