November 1917

The following events occurred in November 1917:

November 2: The Balfour Declaration as written by Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour.

Thursday, November 1, 1917

Third Battle of Gaza – The British 21st Corps of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacked and captured Umbrella hill, a massive sand dune defense held by the Ottomans west of Gaza.[1][2]
Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe – The British Desert Mounted Corps began attacking Ottoman positions on the north of Beersheba, Palestine towards Hebron and Jerusalem.[3]
The Australian Corps was established to replace the First ANZAC Corps while Second ANZAC became part of the British 22nd Corps.[4]
British submarine HMS E52 torpedoed and sunk German submarine SM UC-63 in the English Channel with all 26 crew lost.[5]
The Royal Flying Corps established air squadron No. 110.[6]
The Corpo Aeronautico Militare (Military Aviation Corps) of the Italian Army established its first naval air squadron 260a Squadriglia to defend the shipping lanes in the Adriatic Sea.[7]
Takatoku station, now known as Shin-Takatoku Station on Tobu Railway's Tobu Kinugawa Line, opened in Nikkō, Japan.[8]
Born: Huelet Benner, American sharpshooter, gold medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics, in Paragould, Arkansas (d. 1999); Kaisyn Kuliev, Soviet poet, known for his poetry collections including The Wounded Stone and A Beauty of the Earth, in Upper Chegem, Russian Empire (d. 1985); R. W. B. Lewis, American literary critic, recipient of the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for the biography of Edith Wharton, in Chicago (d. 2002); Clarence E. Miller, American politician, U.S. Representative of Ohio from 1967 to 1993, in Lancaster, Ohio (d. 2011); Erich Rudorffer, German fighter pilot, member of the Luftwaffe during World War II with 222 victories claimed, ranking him the 7th most successful fighter pilot ever in air warfare, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Zwochau, Germany (d. 2016)
Died: Leslie Maygar, Australian army officer, recipient of the Victoria Cross for action during the Second Boer War (died from wounds sustained at the Battle of Beersheba) (b. 1868)

Friday, November 2, 1917

Japanese diplomat Ishii Kikujirō meeting with United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing in Washington, D.C. to sign the Lansing–Ishii Agreement.

British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour made the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".[9]
The Lansing–Ishii Agreement was signed between Japan and the United States, with the U.S. recognizing Japan had special interests in mainland China.[10]
Battle of Caporetto – The Italian Second Army completed its retreat to Tagliamento river, which allowed German forces to establish a bridgehead.[11]
Third Battle of Gaza – British overran Ottoman trenches around the El Arish and Jafa Redoubts south of Gaza, while suffering 350 killed, 350 missing and over 2,000 wounded.[12][13]
Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe – British forces advanced in Palestine to establish a new front line stretching from Dayr al-Hawa in the south to Beit Liqya in the north.[14]
United States Army Colonel Brice Disque introduced his plan to put the entire Pacific Northwest lumber industry under military control for the duration of World War I, leading to the creation of the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen.[15]
Born: Ann Rutherford, Canadian-American actress, known for roles in Gone with the Wind and the Andy Hardy series with Mickey Rooney, in Vancouver (d. 2012); Robert Hampton Gray, Canadian naval officer, recipient of the Victoria Cross for action the Pacific Theater during World War II, last Canadian to receive the Victoria Cross (d. 1945, killed in action)
Died: Fred Billington, British opera singer, best known for his work with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in London (b. 1854)

Saturday, November 3, 1917

Poster of the first three American soldiers to die fighting in World War I: Merle Hay, Thomas Enright and James Bethel Gresham.

Third Battle of Gaza – Ottoman defenders launched counterattacks to stem the British advance south and east of Gaza.[16]
Battle of Moon Sound – The Imperial German Navy succeeded in clearing the minefields around the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea and ensuring Germany had full control of the West Estonian archipelago. The operation resulted in major casualties, including 156 dead, 60 wounded, and the loss of nine minesweepers and numerous smaller vessels. The Imperial German Army also sustained 54 dead and 141 wounded while taking control of the islands during Operation Albion. Russian casualties were smaller but significant numbers of men and equipment were captured, including 20,130 prisoners and 141 guns.[17]
Soldiers Thomas Enright, James Bethel Gresham, and Merle Hay of the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division of the United States Army became the first official American military casualties of World War I. All three were killed in action during a German attack near Artois, France.[18][19][20]
German submarine SM UC-65 was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by British submarine HMS C15 with the loss of all 26 crew.[21]
CONCANACO, the Confederation of the National Chambers of Commerce in Mexico, was established.[22]
Born: Conor Cruise O'Brien, Irish politician, member of the Dáil Éireann (Irish legislature) from 1969 to 1977, and Seanad Éireann (Irish Senate) from 1977 to 1979, in Dublin (d. 2008); J. E. Macdonnell, Australian writer, best known for over 200 books based on sea and naval experiences, including the Horwitz Naval Series, in Mackay, Queensland, Australia (d. 2002)
Died: Frederick Rodgers, American naval officer, last commander of the Asiatic Squadron (b. 1842); Léon Bloy, French writer, author of The Woman Who Was Poor and Disagreeable Tales (b. 1846); Albert Carman, Canadian religious leader, head of the Methodist Church of Canada during the 1870s and 1880s (b. 1833)

Sunday, November 4, 1917

Born: Leonardo Cimino, American actor, best known for his award-winning stage performances in The Brothers Karamazov, A Memory of Two Mondays and The Man in the Glass Booth, in New York City (d. 2012); Virginia Field, British-American actress, best known for her television work in Perry Mason and The Rebel, in London (d. 1992)
Died: Leopoldo Franchetti, Italian politician, one the first Italian politicians to lead an inquiry into the Sicilian Mafia (b. 1847)

Monday, November 5, 1917

The Rapallo Conference in Rapallo, Italy, was convened by the Allied powers in the wake of the severe Italian setback at Caporetto. The conference decided to form a Supreme War Council at Versailles, France, to co-ordinate allied plans and actions and promised fresh aid to the Italians.[23]
Third Battle of Gaza – Continuous artillery barrages and low ammo forced the Ottoman command to consider a strategic withdraw from Gaza to Wadi el Hesi to the northeast.[24]
Buchanan v. Warley was decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, which stated designating neighborhoods to only sell only to members of a specific racial or ethnic group was unconstitutional.[25]
Born: Jacqueline Auriol, French aviator, one the first female test pilots and holder of five speed records, founding member of Académie de l'air et de l'espace, in Challans, France (d. 2000); Jens Evensen, Norwegian judge, member of the International Court of Justice from 1980 to 1993, in Oslo (d. 2004); Sal Bartolo, American boxer, world featherweight champion from 1944 to 1946, in Boston (d. 2002)

Tuesday, November 6, 1917

Second Battle of Passchendaele – British and Canadian forces made one final push and captured Passchendaele, Belgium, after three months of bitter fighting.[26]
Battle of Hareira and Sheria – The British 20th Corps and Desert Mounted Corps attacked Ottoman defenses protecting the Gaza to Beersheba road, opening Gaza for capture.[27]
Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe – Australian, New Zealand and Welsh brigades secured territory around Tel el Khuweilfe in Palestine, ending the fighting.[28]
Westmoreland Davis was elected as the 48th Governor of Virginia after capturing 70 percent of the vote in the Virginia state election.[29]
John Francis Hylan beat John Purroy Mitchel in city elections to become the 96th Mayor of New York City.[30]
State elections were held in New York, with Merton E. Lewis elected to the Attorney General of New York office.[31]
The Royal Flying Corps established air squadrons No. 191.[32]
The Spruce Production Division was established with Colonel Brice Disque commanding, to ensure lumber material in the Pacific Northwest was being transferred for military use, including aircraft construction for the Aviation Section of the U.S. Signal Corps.[33]
British public servant Francis Hopwood was awarded the noble title Baron Southborough for his work for the Secretary of State for the Colonies.[34]
Born: Karan Dewan, Indian actor, known for roles in Rattan, Bahar and Teen Batti Char Raasta, in Gujranwala, Punjab, British India (d. 1979); Edgar Whitcomb, American politician, 43rd Governor of Indiana, in Hayden, Indiana (d. 2016)

Wednesday, November 7, 1917

Vladimir Lenin Becomes Soviet Russia's First Leader Following his Seizure of Power during the Bolshevik Revolution

