List of countries by income equality

This is a list of countries or dependencies by income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 1 corresponds with perfect inequality (where one person has all the income—and everyone else has no income).

World map of income inequality Gini coefficients by country. Based on World Bank data ranging from 1992 to 2020.[1]

Above 50%
Between 45% and 50%
Between 40% and 45%
Between 35% and 40%
Between 30% and 35%
Below 30%
No data

Income distribution can vary greatly from wealth distribution in a country (see List of countries by wealth inequality). Income from black market economic activity is not included and is the subject of current economic research.[2][3]

UN, World Bank and CIA list – income ratios and Gini indices

Row numbers are static. Other columns are sortable. This allows ranking of any column.

Key:

R/P 10%: The ratio of the average income of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%.
R/P 20%: The ratio of the average income of the richest 20% to the poorest 20%.
Gini: Gini index, a quantified representation of a nation's Lorenz curve. A Gini index of 0% expresses perfect equality, while index of 100% expresses maximal inequality.
UN: Data from the United Nations Development Programme.
CIA: Data from the Central Intelligence Agency's The World Factbook.

Country	Subregion	Region	UN R/P		CIA R/P[4]		Gini[5][6]
Country	Subregion	Region	10%[4]	20%[7]	10%	Year	%	Year

Albania	Southern Europe	Europe	7.2	4.2	7.2	2004	30.8	2019
Algeria	Northern Africa	Africa	9.6	4.0	9.6	1995	27.6	2011
Angola	Middle Africa	Africa		9.0			51.3	2018
Argentina	South America	Americas	31.6	8.8	35.0	2007	42.3	2020
Armenia	Western Asia	Asia	8.0	5.0	25.8	2004	25.2	2020
Australia	Australia, New Zealand	Oceania	12.5	6.3	12.7	1994	34.3	2018
Austria	Western Europe	Europe	6.9	4.9	6.8	2004	26.7	2021
Azerbaijan	Western Asia	Asia	9.7		9.5	2001	33.7	2008
Bangladesh	Southern Asia	Asia	7.5	4.8	7.5	2000	49.9	2022
Belarus	Eastern Europe	Europe	6.9	3.6	6.9	2002	24.4	2020
Belgium	Western Europe	Europe	8.2	4.2	8.3	2000	24.9	2022
Belize	Central America	Americas	28.8		19.9	2013	49.8	2014
Benin	Western Africa	Africa	9.4	16.3	9.4	2003	37.8	2018
Bhutan	Southern Asia	Asia		6.6			37.4	2017
Bolivia	South America	Americas	93.9	11.8	157.3	2002	43.6	2020
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Southern Europe	Europe	5.4	5.4	5.5	2001	32.7	2015
Botswana	Southern Africa	Africa	43.0	15.0			53.3	2015
Brazil	South America	Americas	16.5	21.1	16.3	2013	48.9	2020
Bulgaria	Eastern Europe	Europe	7.0	7.3	8.8	2005	40.3	2019
Burkina Faso	Western Africa	Africa	11.6	5.3	11.5	2003	38.9	2020
Burundi	Eastern Africa	Africa	19.3	6.7	19.3	1998	38.6	2013
Cambodia	South-eastern Asia	Asia	12.2		12.0	2004	36	2013