October Revolution – The Bolsheviks organized an armed uprising in Petrograd to overthrow the Russian Provisional Government after eight months of rule:
- The second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, now dominated by the Bolsheviks, passed a resolution formally recognizing the right to overthrow the government. The center and right wing groups of the Congress protested what they felt was an illegal seizure of power and walked out before the resolution was passed. Leon Trotsky famously taunted them as they left: "Go where you belong from now on — into the dustbin of history!"[35]
- Vladimir Lenin distributed a proclamation by telegram throughout Russia informing citizens of the overthrow of the government.[36]
- Bolshevik forces stormed the Winter Palace with little resistance and arrested the remaining members of the Russian Provisional Government.[37]
- Minister-Chairman Alexander Kerensky of the Russian Provisional Government fled Petrograd to Pskov to rally pro-government military support.[38]
The Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine was formed by the Central Council of Ukraine, but was dissolved in two days and authority transferred to the General Secretariat of Ukraine.[39]
Third Battle of Gaza – British 21st Corps occupied Gaza after confirming the Ottoman Army garrison had abandoned the city.[40]
Battle of Hareira and Sheria – British 20th Corps and Desert Mounted Corps captured Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line.[41]
Units with the Ottoman Eighth Army delayed the advance of the British 21st Corps and the Desert Mounted Corps with a rearguard defense at Wadi el Hesi, Palestine.[42]
Charge at Sheria – The retreating Yildirim Army Group of the Ottoman Empire successfully held off pursuing cavalry of the Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade and made it safely to the Judaean Mountains to regroup.[43]
Women won the right to vote in New York.[44]
A branch of the Ku Klux Klan, known as the Knights of Liberty, abducted and tortured 17 Industrial Workers of the World union members under police custody in Tulsa, Oklahoma.[45][46]
The Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army, established air squadron Jagdstaffel 79.[47]
The British noble title Marquess of Carisbrooke was created for Prince Alexander Mountbatten and lasted until 1960.[48]
The People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs for Russia was established in Petrograd.[49]
Born: Edith Bouvier Beale, American socialite, best known as the subject of the documentary Grey Gardens with her mother Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, first cousin to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, in New York City (d. 2002)

Thursday, November 8, 1917

The Winter Palace in Petrograd the day after it was captured by the Bolsheviks.

October Revolution – The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was established, with the All-Russian Congress of Soviets forming the first Council of People's Commissars with Vladimir Lenin as leader.[50][51] The council's first action was to release the Decree on Land, which abolished all private property so estates could be redistributed among the peasantry.[52]
A Bolshevik uprising of 6,000 led by Georgy Pyatakov in Kiev occurred in opposition to the creation of a revolutionary committee by the Central Council of Ukraine as a temporary government.[53]
British forces began an assault on Ottoman defenses at Wadi el Hesi, Palestine.[54]
Charge at Huj – Cavalry with the British 5th Mounted Brigade successfully captured several Ottoman rearguard defense positions from the Yildirim Army Group at Huj, Gaza, Palestine. The British inflicted more than 100 casualties and captured 70 prisoners and 15 guns, while suffering 26 killed and 40 wounded. The battle was considered the last major action of traditional British cavalry in modern warfare.[55]
The Titles Deprivation Act was given royal assent which authorized enemies of the United Kingdom during World War I that had British peerages or royal titles to be deprived of them. This included many German nobles that shared British titles through lineage from the marriage between Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.[56]
Died: Colin Blythe, English cricketer, bowler for the Kent County Cricket Club and England cricket team from 1899 to 1914 (killed in action at Passchendaele) (b. 1879); Milutin Bojić, Serbian poet, known for his poetry collection Songs of Pride and Suffering (b. 1892)

Friday, November 9, 1917

Vladimir Lenin published his Decree on Peace in the newspaper Izvestia, which proposed Russia withdraw from World War I.[57]
General Luigi Cadorna was relieved of command of the Italian army, after Italy's allies France and the United Kingdom, which had sent eleven divisions to reinforce the Italian front, insisted on his dismissal.[58] The new Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando appointed the respected General Armando Diaz as Chief of General Staff.[59]
Sfatul Țării, the governing council of Bessarabia within the dissolving Russian Empire, was established to hold elections for its deputies.[60]
British forces captured Wadi el Hesi, Palestine from the Ottoman soldiers at a total cost of 700 casualties.[61]
The entire text of the Balfour Declaration was released to the news press a week after it was signed.[62]
Argentine animator Quirino Cristiani released El Apóstol, the first feature-length animated film in Argentina. The film was a political satire on Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen.[63][64]

Saturday, November 10, 1917

Second Battle of Passchendaele – British and Canadian forces made further territorial gains around to strengthen their hold on the defensive ridge between the villages of Westrozebeke and Passchendaele in Belgium, ending the three-month long campaign. British casualties were heavy, with British Fifth Army sustaining 14,219, and Second Army suffering 29,454.[65] The Canadian Corps suffered major casualties, totaling 15,654 men killed or wounded since October 26 to November 10.[66] German casualties were reported to be 20,500 in late October and 9,500 casualties for the first half of November.[67]
Battle of Caporetto – The Italian Second Army set up a new defensive front on the Piave River that halted the advance of the Central Powers.[68][69]
Ukrainian forces in Kiev surrounded the main Bolshevik force and arrested its leaders.[70]
A Bolshevik uprising occurred in Vinnytsia, Ukraine that was quelled two days later.[71]
October Revolution – The Executive Committee of Peasants Soviets circulated posters and newspaper articles critical of the Bolsheviks uprising, stating it "refuted with indignation all participation of the organised peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of the working class".[72]
The Kremlin Wall Necropolis was created with the burial of 238 Bolshevik soldiers that perished in fighting during the October Revolution near the Moscow Kremlin Wall between the Senate and Nikolskaya towers.[73]
Died: Thomas Simpson Sproule, Canadian politician, 13th Speaker of the House of Commons (b. 1843); Harry Trott, Australian cricketer, all-rounder for the Victoria cricket team and the Australia national cricket team from 1886 to 1908 (b. 1866)

Sunday, November 11, 1917

October Revolution – Alexander Kerensky and General Pyotr Krasnov led 700 Cossacks loyal to the Russian Provisional Government to occupy Tsarskoye Selo outside of Petrograd in an attempt to regain the Russian capital from control of the Bolsheviks. Eight riflemen with the local garrison were shot after refusing to lay down arms, resulting in the Russian military moving onside with the Bolshevik government.[74]
The Transcaucasian Commissariat was established to govern the newly independent Transcaucasia region of the former Russian Empire.[75]
German submarine SM UC-38 torpedoed and sank Royal Navy destroyer HMS Staunch and monitor ship HMS M15 in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 33 sailors in total.[76][77]
The Royal Flying Corps established air squadron No. 108.[78]
The U.S. Army established the 147th and 148th Aero Squadrons at Kelly Field, San Antonio.[79]
The U.S. Navy destroyer Little was launched by the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. It became the ship that transported U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and his delegation to the Paris Peace Conference the following year.[80]
The Russian daily newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (Saint Petersburg News), the country's first newspaper ever to be published, was suddenly shut down. It would not be revived until 1991 when the daily former Soviet newspaper Leningradskaya Pravda adopted the name.[81]
The film adaptation of the children's novel A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett was released with Mary Pickford as star as well as the film's producer. Screenwriter Frances Marion adapted it to the screen and Marshall Neilan directed.[82]
Born: Madeleine Damerment, French spy, member of the Special Operations Executive, in Lille, France (d. 1944, executed at the Dachau concentration camp); Abram Hoffer, Canadian psychiatrist, known for his promotion of megavitamin therapy to treat schizophrenia (d. 2009); Tippy Larkin, American boxer, world light welterweight champion from 1946 to 1952, in Garfield, New Jersey (d. 1991); Mack Reynolds, American science fiction writer, author of Black Man's Burden series, and the first Star Trek novel Mission to Horatius, in Corcoran, California (d. 1983); Tony F. Schneider, American air naval officer, commander of Bombing Squadron 9 during Operation Ten-Go in World War II, two-time recipient of the Navy Cross, in Hillsboro, Missouri (d. 2010)
Died: Liliʻuokalani, Hawaiian noble, last monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom (b. 1838); David Lipscomb, American religious leader, one of the chief leaders of the Restoration Movement in the United States, founder of Lipscomb University (b. 1831)

Monday, November 12, 1917

October Revolution – The Red Guards ousted the force loyal to Alexander Kerensky out of Tsarskoye Selo.[83]
Sinai and Palestine campaign – Ottoman forces failed to stop the Australian Mounted Division from capturing a key junction of the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway in Palestine.[84]
The United States Army established the 3rd Infantry Division.[85]
The Ukrainian People's Army was established.[86]
The village of Czar, Alberta, was incorporated.[87]
Born: Jo Stafford, American singer, known for popular hits "You Belong to Me" and "Make Love to Me", in Coalinga, California (d. 2008); Joseph Coors, American business leader, president of Coors Brewing Company, grandson to Adolph Coors, in Golden, Colorado (d. 2003)
Born: Michael O'Riordan, Irish politician, founder of the Communist Party of Ireland and member of the Connolly Column during the Spanish Civil War, in Cork, Ireland (d. 2006); Günther Schack, German air force officer, commander of Jagdgeschwader 51 and Jagdgeschwader 3 for the Luftwaffe during World War II, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Bartenstein, German Empire (now Poland) (d. 2003)

Tuesday, November 13, 1917

Gurkha soldiers holding front line trenches at the Battle of Mughar Ridge.

First Battle of Monte Grappa – General Armando Diaz ordered the Italian Fourth Army to hold the line against the Austrian-German advance at Monte Grappa, which defended the left flank of the new Italian front on the Piave River.[88]
Battle of Mughar Ridge – The Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacked retreating Yildirim Army Group forces, killing 2,000 soldiers, capturing 10,000 Ottoman Army prisoners, 100 guns and 50 miles (80 km) of Palestine territory, with a loss of 1,188 casualties.[89][90]
October Revolution – The Red Guards defeated the last of the soldiers loyal to Pyotr Krasnov south of Petrograd and in Moscow (where 700 casualties were reported), ending the uprising.[91]
A ceasefire was made in Kiev between Ukrainian and Bolshevik forces.[92]
Irish Cargo ship Ardmore was sunk by German submarine SM U-95 in St George's Channel, killing 19 of the crew on board. SM U-95 would later be rammed and sunk on 7 January 1918 [93]
The air military base Brooks Field was established in San Antonio, Texas.[94]
The School of Medicine at the University of Zagreb was established and is the oldest and biggest of the four medical schools in Croatia.[95]
The Lake Cargelligo railway line was completed in New South Wales, Australia.[96]
The Women's National Book Association was established to support and give voice to women in the book industry, and has since grown to eleven active chapters in the United States.[97]

Wednesday, November 14, 1917

Battle of Ayun Kara – The ANZAC Mounted Division of the Desert Mounted Corps successfully fought off Ottoman rearguards in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge. Ottoman forces suffered 182 killed, 300 wounded, and 34 taken prisoner along with seven guns. The New Zealand force suffered 44 dead and 141 wounded.[98]
Thirty-three suffragettes from the Silent Sentinels, an active arm of the National Woman's Party, were beaten and assaulted by guards while in custody at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia in what was referred to as the "Night of Terror".[99]
The 10th and 11th Indian Cavalry Brigades were established for service in the Mesopotamian campaign.[100]
Al McCoy lost the World Middleweight Championship title to Mike O'Dowd, who knocked him out in the 6th round during a championship boxing match in Brooklyn, New York City.[101]
The Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding company was established as the shipbuilder division of Mitsui & Co. in Tamano, Japan.[102]
Born: Park Chung-hee, South Korean state leader, 3rd President of South Korea (d. 1979, assassinated)

Thursday, November 15, 1917

October Revolution – The Bolshevik government released the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, signed by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, which recognized the sovereignty of all the peoples of Russia and the right to self-determination, including the right to secede.[103]
The Parliament of Finland passed another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring the country independent.[104]
The Estonian Provincial Assembly declared itself the highest legal body in Estonia.[105]
The Australian Liberal Party led by John Bowser defeated the incumbent Australian Labor Party government led by Alexander Peacock in a general election held in Victoria, Australia.[106]
German flying ace Hans Ritter von Adam died when his plane was shot down by British fighter pilot Kenneth Barbour Montgomery. He had 21 victories to his credit.[107]
James Gunson, Mayor of Auckland, held a civic reception in the General Assembly House, the first house of the New Zealand Parliament, to mark its historical significance just prior to its demolition.[108]
Died: Émile Durkheim, French sociologist, considered of the father of sociology, author of The Rules of Sociological Method, established L'Année sociologique (b. 1858); John W. Foster, American public servant, 32nd United States Secretary of State (b. 1836)
Died: Oswald Chambers, Scottish clergy, author of My Utmost for His Highest (b. 1874); Francis Morphet Twisleton, New Zealand soldier and writer, recipient of the Military Cross, author of With the New Zealanders at the front (b. 1873)

Friday, November 16, 1917

Georges Clemenceau became the 54th Prime Minister of France, and the second time in his political career.[109]
Sinai and Palestine campaign – British troops captured Tel Aviv and Jaffa in Palestine without resistance [110]
The Italian monitor ship Alfredo Cappellini capsized and sank in the Adriatic Sea.[111]
U.S. military air base Taylor Field was established near Montgomery, Alabama.[112]
The United States Army established the 186th Aero Squadron.[113]

Saturday, November 17, 1917

HMS Calypso during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight, drawn by William Lionel Wyllie.

Battle of Jerusalem – The Egyptian Expeditionary Force launched attacks against Ottoman forces in the Judaean Mountains near Jerusalem.[114]
Second Battle of Heligoland Bight – After receiving a tip from intelligence, a British naval squadron ambushed and scored damages against a German naval squadron laying a minefield at Heligoland Bight in the North Sea.[115][116]
U.S. Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson captured and scuttled an Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-58 off the southwest coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships took a submarine.[117]
German submarine SM UC-51 struck a mine and sank in the English Channel with all 26 crew lost.[118]
The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals was founded in the United Kingdom by Maria Dickin.[119]
Desierto de los Leones National Park was established in Mexico as the country's first national park.[120]
The Toronto Masonic Temple was completed with the first Lodge meeting held the following New Years Day.[121]
Born: Robert D. Orr, American politician, 45th Governor of Indiana, in Ann Arbor, Michigan (d. 2004)
Died: Charles Holroyd, English artist, director of the National Gallery from 1906 to 1916 (b. 1861); Franklin P. Mall, American pathologist, leading researcher into anatomy and embryology for the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (b. 1862); Neil Primrose, British politician, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury from 1916 to 1917 (died from wounds sustained at the Third Battle of Gaza) (b. 1882); Auguste Rodin, French sculptor, best known for his works The Thinker, The Kiss, The Gates of Hell and The Burghers of Calais, recipient of the Legion of Honour (b. 1840)

Sunday, November 18, 1917

Wounded British soldiers resting during the Battle of Nebi Samwil.

Battle of Nebi Samwil – The British 21st Corps attacked defense units of the Ottoman Seventh Army around the village of Nebi Samwil in Palestine in a simultaneous operation to capture Jerusalem. The operation began with Australian forces pushing Ottoman troops off Latrun, a strategic hilltop in the Ayalon Valley west of Jerusalem.[122]
A British patrol boat shelled, depth charged, rammed and sank German submarine SM UC-47 in the North Sea, killing all 26 crew.[123]
German submarine SM UC-57 disappeared and was believed to have struck a mine and sank in the Baltic Sea with the loss of all 26 crew.[124]
The Jewish high school fraternity Sigma Alpha Rho was established in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[125]
Born: Pedro Infante, Mexican actor and singer, known for lead roles during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema including Tizoc, recording artist of over 350 popular songs, in Mazatlán (d. 1957, killed in a plane crash); Carolyn Parker, American physicist, member of the Manhattan Project, first African-American woman to earn postgraduate degree in physics, in Gainesville, Florida (d. 1966)
Died: Adrien Bertrand, French novelist, best known for works including L'Appel du Sol and Le Verger de Cypris (b. 1888)

Monday, November 19, 1917

Battle of Caporetto – The 27-day battle ended with a new front along the Piave River. Casualties for the Italians were massive, including 10,000 killed, 30,000 wounded and 250,000 captured, compared to the total 70,000 casualties sustained by the Central Powers.[126] The Corpo Aeronautico Militare (Italian Military Aviation Corps) lost a great deal of equipment but reported shooting down 39 enemy aircraft in 70 air-to-air engagements during the battle.[127]
Battle of Nebi Samwil – British troops of the 75th and 52nd Infantry Divisions, and the Yeomanry Mounted Division struggled through winter rain and mud through the Judaean Mountains, but reached the Palestinian towns of Beit Liqya and Beit Ur al-Tahta by the end of the day.[128]
The National Council of Georgia was established to pursue independence of Georgia from the dissolving Russian Empire.[129]
Russian General Lavr Kornilov and other military officers involved in the failed military coup on September 9 escaped imprisonment and joined General Mikhail Alekseyev in the Don Region of Russia where he took command of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army.[130]
U.S. Navy destroyer USS Chauncey collided with a British cargo ship and sank in the Atlantic Ocean with the loss of 21 of her 91 crew including naval officers Lieutenant Commander Walter E. Reno and Junior Lieutenant Charles F. Wedderburn.[131] U.S. Navy destroyers Reno and Wedderburn were named after them respectively.[132][133]
The United States Army established the 4th Infantry Division.[134]
Born: Indira Gandhi, Indian state leader, third Prime Minister of India, in Allahabad, India (d. 1984, assassinated)

Tuesday, November 20, 1917

A British tank sits abandoned in a German trench at the Battle of Cambrai.