Cameroon	Middle Africa	Africa	15.7	11.5	15.4	2001	46.6	2014
Canada	Northern America	Americas	9.4	6.2	9.5	2000	30.3	2018
Cape Verde	Western Africa	Africa		10.7			42.4	2015
Central African Republic	Middle Africa	Africa	69.2	18.5	68.1	1993	56.2	2008
Chad	Middle Africa	Africa		10.0			37.5	2018
Chile	South America	Americas	26.2	11.2	32.1	2003	46	2021
China	Eastern Asia	Asia	21.6	10.2	21.8	2004	38.2	2019
Colombia	South America	Americas	60.4	13.4	56.3	2008	54.2	2020
Comoros	Eastern Africa	Africa		11.2			45.3	2014
DR Congo	Middle Africa	Africa		8.8			42.1	2012
Congo	Middle Africa	Africa		12.8			48.9	2011
Costa Rica	Central America	Americas	23.4	12.3	37.3	2003	49.3	2020
Ivory Coast	Western Africa	Africa	16.6	8.4	17.0	2002	37.2	2018
Croatia	Southern Europe	Europe	7.3	5.3	7.2	2003	28.9	2019
Cyprus	Western Asia	Asia		5.3			29.4	2021
Czech Republic	Eastern Europe	Europe	5.2	3.7	5.2	1996	24.1	2020
Denmark	Northern Europe	Europe	8.1	4.0	12.0	2000	27.0	2020
Djibouti	Eastern Africa	Africa		8.8			41.6	2017
Dominican Republic	Caribbean	Americas	25.3	10.5	18.8	2012	39.6	2020
Ecuador	South America	Americas	35.2	10.7	17.5	2006	47.3	2020
Egypt	Northern Africa	Africa	8.0	4.6	8.0	2000	31.5	2017
El Salvador	Central America	Americas	38.6	7.0	55.4	2002	38.8	2019
Estonia	Northern Europe	Europe	10.8	5.4	11.0	2003	30.6	2021
Eswatini	Southern Africa	Africa	25.1	14.2	25.4	2001	54.6	2016
Ethiopia	Eastern Africa	Africa	6.6	7.1	6.5	2000	35.0	2015
European Union	Europe				8.6	2015	30.6	2012
Faroe Islands	Northern Europe	Europe					22.71	2018
Fiji	Melanesia	Oceania		6.0			30.7	2019
Finland	Northern Europe	Europe	5.6	3.9	5.7	2000	25.7	2021
France	Western Europe	Europe	9.1	5.2	8.3	2004	29.3	2020
Gabon	Middle Africa	Africa		7.4			38.0	2017
Gambia	Western Africa	Africa	20.2	5.9	20.6	1998	35.9	2015
Georgia	Western Asia	Asia	15.4	7.1	15.2	2003	34.3	2021
Germany	Western Europe	Europe	6.9	5.1	6.9	2000	29.7	2017
Ghana	Western Africa	Africa	14.1	10.3	13.7	1999	43.5	2016
Greece	Southern Europe	Europe	10.2	7.1	10.4	2000	33.1	2019
Guatemala	Central America	Americas	33.9	11.9	48.2	2002	48.3	2014
Guinea	Western Africa	Africa	10.5	5.5	21.6	2006	29.6	2018
Guinea-Bissau	Western Africa	Africa	19.0	12.6	84.8	1991	34.8	2018
Guyana	South America	Americas			26.0	1999	44.6	2007
Haiti	Caribbean	Americas	54.4	8.6	68.1	2001	41.1	2012
Honduras	Central America	Americas	59.4	17.1	35.2	2003	48.2	2019
Hong Kong	Eastern Asia	Asia	17.8				53.9	2016
Hungary	Eastern Europe	Europe	5.5	4.9	5.6	2002	28.3	2020
Iceland	Northern Europe	Europe		4.0			23.2	2018
India	Southern Asia	Asia	8.6	5.5	8.6	2004	35.7	2011
Indonesia	South-eastern Asia	Asia	7.8	6.6	7.9	2002	37.9	2022
Iran	Southern Asia	Asia	17.2	7.7	16.9	1998	40.9	2019
Iraq	Western Asia	Asia		4.4			29.5	2012