Battle of Cambrai – The British Third Army attempted to capture Cambrai, France, from the Germans using 437 Mark IV tanks from the Royal Tank Regiment backed by infantry and innovative artillery maneuvers. The British were able to capture the village of Flesquières but suffered c. 4,000 casualties and had 179 tanks either knocked out, broken down or abandoned, most of which were salvaged by the British after the battle.[135]
Battle of Nebi Samwil – The British 75th Infantry Division captured the Palestinian villages of Saris and Kuryet el Enab.[136]
The Brazilian football club Associação Atlética Portuguesa was established in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil, and now plays in Estádio Ulrico Mursa.[137]
Born: Robert Byrd, American politician, U.S. Senator from West Virginia from 1959 to 2010, longest serving member of the United States Senate, in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina (d. 2010); Bobby Locke, South African golfer, four-time winner of The Open Championship, in Germiston, South Africa (d. 1987)

Wednesday, November 21, 1917

Battle of Cambrai – The German Second Army halted the British advance at Bourlon Ridge.[138]
Battle of Nebi Samwil – A force of 3,000 Ottoman troops slowed the advance by the British 52nd Infantry Division near the village of Beit Ur el Foqa, but the 75th Infantry Division were able to take the village of Biddu near Jerusalem.[139]
German Zeppelin airship L 59 set a new flight endurance record while attempting a supply run to German ground forces in German East Africa. It made a 6,757-kilometer (4,196-mile) journey from Yambol, Bulgaria into Africa to a point west of Khartoum before being recalled to Yambol. The total flight time was 95 hours 5 minutes at an average speed of 71 km/h (44 mph), with enough fuel aboard to have remained in the air for another 64 hours.[140]
Born: Dorothy Arnold, American actress, known for roles in The House of Fear and Lizzie, first wife to Joe DiMaggio, in Duluth, Minnesota (d. 1984); Chung Il-kwon, Korean army officer and politician, commander of the South Korean II Corps during the Korean War, Prime Minister of South Korea from 1964 to 1970, in Ussuriysk, Russia (d. 1994)

Thursday, November 22, 1917

Battle of Nebi Samwil – British and Ottoman forces engaged in fierce fighting at the village of El Jib, Palestine, with the British toll at 2,000 casualties.[141]
The National Hockey Association suspended operations.[142]
Born: Andrew Huxley, English medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the nervous system, member of the Huxley family, in Hampstead, London, England (d. 2012); Jon Cleary, Australian writer, author of The Sundowners and the Scobie Malone detective series, in Erskineville, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2010); Bridget Bate Tichenor, French-Mexican artist, noted for her work in magic realism in such works as Domadora de quimeras and Los encarcelados, in Paris (d. 1990)
Died: Teoberto Maler, German archaeologist, leading researcher into the Maya civilization (b. 1842)

Friday, November 23, 1917

Battle of Cambrai – The British 40th Division attacked Bourlon Ridge using 100 tanks and 430 guns but failed to capture the German defensive position and suffered another 4,000 casualties.[143]
October Revolution – The Bolsheviks released the full text of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 in Izvestia and Pravda.[144]
Born: William Paul Fife, American air force officer, innovator of signals technology for the United States Air Force, in Plymouth, Indiana (d. 2008)
Died: James Hamilton Peabody, American politician, 13th and 15th Governor of Colorado (b. 1852); Ewart Alan Mackintosh, Scottish poet, known for poetry collections including A Highland Regiment and Other Poems, killed during the Battle of Cambrai (b. 1893)

Saturday, November 24, 1917

Battle of Jerusalem – The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade crossed the Nahr el Auja River north of Jaffa to establish beachheads for the main British force.[145]
Battle of Nebi Samwil – Fighting stalled after three days but British 21st Corps were able to hold onto the village of Nebi Samwil for two weeks of Ottoman counterattacks.[146]
German submarine SM U-48 was scuttled and abandoned after damaged by Royal Navy destroyer HMS Gipsy in the English Channel. The British vessel continued firing on the fleeing crew, killing 19. Another 17 were taken prisoner.[147]
Nine members of the Milwaukee Police Department plus a civilian were killed by a bomb, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history until the September 11 attacks in 2001.[148]
Born: Shabtai Rosenne, British-Israeli diplomat and judge, best known expert on treaty law for the United Nations, in London (d. 2010); Neville McGarr, South African air force officer, member of the escape group from Stalag Luft III, in Johannesburg (d. 1944, executed)

Sunday, November 25, 1917

German soldiers clashing with Portuguese troops at the Battle of Ngomano.

The Russian Constituent Assembly elections were held, the first free elections ever held in Russia, with the Socialist Revolutionary Party receiving the most votes followed by the Bolsheviks.[149][150][151][152]
A constitutional referendum was held in Uruguay, with voters overwhelmingly approving the formation of a new National Council of Administration.[153]
Battle of Jerusalem – Ottoman forces pushed British troops back across the Nahr el Auja River.[154]
Battle of Ngomano – German forces defeated a Portuguese colonial force of about 1,200 soldiers at Ngomano in Portuguese Mozambique (now Mozambique and Tanzania).[155]
The Luftstreitkräfte established air squadron Jagdstaffel 77.[156]
The Brazilian football club América was established in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Although it was a successful club that won the Campeonato Capixaba title six times, it eventually folded.[157]
Born: Noboru Terada, Japanese swimmer, gold medalist for the 1936 Summer Olympics, in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan (d. 1986); Stanley Wilson, American composer, best known for his film and television scores including Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Leave It to Beaver, and McHale's Navy, in New York City (d. 1970)

Monday, November 26, 1917

Frank Calder, first President of the National Hockey League.

First Battle of Monte Grappa – Austrian and German forces failed to capture Monte Grappa from the Italians, thus stabilizing the new Italian front. Casualties for the Central Powers totaled 21,000 while the Italians suffered 12,000 casualties.[158]
The Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 was reprinted in The Guardian.[159]
Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes ordered government troops to stage a raid on the Queensland Government Printing Office in Brisbane and confiscate copies of Hansard that covered debates in the Parliament of Queensland where anti-conscription arguments were aired.[160]
The United States Army established the 6th Infantry Division.[161]
The National Hockey League was formed in Montreal as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association, with Frank Calder as its first president. The league was intended to be a temporary organization since the NHA did not have the legal power to remove Toronto hockey club owner Eddie Livingstone. The NHL contained the four original teams from the NHA plus the Toronto Arenas to round the league out to five teams.[162][163]
The Moutohora Branch of the New Zealand national rail network opened between Moutohora and Gisborne, New Zealand.[164]
The Western The Silent Man, directed by and starring William S. Hart, was released by Paramount Pictures.[165][166]
Died: Elsie Inglis, Scottish physician, founder of Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service (b. 1864); Leander Starr Jameson, British politician, lead the Jameson Raid of 1895 to 1896 in South Africa (b. 1853)

Tuesday, November 27, 1917

Battle of Cambrai – The British 62nd Division made one last push to take Bourlon Ridge using 30 tanks but were forced back by a German counterattack.[167]
Battle of Jerusalem – Ottoman forces launched a wave of counterattacks against the British in an attempt to break the line at Beit Ur el Tahta, Palestine.[168]
All members of the suffragist group Silent Sentinels, including leader Alice Paul, were released from prison after reports of abuse were released through the news media. In March 1918, the DC Court of Appeals ruled all arrests, trials and punishments the women endured were unconstitutional.[169]
Born: Yosef Qafih, Israeli religious scholar, translator of early rabbinic texts from Maimonides and Saadia Gaon, in Sanaa, Ottoman Empire (d. 2000); Buffalo Bob Smith, American radio and television broadcaster, host of the 1950s children's television show Howdy Doody, in Buffalo, New York (d. 1998)

Wednesday, November 28, 1917

The Estonian Provincial Assembly declared Estonia a sovereign power from Russia and called for elections of a new Estonian Constituent Assembly.[170]
Bashkortostan established itself as the first Autonomous Soviet Republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.[171]
Battle of Cambrai – British forces dug in and shelled German defenses in Bourlon Wood.[172]
Battle of Jerusalem – Ottoman forces forced the British out of the village of Beit Ur el Foqa.[173]
British armed passenger ship SS Apapa was torpedoed and sunk in the Irish Sea by German submarine SM U-96 with the loss of 77 lives.[174]
The All-Russian Council for Workers' Control held its first and likely only meeting determining the extent to which workers' control became a feature in post-revolutionary Russia.[175]
The Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia opened for operations, just 110 days after construction began.[176]
The only Jewish cemetery in Uruguay, the Cementerio Israelita, was opened in La Paz, Uruguay.[177]
Born: Marni Hodgkin, American book editor, children's book editor for Viking Press and Macmillan Publishers, married to British medical researcher Alan Hodgkin, in New York City (d. 2015)

Thursday, November 29, 1917

Political cartoon depicting Australian prime minister Billy Hughes being hit by an egg.

German submarine SM UB-61 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with a loss of all 34 crew.[178]
Queensland Police Service refused to arrest a man who threw an egg at Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes while visiting Warwick, Queensland, in what became known as the "Egg Throwing Incident". Fallout from the event led to the formation of the Commonwealth Police Force.[179]
German flying ace Erwin Böhme, a member of the Jagdstaffel 11 air squadron commanded by Manfred von Richthofen, was killed in action during a reconnaissance mission over Zonnebeke, Belgium. He received a Pour le Mérite medal decoration posthumously for his service.[180]
The Daily Telegraph published the Lansdowne Letter, written by House of Lords member Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, which called on the United Kingdom to negotiate a peace agreement with Germany as the war's "prolongation will spell ruin for the civilised world."[181]
The National Library of Vietnam was established.[182]
The Women's Royal Naval Service was established.[183]
Born: Merle Travis, American country singer, best known for his coal mining songs "Sixteen Tons" and "Dark as a Dungeon", in Rosewood, Kentucky (d. 1983); Hou Baolin, Chinese comedian, leading xiangsheng performer in China, in Tianjin (d. 1993)

Friday, November 30, 1917

Battle of Cambrai – German forces counterattacked from the village of Bourlon along a 13 km (8 mi) line and nearly captured two British divisions.[184]
Pope Benedict released a motu proprio (signed personal document) that dissolved the "Affairs of the Oriental Rite" of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in light of the newly established Congregation for the Oriental Churches.[185]
The Vickers Vimy aircraft was first flown.[186]
Swanson Bay, British Columbia recorded 88.01 inches (2,235.5 mm) of precipitation for the month of November, which remains the highest officially recorded for one calendar month in North America.[187]
Indian physicist and biologist Jagadish Chandra Bose established the Bose Institute in Calcutta, the first and oldest research institute in India.[188]
Born: Bill Ash, American-British air force officer, known for his escapes from German POW camps Stalag Luft III and VI during World War II, in Dallas (d. 2014)
Died: José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón, Costa Rican state leader, 15th President of Costa Rica (b. 1837); William E. Chandler, American public servant, 13th United States Secretary of the Navy (b. 1835); Adolphe Lechaptois, French clergy, member of the White Fathers order and vicar of the Apostolic Vicariate of Tanganyika (now Tanzania) from 1891 to 1917 (b. 1852)