Ireland	Northern Europe	Europe	9.4	5.0	9.4	2000	26.9	2021
Israel	Western Asia	Asia	13.4	8.5	11.8	2005	38.6	2018
Italy	Southern Europe	Europe	11.6	7.0	11.7	2000	35.2	2018
Jamaica	Caribbean	Americas	17.3		17.0	2004	35.0	2016
Japan	Eastern Asia	Asia	4.5	5.4	4.5	1993	33.4	2018
Jordan	Western Asia	Asia	11.3	5.2	11.3	2003	35.4	2011
Kazakhstan	Central Asia	Asia	8.5	3.8	8.0	2004	27.8	2018
Kenya	Eastern Africa	Africa	13.6	7.7	18.6	2000	40.8	2015
South Korea	Eastern Asia	Asia	7.8	5.3	5.9	2011	34.5	2018
Kosovo	Eastern Europe	Europe					29.0	2017
Kyrgyzstan	Central Asia	Asia	6.4	3.8	6.4	2003	29.0	2020
Laos	South-eastern Asia	Asia	8.3	5.9	8.4	2002	38.8	2018
Latvia	Northern Europe	Europe	11.6	5.8	11.6	2003	35.7	2021
Lebanon	Western Asia	Asia		5.1			31.8	2011
Lesotho	Southern Africa	Africa	39.8	20.8	48.2	2002	44.9	2017
Liberia	Western Africa	Africa	12.8	5.9			35.3	2016
Lithuania	Northern Europe	Europe	10.4	7.2	10.3	2003	35.1	2020
Luxembourg	Western Europe	Europe		5.7	6.8	2000	34.2	2019
Macau	Eastern Asia	Asia					36.0	2018
North Macedonia	Southern Europe	Europe	12.5	7.3	12.3	2003	30.7	2019
Madagascar	Eastern Africa	Africa	19.2	8.7	19.3	2001	42.6	2012
Malawi	Eastern Africa	Africa	10.9	8.1	11.0	2004	38.5	2019
Malaysia	South-eastern Asia	Asia	22.1	8.2	28.0	2003	41.2	2018
Maldives	Southern Asia	Asia		7.0			29.3	2019
Mali	Western Africa	Africa	12.5	5.2	12.6	2001	36.1	2018
Malta	Southern Europe	Europe		4.5			31.0	2019
Mauritania	Western Africa	Africa	12.0	5.4	11.8	2000	32.6	2014
Mauritius	Eastern Africa	Africa		5.9			36.8	2017
Mexico	Central America	Americas	21.6	8.8	24.6	2004	45.4	2020
Micronesia	Micronesia	Oceania		8.4			40.1	2013
Moldova	Eastern Europe	Europe	8.2	3.6	8.3	2003	26.0	2019
Mongolia	Eastern Asia	Asia	8.2	5.1	8.2	2002	32.7	2018
Montenegro	Southern Europe	Europe		4.8			32.9	2020
Morocco	Northern Africa	Africa	11.7	7.0	11.9	1999	39.5	2013
Mozambique	Eastern Africa	Africa	18.8	14.2	18.8	2002	54.0	2014
Myanmar	South-eastern Asia	Asia		6.3	11.6	1998	30.7	2017
Namibia	Southern Africa	Africa	106.6	22.8	129.0	2003	59.1	2015
Nepal	Southern Asia	Asia	15.8	5.0	15.6	2004	32.8	2010
Netherlands	Western Europe	Europe	9.2	4.2	9.2	1999	26.4	2021
New Zealand	Australia, New Zealand	Oceania	12.4				33.9	2019
Nicaragua	Central America	Americas	31.0	10.2	15.4	2001	46.2	2014
Niger	Western Africa	Africa	46.0	5.4	44.3	1995	37.3	2018
Nigeria	Western Africa	Africa	17.8	9.1	17.5	2003	35.1	2018
Norway	Northern Europe	Europe	6.1	4.1	6.0	2000	25.3	2020
Pakistan	Southern Asia	Asia	6.5	4.8	6.6	2002	29.6	2018
Panama	Central America	Americas	49.9	15.9	61.4	2003	49.8	2019
Papua New Guinea	Melanesia	Oceania	23.8	9.3	23.8	1996	41.9	2009
Paraguay	South America	Americas	38.8	11.7	65.9	2003	43.5	2020
Peru	South America	Americas	26.1	10.3	31.5	2003	43.8	2020