References

Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations: Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part I. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. pp. 67–70. OCLC 644354483.
Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War: Foreword by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu. No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780313315169. OCLC 43481698.
Falls 1930, p. 79
Fleming, Robert (2012). The Australian Army in World War I. Men at Arms. Oxford: Osprey. p. 7. ISBN 978-1849086325.
Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 63". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
"110 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
Terada, Hirokazu (July 2002). データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 4-87366-874-3.
Stein, Leonard (1961). The Balfour Declaration. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 664. ISBN 9789652234483.
Tuchman, Barbara (2001). Stillwell and the American Experience in China 1911-1945. Grove Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-8021-3852-7.
Stearns, Peter; Langer, William (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 669. ISBN 0-395-65237-5.
Falls 1930, p. 70-74
Erickson 2001, p. 173
Falls 1930, p. 80
Robert L. Tyler, Rebels of the Woods: The IWW in the Pacific Northwest. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon Books, 1967; pp. 101-103
Falls 1930, pp. 74
Staff, Gary. "Operation Albion". Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Conners, Michael (November 11, 2007). "The Next Page: Finding Private Enright". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. No. November 11, 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
"Cpl. James Bethel Gresham". www.usgennet.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
"Glidden Boy First American Killed In France" (PDF). The Glidden Graphic. No. November 8, 1917. November 3, 1917. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 65". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
"Historia de la Concanaco Servytur". Concanaco (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 April 2017.
The Rapallo Conference at firstworldwar.com
Erickson 2001, p. 173
Silver, Christopher (1997). "The Racial Origins of Zoning in American Cities". In Thomas, J. M.; Ritzdorf, M. (eds.). Urban Planning & the African American Community: In the Shadows. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publ. ISBN 0-8039-7233-4.
Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. pp. 324–326. OCLC 59609928. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Falls 1930, pp. 95-100
Falls 1930, pp. 101-105
"Our Campaigns - VA Governor Race - Nov 06, 1917". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
McClymer, John (1997). Bayor, Ronald H.; Meagher, Timothy J. (eds.). "Of 'Mornin Glories' and 'Fine Old Oaks': John Purroy Mitchel, Al Smith, and Reform as an Expression of Irish American Aspiration". The New York Irish. Johns Hopkins University Press: 392.
The Public, vol. 21, 1918, p. 25
"191 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Williams, Gerald W (Spring 1999). "The Spruce Production Division" (PDF). Forest History Today. The Forest History Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
"No. 30369". The London Gazette. 6 November 1917. p. 11470.
Reed, John (1997) Ten Days that Shook the World. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 217
Rabinowitch, Alexander (2004). The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. Pluto Press. pp. 273–305.
Rabinowitch 2004, pp. 273-305
Rabinowitch 2004, pp. 273-305
Soldatenko, Valeriy Fedorovich. "Ukraine a revolutionary day. Year 1917". Litrus.net (in Ukrainian). pp. 105–107. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Falls 1930, p. 110
Falls 1930, pp. 110-116
Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 137
Falls 1930, p. 115
"Suffrage Wins by 100,000 in State; Kings by 32,640". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 7, 1917. p. 1.
"Modern Ku Klux Klan Comes Into Being." Tulsa World. Nov. 10, 1917.
Chapman, Lee Roy. "The Nightmare of Dreamland." This Land Press. Published Sept. 1st, 2011. Accessed Jul. 27, 2014.
"Jasta 79". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
"No. 30374". The London Gazette. 9 November 1917. p. 11594.
Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). "Народный комиссариат почт и телеграфов РСФСР" [People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR]. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). Большой филателистический словарь [Great Philatelic Dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Leonard Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917-1922, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, pp. 54, 58, 64, 363.
D.B. Riazonov by Boris Souvarine, accessed 3 December 2008
Translation of the Fundamental Law of Land Socialization
"Kiev October Armed Uprising in 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 135
Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray. pp. 143–146. ISBN 978-0-7195-5432-2.
"Foreign Legislation-Great Britain". American Bar Association Journal. Vol. 5. Chicago: American Bar Association. 1919. p. 289.
Peeling, Siobhan. "Decree on Peace". International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
McKay, Frances. "Touring the Italian Front, 1917-1919". Retrieved 4 December 2013.
"Cadorna Removed As Head Of Italian Forces". The Washington Herald. Washington, DC. 10 November 1917. Retrieved 11 August 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Gh. Cojocaru, Itinerarul Basarabiei spre realizarea unității românești (1917-1918), in "Marea Unire din 1918 în context european". Coordonator: Ioan Scurtu. Ed. Enciclopedică, Ed. Academiei Române, București, 2003, pp. 110-111.
Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 136-137
Schneer, Jonathan (2010). The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Random House. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-4000-6532-5.
Bendazzi, Giannalberto. Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. N.p.: Indiana UP, 1995. Print.
Finkielman, Jorge. The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004. Print.
Edmonds, J. E. (1991) [1948]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June–10 November Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele). History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-0-89839-166-4.
Nicholson 1962, p. 327.
Die Kriegführung im Sommer und Herbst 1917. Die Ereignisse außerhalb der Westfront bis November 1918 [The War in Summer and Autumn, 1917. Events Beyond the Western Front until November, 1918]. Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande (in German). Vol. XIII (Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 2012 [1942]. p. 96. OCLC 257129831. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
(in Italian) XXIV Legislatura del Regno d'Italia dal 27 novembre 1913 al 29 settembre 1919, Camera dei deputati, Portale storico (retrieved 29 May 2016)
Stearns & Langer 2001, p. 669
"Kiev October Armed Uprising in 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
"Vinnytsia October Armed Uprising 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Reed 1997, p. 369
Corney, Frederick C. (2004). Telling October: memory and the making of the Bolshevik Revolution. Cornell University. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0801489318.
Reed 1997, p. 410.
Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-521-26310-7. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
"HMS M15". Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
"HMS Staunch". Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
"108 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Series "E", Volume 18-19, History of the 147th Aero Squadron. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
"Little I (Destroyer No. 79)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
"History of the newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti". Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Progressive Silent Film List: A Little Princess at silentera.com
Reed 1997, p. 410
Falls 1930, pp. 148–52
"Lineage and Honors Information: 3rd Infantry Division". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
"Army of the Ukrainian National Republic". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
"Location and History Profile: Village of Czar" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. October 14, 2016. p. 211. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
Silvestri, Mario. (2006). Caporetto, una battaglia e un enigma. Bur, Bergamo. ISBN 88-17-10711-5.
Falls 1930, pp. 159-164, 170-174>
Bruce 2002, pp. 149-151
Reed 1997, p. 410
"Kiev October Armed Uprising in 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
"Ardmore". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
USAF History Office, Brooks City-Base
"Founding of the Medical School in Zagreb". School of Medicine, University of Zagreb (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Bozier, Rolfe; et al. "Lake Cargelligo Line". NSWrail.net. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
Anonymous, Women in business, Woman's journal., 3/3 (1918), 53
Falls 1930, pp. 177-178
Berkinow, Louise. "Night of Terror Leads to Women's Vote in 1917". Our History. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
Perry, F.W. (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. pp. 30, 35. ISBN 1-871167-23-X.
"St. Paul Fighter is New Champion," New London Day, p. 10, New London, Connecticut, November 15, 1917.
"Company Profile". Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
"Declaration of the Rights of the People of Russia". Marxists.org. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
"Eduskunta". Suomi 80 (in Finnish). Tampere University. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
Toivo U. Raun (2001) Estonia and the Estonians, Hoover Press, p.100
Election held on 21 October 1917, Australian Politics and Elections Database (University of Western Australia)
Franks, et al p. 59
"Historic Buildings". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. LIV, no. 16698. 16 November 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
"Clemenceau to Form Cabinet". The New York Times. No. November 16, 1917. November 15, 1917. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Falls 1930, 177-178>
Trawick, Henry P.; Wiltering, John H. Jr. (2010). "Italian Monitor Faa di Bruno". Warship International. Toledo, OH: International Navy Research Organization. XLVII (4): 297–298. ISSN 0043-0374.
William R. Evinger: Directory of Military Bases in the U.S., Oryx Press, Phoenix, Ariz., 1991, p. 147.
Gorrell, Series "E", vol. 20
Falls 1930, pp. 188–189
Patrick Beesly (1984). Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.280.
Burt, R. A. (1986) British Battleships of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, p. 302. ISBN 0-87021-863-8
"Official account of U-boat sinking". The Christian Science Monitor. 29 December 1917. p. 1.
Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 51". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
"A history of caring". PDSA.org.uk. PDSA. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
Parque Nacional Desierto de los Leones [Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas] (s.f) Recuperado de: http://www.conanp.gob.mx/dcei/entorno/images/agos106/pdf23/barra2302.pdf Archived 2016-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
"Tale of Two Temples". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
Bruce 2002, pp. 155-56
Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 47". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 57". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
"The History of Sigma Alpha Rho". Sigma Alpha Rho. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Tucker, Spencer C. (11 November 2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 430. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Gooch, John, Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-85602-7, p. 53
Bruce 2002, p. 156
Jones, Stephen F. (2005), Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917, pp. 260-261. Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01902-4
Mawdsley, Evan (2008). The Russian Civil War. p. 27.
"Chauncey I (DD-3)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 30 June 2015.
"Reno I (Destroyer No. 303)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 February 2016.
"Wedderburn (DD-684)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 5 April 2016.
"Lineage and Honors Information: 4th Infantry Division". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
Miles, W. (1991) [1991]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). HMSO. pp. 88–93. ISBN 978-0-89839-162-6.
Bruce 2002, pp. 156-57
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001
Miles 1991, pp. 88–93.
Bruce 2002, p. 157
Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, pp. 234-235.
Bruce 2002, p. 157
Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002). Deceptions and doublecross : how the NHL conquered hockey. Dundurn Press. p. 159. ISBN 1-55002-413-2.
Miles 1991, pp. 115–126.
"International Boundary Study: Jordan – Syria Boundary" (PDF). December 30, 1969. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
Erickson 2001, p. 173
Rickard, J. "Battle of Nebi Samwil, 18-24 November 1917". History of War. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
Lecane, Philip (2005). Torpedoed. Periscope Publishing. p. 292. ISBN 1-904381-30-8.
Balousek, Marv, and Kirsch, J. Allen, 50 Wisconsin Crimes of the Century, Badger Books Inc. (1997), ISBN 1-878569-47-3, ISBN 978-1-878569-47-9, p. 113
Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 148–160. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.
Л. М Спирин (1987). Россия 1917 год: из истории борьбы политических партий. Мысль. pp. 273–328.
Richard G. Hovannisian (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. University of California Press. pp. 108, 288. ISBN 978-0-520-00574-7.
Вестник Евразии. изд-во дi-дик. 2004. p. 120.
Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p494 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
Bruce 2002, pp. 158-59
Dane, Edmund (1919). British Campaigns in Africa and the Pacific, 1914–1918. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 150. OCLC 2460289.
"Jasta 77". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Placar Guia 2011 (1350-C): 87. January 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Silvestri 2006
Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention Google Books
Johnston, W. Ross; Murphy, D. J. "Ryan, Thomas Joseph (Tom) (1876–1921)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. pp. 297–299. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
"Lineage and Honors Information: 6th Infantry Division". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey, Dundurn Press, p. 159, ISBN 1-55002-413-2
McGourty, John (November 26, 2006), NHL celebrates 90th anniversary today, National Hockey League, retrieved May 10, 2008
Hermann, Bruce J; North Island Branch Lines pp 56-58 (2007, New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society, Wellington) ISBN 978-0-908573-83-7
Janiss Garza (2016). "Silent-Man - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
"The Silent Man". afi.com. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Miles 1991, pp. 144–161.
Falls 1930, pp. 223–4
"Move Militants from Workhouse". The New York Times. November 25, 1917. p. 6.
Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. ISBN 978-0-8108-4904-4.
Pipes, Richard E. (1950). "The First Experiment in Soviet National Policy: The Bashkir Republic, 1917-1920". Russian Review. 9 (4): 303–319. doi:10.2307/125989. JSTOR 125989.
Miles 1991, pp. 162–175.
Falls 1930, p. 226
"Apapa". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
Brinton, Maurice (1970). The Bolsheviks and Workers' Control: The State and Counter Revolution. London: Solidarity.
Trimble, William F. (Summer 1986). "The Naval Aircraft Factory, the American Aviation Industry, and Government Competition, 1919-1928". Business History Review. 60 (2): 175–198. doi:10.2307/3115306. JSTOR 3115306. S2CID 154912211.
"The first 2 tombs in La Paz" (in Spanish). CCIU. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
"UB61". Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
The Warwick incident, Queensland 1917 Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Queensland State Archives
"Erwin Böhme". Theaerodrome.com. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
Kurtz, Harold (1968). "The Lansdowne Letter". History Today (18): 84.
"Foundational History". National Library of Vietnam. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
"History of the Women's Royal Naval Service". Association of WRENS. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
Sheldon, J. (2009). The German Army at Cambrai. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. pp. 255–268. ISBN 978-1-84415-944-4.
Benedict XV, Motu Proprio Dei Providentis, 1
Mason, Francis K. (1994). The British Bomber Since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. p. 95. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Weather Extremes for the Western States
"Founder, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose". Bose Institute. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations: Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part I. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. pp. 67–70. OCLC 644354483.

[2] Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War: Foreword by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu. No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780313315169. OCLC 43481698.

[3] Falls 1930, p. 79

[4] Fleming, Robert (2012). The Australian Army in World War I. Men at Arms. Oxford: Osprey. p. 7. ISBN 978-1849086325.

[5] Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 63". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.

[6] "110 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2016.

[7] Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.

[8] Terada, Hirokazu (July 2002). データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 4-87366-874-3.

[9] Stein, Leonard (1961). The Balfour Declaration. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 664. ISBN 9789652234483.

[10] Tuchman, Barbara (2001). Stillwell and the American Experience in China 1911-1945. Grove Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-8021-3852-7.

[11] Stearns, Peter; Langer, William (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 669. ISBN 0-395-65237-5.

[12] Falls 1930, p. 70-74

[13] Erickson 2001, p. 173

[14] Falls 1930, p. 80

[15] Robert L. Tyler, Rebels of the Woods: The IWW in the Pacific Northwest. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon Books, 1967; pp. 101-103

[16] Falls 1930, pp. 74

[17] Staff, Gary. "Operation Albion". Retrieved October 18, 2012.

[18] Conners, Michael (November 11, 2007). "The Next Page: Finding Private Enright". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. No. November 11, 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2017.

[19] "Cpl. James Bethel Gresham". www.usgennet.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-15.

[20] "Glidden Boy First American Killed In France" (PDF). The Glidden Graphic. No. November 8, 1917. November 3, 1917. Retrieved 9 May 2017.

[21] Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 65". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.

[22] "Historia de la Concanaco Servytur". Concanaco (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 April 2017.

[23] The Rapallo Conference at firstworldwar.com

[24] Erickson 2001, p. 173

[Silver1997-25] Silver, Christopher (1997). "The Racial Origins of Zoning in American Cities". In Thomas, J. M.; Ritzdorf, M. (eds.). Urban Planning & the African American Community: In the Shadows. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publ. ISBN 0-8039-7233-4.

[26] Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. pp. 324–326. OCLC 59609928. Retrieved 23 March 2014.

[27] Falls 1930, pp. 95-100

[28] Falls 1930, pp. 101-105

[29] "Our Campaigns - VA Governor Race - Nov 06, 1917". Retrieved April 26, 2016.

[30] McClymer, John (1997). Bayor, Ronald H.; Meagher, Timothy J. (eds.). "Of 'Mornin Glories' and 'Fine Old Oaks': John Purroy Mitchel, Al Smith, and Reform as an Expression of Irish American Aspiration". The New York Irish. Johns Hopkins University Press: 392.

[31] The Public, vol. 21, 1918, p. 25

[32] "191 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 8 November 2016.

[33] Williams, Gerald W (Spring 1999). "The Spruce Production Division" (PDF). Forest History Today. The Forest History Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2013.

[34] "No. 30369". The London Gazette. 6 November 1917. p. 11470.

[35] Reed, John (1997) Ten Days that Shook the World. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 217

[36] Rabinowitch, Alexander (2004). The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. Pluto Press. pp. 273–305.

[37] Rabinowitch 2004, pp. 273-305

[38] Rabinowitch 2004, pp. 273-305

[39] Soldatenko, Valeriy Fedorovich. "Ukraine a revolutionary day. Year 1917". Litrus.net (in Ukrainian). pp. 105–107. Retrieved 2 April 2017.

[40] Falls 1930, p. 110

[41] Falls 1930, pp. 110-116

[42] Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 137

[43] Falls 1930, p. 115

[44] "Suffrage Wins by 100,000 in State; Kings by 32,640". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 7, 1917. p. 1.

[45] "Modern Ku Klux Klan Comes Into Being." Tulsa World. Nov. 10, 1917.

[46] Chapman, Lee Roy. "The Nightmare of Dreamland." This Land Press. Published Sept. 1st, 2011. Accessed Jul. 27, 2014.

[47] "Jasta 79". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.

[48] "No. 30374". The London Gazette. 9 November 1917. p. 11594.

[49] Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А. (1988). "Народный комиссариат почт и телеграфов РСФСР" [People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR]. In Владинец, Н. И.; Якобс, В. А. (eds.). Большой филателистический словарь [Great Philatelic Dictionary] (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p. ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2015-06-08.

[50] Leonard Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917-1922, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, pp. 54, 58, 64, 363.

[51] D.B. Riazonov by Boris Souvarine, accessed 3 December 2008

[52] Translation of the Fundamental Law of Land Socialization

[53] "Kiev October Armed Uprising in 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[54] Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 135

[55] Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray. pp. 143–146. ISBN 978-0-7195-5432-2.

[56] "Foreign Legislation-Great Britain". American Bar Association Journal. Vol. 5. Chicago: American Bar Association. 1919. p. 289.

[57] Peeling, Siobhan. "Decree on Peace". International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Retrieved 28 May 2017.

[58] McKay, Frances. "Touring the Italian Front, 1917-1919". Retrieved 4 December 2013.

[59] "Cadorna Removed As Head Of Italian Forces". The Washington Herald. Washington, DC. 10 November 1917. Retrieved 11 August 2015 – via Newspapers.com.

[60] Gh. Cojocaru, Itinerarul Basarabiei spre realizarea unității românești (1917-1918), in "Marea Unire din 1918 în context european". Coordonator: Ioan Scurtu. Ed. Enciclopedică, Ed. Academiei Române, București, 2003, pp. 110-111.

[61] Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 136-137

[62] Schneer, Jonathan (2010). The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Random House. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-4000-6532-5.

[63] Bendazzi, Giannalberto. Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. N.p.: Indiana UP, 1995. Print.

[64] Finkielman, Jorge. The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004. Print.

[65] Edmonds, J. E. (1991) [1948]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June–10 November Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele). History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-0-89839-166-4.

[FOOTNOTENicholson1962327-66] Nicholson 1962, p. 327.

[67] Die Kriegführung im Sommer und Herbst 1917. Die Ereignisse außerhalb der Westfront bis November 1918 [The War in Summer and Autumn, 1917. Events Beyond the Western Front until November, 1918]. Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande (in German). Vol. XIII (Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 2012 [1942]. p. 96. OCLC 257129831. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

[68] (in Italian) XXIV Legislatura del Regno d'Italia dal 27 novembre 1913 al 29 settembre 1919, Camera dei deputati, Portale storico (retrieved 29 May 2016)

[69] Stearns & Langer 2001, p. 669

[70] "Kiev October Armed Uprising in 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[71] "Vinnytsia October Armed Uprising 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[72] Reed 1997, p. 369

[73] Corney, Frederick C. (2004). Telling October: memory and the making of the Bolshevik Revolution. Cornell University. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0801489318.

[74] Reed 1997, p. 410.

[75] Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-521-26310-7. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[76] "HMS M15". Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 December 2012.

[77] "HMS Staunch". Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 December 2012.

[78] "108 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.

[79] Series "E", Volume 18-19, History of the 147th Aero Squadron. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

[80] "Little I (Destroyer No. 79)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.

[81] "History of the newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti". Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2017.

[82] Progressive Silent Film List: A Little Princess at silentera.com

[83] Reed 1997, p. 410

[84] Falls 1930, pp. 148–52

[85] "Lineage and Honors Information: 3rd Infantry Division". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 3 November 2009.

[86] "Army of the Ukrainian National Republic". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 2007-12-20.

[87] "Location and History Profile: Village of Czar" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. October 14, 2016. p. 211. Retrieved October 17, 2016.

[88] Silvestri, Mario. (2006). Caporetto, una battaglia e un enigma. Bur, Bergamo. ISBN 88-17-10711-5.

[89] Falls 1930, pp. 159-164, 170-174>

[90] Bruce 2002, pp. 149-151

[91] Reed 1997, p. 410

[92] "Kiev October Armed Uprising in 1917". Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[93] "Ardmore". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 October 2012.