Philippines	South-eastern Asia	Asia	15.5	7.2	15.5	2003	41.2	2021
Poland	Eastern Europe	Europe	8.8	4.6	8.7	2002	27.2	2020
Portugal	Southern Europe	Europe	15.0	6.4	9.2	1995	31.2	2020
Qatar	Western Asia	Asia					41.1	2007
Romania	Eastern Europe	Europe	7.5	8.0	7.4	2003	34.8	2019
Russia	Eastern Europe	Europe	12.7	6.6	12.8	2002	36.0	2020
Rwanda	Eastern Africa	Africa	18.6	8.5	18.2	2000	43.7	2016
São Tomé and Príncipe	Middle Africa	Africa		4.7			40.7	2017
Saudi Arabia	Western Asia	Asia					45.9	2013
Senegal	Western Africa	Africa	12.3	7.7	12.4	2001	38.1	2018
Serbia	Southern Europe	Europe		4.2			34.5	2019
Seychelles	Eastern Africa	Africa		9.8			32.1	2018
Sierra Leone	Western Africa	Africa	87.2	5.4	87.2	1989	35.7	2018
Singapore	South-eastern Asia	Asia	17.7		17.3	1998	45.9	2017
Slovakia	Eastern Europe	Europe	6.7	4.1	6.7	1996	23.2	2019
Slovenia	Southern Europe	Europe	5.9	3.7	5.9	1998	23.5	2020
Somalia	Eastern Africa	Africa					36.8	2017
South Africa	Southern Africa	Africa	33.1	28.4	31.9	2000	63.0	2014
South Sudan	Eastern Africa	Africa		13.0			44.1	2016
Spain	Southern Europe	Europe	10.3	7.3	10.2	2000	33.0	2021[8]
Sri Lanka	Southern Asia	Asia	11.1	6.8	36.1	2003	39.3	2016
Saint Lucia	Caribbean	Americas		6.8			51.2	2016
Sudan	Northern Africa	Africa		6.2			34.2	2014
Suriname	South America	Americas					57.9	1999
Sweden	Northern Europe	Europe	6.2	4.6	6.2	2000	26.8	2021
Switzerland	Western Europe	Europe	9.0	5.2	8.9	2000	33.1	2018
Syria	Western Asia	Asia					55.8	2014
Taiwan	Eastern Asia	Asia			6.1	2002	34.1	2017
Tajikistan	Central Asia	Asia	7.8	5.6	7.8	2003	34.0	2015
Tanzania	Eastern Africa	Africa	9.2	6.2	9.3	2000	40.5	2018
Thailand	South-eastern Asia	Asia	12.6	6.0	12.4	2002	35.0	2020
East Timor	South-eastern Asia	Asia		4.1			28.7	2014
Togo	Western Africa	Africa		9.7			42.4	2018
Trinidad and Tobago	Caribbean	Americas	12.9				39.0	2012
Tunisia	Northern Africa	Africa	13.4	5.2	13.7	2000	35.8	2018
Turkey	Western Asia	Asia	6.6	8.5	17.1	2003	41.9	2019
Turkmenistan	Central Asia	Asia	12.3		12.2	1998	40.8	1998
Uganda	Eastern Africa	Africa	16.6	8.2	16.4	2002	42.7	2019
Ukraine	Eastern Europe	Europe	5.9	3.5	7.6	2006	25.6	2020
United Arab Emirates	Western Asia	Asia					26.0	2018
United Kingdom	Northern Europe	Europe	13.8	5.4	13.6	1999	36.6	2019
United States	Northern America	Americas	18.5	9.4	14.0	2014	39.4	2020
Uruguay	South America	Americas	11.8	7.8	17.9	2003	31.1	2022
Uzbekistan	Central Asia	Asia	10.6		10.6	2003	36.7	2013
Venezuela	South America	Americas	18.8	15.8	50.3	2003	44.8	2013
Vietnam	South-eastern Asia	Asia	6.9	6.2	10.0	2004	35.7	2018
Yemen	Western Asia	Asia	8.6	6.1	8.6	2003	36.7	2014
Zambia	Eastern Africa	Africa		21.1			57.1	2015
Zimbabwe	Eastern Africa	Africa		8.6			50.3	2019
World					38.0	2007

EU27 countries

Member state	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Member state
Austria	27.4	27.6	27.0	27.6	27.2	27.2	27.9	26.8	27.5	27.0	26.7	27.8
Belgium	26.3	26.5	25.9	25.9	26.2	26.3	26.1	25.7	25.1	25.4	24.1	24.9
Bulgaria	35.0	33.6	35.4	35.4	37.0	37.7	40.2	39.6	40.8	40.0	39.7	38.4
Croatia	31.2	30.9	30.9	30.2	30.4	29.8	29.9	29.7	29.2	28.3	29.2	28.5
Cyprus	29.2	31.0	32.4	34.8	33.6	32.1	30.8	29.1	31.1	29.3	29.4
Czech Republic	25.2	24.9	24.6	25.1	25.0	25.1	24.5	24.0	24.0	24.2	24.9	24.8
Denmark	26.6	26.5	26.8	27.7	27.4	27.7	27.6	27.8	27.5	27.3	27.0
Estonia	31.9	32.5	32.9	35.6	34.8	32.7	31.6	30.6	30.5	30.5	30.6	31.9
Finland	25.8	25.9	25.4	25.6	25.2	25.4	25.3	25.9	26.2	26.5	25.7	26.6
France	30.8	30.5	30.1	29.2	29.2	29.3	28.8	28.5	29.2	29.2	29.3
Germany	29.0	28.3	29.7	30.7	30.1	29.5	29.1	31.1	29.7	30.5	31.2	28.8
Greece	33.5	34.3	34.4	34.5	34.2	34.3	33.4	32.3	31.0	31.4	32.4	31.4
Hungary	26.9	27.2	28.3	28.6	28.2	28.2	28.1	28.7	28.0	28.0	27.6	27.4
Ireland	29.8	30.4	30.7	31.1	29.7	29.6	30.6	28.9	28.3	28.3	26.9
Italy	32.5	32.4	32.8	32.4	32.4	33.1	32.7	33.4	32.8	32.5	32.9
Latvia	35.1	35.7	35.2	35.5	35.4	34.5	34.5	35.6	35.2	34.5	35.7	34.3
Lithuania	33.0	32.0	34.6	35.0	37.9	37.0	37.6	36.9	35.4	35.1	35.4
Luxembourg	27.2	28.0	30.4	28.7	28.5	29.6	29.2	31.3	32.3	31.2	29.6
Malta	27.2	27.1	28.0	27.7	28.1	28.6	28.2	28.7	28.0	30.3	31.2
Netherlands	25.8	25.4	25.1	26.2	26.7	26.9	27.1	27.4	26.8	28.2	26.4	26.3
Poland	31.1	30.9	30.7	30.8	30.6	29.8	29.2	27.8	28.5	27.2	26.8	26.3
Portugal	34.2	34.5	34.2	34.5	34.0	33.9	33.5	32.1	31.9	31.2	33.0
Romania	33.5	34.0	34.6	35.0	37.4	34.7	33.1	35.1	34.8	33.8	34.3
Slovakia	25.7	25.3	24.2	26.1	23.7	24.3	23.2	20.9	22.8	20.9	21.8
Slovenia	23.8	23.7	24.4	25.0	24.5	24.4	23.7	23.4	23.9	23.5	23.0
Spain	34.0	34.2	33.7	34.7	34.6	34.5	34.1	33.2	33.0	32.1	33.0	32.0
Sweden	26.0	26.0	26.0	26.9	26.7	27.6	28.0	27.0	27.6	26.9	26.8
Serbia[n 1]	—	—	38.0	38.3	40.0	39.8	37.8	35.6	33.3	33.3	33.3
Montenegro[n 2][9]	—	—	38.5	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.7	34.7	34.1	32.9
European Union	30.5	30.4	30.6	30.9	30.8	30.6	30.3	30.4	30.2	30.0	30.1
Eurozone (EA19)	30.6	30.5	30.7	31.0	30.7	30.7	30.4	30.6	30.2	30.3	30.5

Note: Pink-coloured cells indicate a break in the time series. Blue-coloured cells indicate estimated values.

Source: Eurostat, “Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey” [10]

OECD countries

Gini coefficient, before taxes and transfers

Country	Gini	Year
Country
Australia	0.441	2020
Austria	0.486	2019
Belgium	0.489	2019
Canada	0.438	2020
Chile	0.495	2017
Costa Rica	0.551	2021
Czech Republic	0.432	2019
Denmark	0.445	2019
Estonia	0.465	2019
Finland	0.516	2020
France	0.519	2019
Germany	0.497	2019
Greece	0.525	2019
Hungary	0.463	2019
Iceland	0.369	2017
Ireland	0.520	2018
Israel	0.449	2019
Italy	0.511	2018
Japan	0.501	2018
Latvia	0.483	2020
Lithuania	0.495	2019
Luxembourg	0.490	2019
Mexico	0.435	2020
Netherlands	0.453	2020
New Zealand	0.454	2020
Norway	0.436	2020
Poland	0.452	2018
Portugal	0.511	2019
Slovakia	0.383	2019
Slovenia	0.444	2019
South Korea	0.405	2020
Spain	0.491	2019
Sweden	0.433	2020
Switzerland	0.402	2019
Turkey	0.502	2019
United Kingdom	0.507	2020
United States	0.517	2021

Source:[11]

Gini coefficient, after taxes and transfers

Country	Gini	Year
Country
Australia	0.318	2020
Austria	0.274	2019
Belgium	0.262	2019
Canada	0.280	2020
Chile	0.460	2017
Costa Rica	0.487	2021
Czech Republic	0.248	2019
Denmark	0.268	2019
Estonia	0.305	2019
Finland	0.265	2020
France	0.292	2019
Germany	0.296	2019
Greece	0.308	2019
Hungary	0.286	2019
Iceland	0.250	2017
Ireland	0.292	2018
Israel	0.342	2019
Italy	0.330	2018
Japan	0.334	2018
Latvia	0.355	2020
Lithuania	0.357	2019
Luxembourg	0.305	2019
Mexico	0.420	2020
Netherlands	0.304	2020
New Zealand	0.320	2020
Norway	0.263	2020
Poland	0.281	2018
Portugal	0.310	2019
Slovakia	0.222	2019
Slovenia	0.246	2019
South Korea	0.331	2020
Spain	0.320	2019
Sweden	0.276	2020
Switzerland	0.316	2019
Turkey	0.415	2019
United Kingdom	0.355	2020
United States	0.375	2021

Source:[12]

Notes

Serbia is a negotiating candidate to the EU.
Montenegro is a negotiating candidate to the EU.

References

"Gini index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
Underground economy and income inequality: two connected aspects in the oncoming context of Italian federalism Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. By Iacopo Odoardi and Carmen Pagliari. Vol. 15 No. 1, 2011 Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Global & Local Economic Review.
The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003. December 2004. By Friedrich Schneider (University of Linz and IZA Bonn). Institute for the Study of Labor.
Monino, Jean-Louis; Sedkaoui, Soraya (2016-03-11). Data Development Mechanisms. pp. 43–72. doi:10.1002/9781119285199.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-28519-9. Retrieved 2021-06-26. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
"GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
"Human Development Reports". UNDP. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
GINI Index for Montenegro (Report). 18 January 2018.
"Statistics | Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
"Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (market income, before taxes and transfers)
"Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (disposable income, post taxes and transfers)

External links

Global Peace Index Map of Gini data for 2007–2010
Shadow economies all over the world : new estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007. Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn, Claudio E. Montenegro. July 2010. World Bank.
Allianz Global Wealth Report 2018.

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[9] Serbia is a negotiating candidate to the EU.

[10] Montenegro is a negotiating candidate to the EU.

[1] "Gini index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.

[Italy-2] Underground economy and income inequality: two connected aspects in the oncoming context of Italian federalism Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. By Iacopo Odoardi and Carmen Pagliari. Vol. 15 No. 1, 2011 Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Global & Local Economic Review.

[shadow_economy-3] The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003. December 2004. By Friedrich Schneider (University of Linz and IZA Bonn). Institute for the Study of Labor.

[Data_for_urban_households_only-4] Monino, Jean-Louis; Sedkaoui, Soraya (2016-03-11). Data Development Mechanisms. pp. 43–72. doi:10.1002/9781119285199.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-28519-9. Retrieved 2021-06-26. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[5] "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 30 March 2020.

[6] "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-24.

[7] "Human Development Reports". UNDP. Retrieved 2019-03-04.

[8] "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 7 August 2022.

[11] GINI Index for Montenegro (Report). 18 January 2018.

[12] "Statistics | Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-09-06.

[13] "Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (market income, before taxes and transfers)

[14] "Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (disposable income, post taxes and transfers)

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