[94] USAF History Office, Brooks City-Base

[95] "Founding of the Medical School in Zagreb". School of Medicine, University of Zagreb (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 April 2017.

[96] Bozier, Rolfe; et al. "Lake Cargelligo Line". NSWrail.net. Retrieved 2007-05-07.

[97] Anonymous, Women in business, Woman's journal., 3/3 (1918), 53

[98] Falls 1930, pp. 177-178

[99] Berkinow, Louise. "Night of Terror Leads to Women's Vote in 1917". Our History. Retrieved November 12, 2014.

[100] Perry, F.W. (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. pp. 30, 35. ISBN 1-871167-23-X.

[101] "St. Paul Fighter is New Champion," New London Day, p. 10, New London, Connecticut, November 15, 1917.

[102] "Company Profile". Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

[103] "Declaration of the Rights of the People of Russia". Marxists.org. Retrieved 3 November 2017.

[104] "Eduskunta". Suomi 80 (in Finnish). Tampere University. Retrieved 20 August 2016.

[105] Toivo U. Raun (2001) Estonia and the Estonians, Hoover Press, p.100

[106] Election held on 21 October 1917, Australian Politics and Elections Database (University of Western Australia)

[107] Franks, et al p. 59

[108] "Historic Buildings". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. LIV, no. 16698. 16 November 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 3 August 2015.

[109] "Clemenceau to Form Cabinet". The New York Times. No. November 16, 1917. November 15, 1917. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

[110] Falls 1930, 177-178>

[111] Trawick, Henry P.; Wiltering, John H. Jr. (2010). "Italian Monitor Faa di Bruno". Warship International. Toledo, OH: International Navy Research Organization. XLVII (4): 297–298. ISSN 0043-0374.

[112] William R. Evinger: Directory of Military Bases in the U.S., Oryx Press, Phoenix, Ariz., 1991, p. 147.

[113] Gorrell, Series "E", vol. 20

[114] Falls 1930, pp. 188–189

[115] Patrick Beesly (1984). Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.280.

[116] Burt, R. A. (1986) British Battleships of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, p. 302. ISBN 0-87021-863-8

[117] "Official account of U-boat sinking". The Christian Science Monitor. 29 December 1917. p. 1.

[118] Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 51". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.

[119] "A history of caring". PDSA.org.uk. PDSA. Retrieved 8 April 2017.

[120] Parque Nacional Desierto de los Leones [Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas] (s.f) Recuperado de: http://www.conanp.gob.mx/dcei/entorno/images/agos106/pdf23/barra2302.pdf Archived 2016-10-01 at the Wayback Machine

[121] "Tale of Two Temples". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2010.

[122] Bruce 2002, pp. 155-56

[123] Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 47". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.

[124] Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 57". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.

[125] "The History of Sigma Alpha Rho". Sigma Alpha Rho. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[126] Tucker, Spencer C. (11 November 2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 430. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0. Retrieved 16 September 2012.

[127] Gooch, John, Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-85602-7, p. 53

[128] Bruce 2002, p. 156

[129] Jones, Stephen F. (2005), Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917, pp. 260-261. Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01902-4

[130] Mawdsley, Evan (2008). The Russian Civil War. p. 27.

[131] "Chauncey I (DD-3)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 30 June 2015.

[132] "Reno I (Destroyer No. 303)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 February 2016.

[133] "Wedderburn (DD-684)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 5 April 2016.

[134] "Lineage and Honors Information: 4th Infantry Division". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 3 November 2009.

[135] Miles, W. (1991) [1991]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). HMSO. pp. 88–93. ISBN 978-0-89839-162-6.

[136] Bruce 2002, pp. 156-57

[137] Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001

[FOOTNOTEMiles199188–93-138] Miles 1991, pp. 88–93.

[139] Bruce 2002, p. 157

[140] Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, pp. 234-235.

[141] Bruce 2002, p. 157

[142] Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002). Deceptions and doublecross : how the NHL conquered hockey. Dundurn Press. p. 159. ISBN 1-55002-413-2.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1991115–126-143] Miles 1991, pp. 115–126.

[144] "International Boundary Study: Jordan – Syria Boundary" (PDF). December 30, 1969. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2011-03-04.

[145] Erickson 2001, p. 173

[146] Rickard, J. "Battle of Nebi Samwil, 18-24 November 1917". History of War. Retrieved 17 February 2012.

[147] Lecane, Philip (2005). Torpedoed. Periscope Publishing. p. 292. ISBN 1-904381-30-8.

[148] Balousek, Marv, and Kirsch, J. Allen, 50 Wisconsin Crimes of the Century, Badger Books Inc. (1997), ISBN 1-878569-47-3, ISBN 978-1-878569-47-9, p. 113

[149] Oliver Henry Radkey (1989). Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917. Cornell University Press. p. 148–160. ISBN 978-0-8014-2360-4.

[150] Л. М Спирин (1987). Россия 1917 год: из истории борьбы политических партий. Мысль. pp. 273–328.

[151] Richard G. Hovannisian (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. University of California Press. pp. 108, 288. ISBN 978-0-520-00574-7.

[152] Вестник Евразии. изд-во дi-дик. 2004. p. 120.

[153] Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p494 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3

[154] Bruce 2002, pp. 158-59

[155] Dane, Edmund (1919). British Campaigns in Africa and the Pacific, 1914–1918. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 150. OCLC 2460289.

[156] "Jasta 77". The Aerodrome. 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.

[157] Placar Guia 2011 (1350-C): 87. January 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)

[158] Silvestri 2006

[159] Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention Google Books

[160] Johnston, W. Ross; Murphy, D. J. "Ryan, Thomas Joseph (Tom) (1876–1921)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. pp. 297–299. Retrieved 26 October 2016.

[161] "Lineage and Honors Information: 6th Infantry Division". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 3 November 2009.

[162] Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey, Dundurn Press, p. 159, ISBN 1-55002-413-2

[163] McGourty, John (November 26, 2006), NHL celebrates 90th anniversary today, National Hockey League, retrieved May 10, 2008

[164] Hermann, Bruce J; North Island Branch Lines pp 56-58 (2007, New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society, Wellington) ISBN 978-0-908573-83-7

[165] Janiss Garza (2016). "Silent-Man - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2015.

[166] "The Silent Man". afi.com. Retrieved 17 January 2015.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1991144–161-167] Miles 1991, pp. 144–161.

[168] Falls 1930, pp. 223–4

[169] "Move Militants from Workhouse". The New York Times. November 25, 1917. p. 6.

[170] Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. ISBN 978-0-8108-4904-4.

[171] Pipes, Richard E. (1950). "The First Experiment in Soviet National Policy: The Bashkir Republic, 1917-1920". Russian Review. 9 (4): 303–319. doi:10.2307/125989. JSTOR 125989.

[FOOTNOTEMiles1991162–175-172] Miles 1991, pp. 162–175.

[173] Falls 1930, p. 226

[174] "Apapa". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 October 2012.

[175] Brinton, Maurice (1970). The Bolsheviks and Workers' Control: The State and Counter Revolution. London: Solidarity.

[176] Trimble, William F. (Summer 1986). "The Naval Aircraft Factory, the American Aviation Industry, and Government Competition, 1919-1928". Business History Review. 60 (2): 175–198. doi:10.2307/3115306. JSTOR 3115306. S2CID 154912211.

[177] "The first 2 tombs in La Paz" (in Spanish). CCIU. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

[178] "UB61". Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 November 2012.

[179] The Warwick incident, Queensland 1917 Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Queensland State Archives

[180] "Erwin Böhme". Theaerodrome.com. Retrieved 2010-09-02.

[181] Kurtz, Harold (1968). "The Lansdowne Letter". History Today (18): 84.

[182] "Foundational History". National Library of Vietnam. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

[183] "History of the Women's Royal Naval Service". Association of WRENS. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2010-10-21.

[184] Sheldon, J. (2009). The German Army at Cambrai. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. pp. 255–268. ISBN 978-1-84415-944-4.

[185] Benedict XV, Motu Proprio Dei Providentis, 1

[186] Mason, Francis K. (1994). The British Bomber Since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. p. 95. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.

[187] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Weather Extremes for the Western States

[188] "Founder, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose". Bose Institute. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

Events by month
1921	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1920	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1919	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1918	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1917	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1916	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1915	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1914	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1913	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1912	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec