List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire

This is a list of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.

The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force.[1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.

The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery.[2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."[3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army.[4][5]

The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.

Rise (1299–1453)

  Ottoman victory
  Ottoman defeat
  Another result
Date Conflict Ottomans (and allies) Opposition Result
1285 Siege of Kulaca Hisar Kayı tribe  Byzantine Empire Victory[6][7]
  • Osman Gazi conquers the Byzantine castle of Kulaca Hisar.
1302 Battle of Bapheus and Battle of Dimbos Kayı tribe

 Ottoman Empire

 Byzantine Empire Victory
  • Kayi tribe transitions into Ottoman Empire.[8]
  • Byzantium loses control over Bithynia[9] and allows gradual Ottoman expansion into Byzantine controlled Asia Minor
1317/1320–1326 Siege of Bursa  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
  • Ottomans become the major power in Asia Minor[10]
1328–1331 Siege of Nicaea  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
1337 Siege of Nicomedia  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
  • The fall of Nicomedia enabled Orhan to overrun Bithynia and extend Ottoman rule to the eastern shore of the Bosporus. Apart from Constantinople and some territory in Greece, mainly the Peloponnese, the Byzantines were left with an empire in name only.
1345–47 Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347  Ottoman Empire (1345–1347)
Byzantine Empire John VI Kantakouzenos
Serbian Empire Serbia (1342–1343)
Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345)
  Beylik of Saruhan
Byzantine Empire John V Palaiologos
Byzantine Empire Anna of Savoy
Byzantine Empire John XIV Kalekas
Byzantine Empire Alexios Apokaukos
  Zealots of Thessalonica
Serbian Empire Serbia (1343–1347)
Second Bulgarian Empire
Principality of Karvuna
Victory
1352–57 Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357  Ottoman Empire (1345–1347)
Byzantine Empire John VI Kantakouzenos
Serbian Empire Serbia (1342–1343)
Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345)
  Beylik of Saruhan
Byzantine Empire John V Palaiologos
Byzantine Empire Anna of Savoy
Byzantine Empire John XIV Kalekas
Byzantine Empire Alexios Apokaukos
  Zealots of Thessalonica
Serbian Empire Serbia (1343–1347)
Second Bulgarian Empire
Principality of Karvuna
Partial Defeat
1354 Fall of Gallipoli  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
1355 Battle of Ihtiman  Ottoman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Partial Defeat
  • Heavy losses stall Ottoman advance on Bulgarian capital of Sofia, however Ottomans are able to inflict a crushing blow on Bulgarian.
1362 or 1369 Ottoman conquest of Adrianople  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
  • Adrianople becomes the New Capital of the Ottoman Empire
1364 Battle of Sırpsındığı  Ottoman Empire  Serbian Empire
Second Bulgarian Empire
Wallachia
Banate of Bosnia
Kingdom of Hungary
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Adrianople and make it new capital
1366–1526 Ottoman-Hungarian wars  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary

European allies:

Victory
1371 Battle of Samokov  Ottoman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire
Moravian Serbia
Victory
1371 Battle of Maritsa  Ottoman Empire  Serbian Empire Victory[31]
1371 Byzantine civil war of 1373–79 Byzantine Empire John V Palaiologos
 Ottoman Empire
Republic of Venice
Byzantine Empire Andronikos IV Palaiologos
Ottoman Empire Savci Bey
Republic of Genoa
Victory
  • Byzantine Empire cedes Gallipoli to Ottomans[32] and essentially become Ottoman vassals
1382–1393 Ottoman Conquest of Bulgaria  Ottoman Empire Bulgarian Empire Victory
1385 Battle of Savra  Ottoman Empire
Albanian Thopia family
Principality of Zeta Victory
  • Since the Ottomans were victorious, most of the local Serbian and Albanian lords became vassals.[34] Immediately after this battle Thopia recaptured Durrës,[35] probably under the Ottoman suzerainty.[36] The Ottomans captured Krujë, Berat, and Ulcinj and soon retreated from them keeping only Kastoria under their permanent control.[37][38]
1388 Battle of Bileća  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Bosnia Defeat
1388 Battle of Kosovo (1389)  Ottoman Empire  Moravian Serbia
District of Branković
Kingdom of Bosnia
Knights Hospitaller
Unknown Result
Some sources claim Tactically Inconclusive[39][40][41][42][43][44] whereas some claim Victory[45][46][47][48]
  • Heavy losses on both sides devastate less numerous Serbs, while Ottomans are able to bring troops from the east.
  • Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar are killed and Bayezid I becomes new sultan.[49]
  • Serbian lords eventually became vassals of the Ottomans[50]
1390 Fall of Philadelphia  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
  • In 1390, Sultan Bayezid summoned the co-emperors of Byzantium, John VII and Manuel II and ordered them to accompany the besieging Turkish force to Philadelphia. The co-emperors submitted to the degradation, and Philadelphia surrendered when it saw the imperial banner hoisted among the horse-tails of the Turkish pashas above the camp of the besiegers. The humiliation of the empire could go no further than when the heir of Justinian and Basil Bulgaroktonos took the field at the behest of a Turkish Emir, in order to extinguish the last relics of freedom in his own country.
1392 Battle of Kırkdilim  Ottoman Empire Kadi Burhan al-Din Defeat
  • Bayezid planned to renew his expedition against Burhan al-Din in spring; Venetian informants reported that he planned to subdue Sinop, with Manuel II serving as the commander of the expedition's naval element. This moved the Republic to mobilize its own fleet, and attempt to form a Christian league against the Ottoman designs.[51] In May, however, the King of Hungary, Sigismund, invaded Ottoman territories in the Balkans, and a series of isolated reports and documents suggest that Bayezid campaigned in Serbia during 1392. According to Zachariadou, this strongly suggests that Bayezid called off his Anatolian campaign of that year.[52] In 1393, Bayezid himself visited Amasya, where he received the submission of the local Turcoman rulers: the Taşanoğlu of Merzifon, the Tacettinoğlu, and the ruler of Bafra.[53]
1394–1395 Bayezid's Campaign against Wallachia  Ottoman Empire  Wallachia Tactical Defeat[54][55][56][57]
1394–1395 Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire
Crusade of Nicopolis
 Kingdom of France
Siege pulled[58][59]
1396 Crusade of Nicopolis  Ottoman Empire Holy Roman Empire

 Kingdom of France

Kingdom of Hungary

Principality of Wallachia[62]
Knights Hospitaller
 Republic of Venice
 Republic of Genoa
Second Bulgarian Empire[63]
Kingdom of Poland
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
 Teutonic Knights
Byzantine Empire

Victory
  • Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s
  • Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe
  • Collapse of Second Bulgarian Empire
1402 Battle of Ankara  Ottoman Empire  Timurid Empire Defeat
  • Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman Empire without a sultan
  • Ottoman Interregnum begins
  • Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
1402–1413 Ottoman Interregnum Ottoman Empire Mehmed Çelebi
Serbian Despotate
Ottoman Empire İsa Çelebi

Ottoman Empire Süleyman Çelebi


Ottoman Empire Musa Çelebi
Wallachia Wallachia

Mehmed Victory
  • Mehmed Çelebi becomes Mehmed I
  • Ottoman Empire is re-united
1402 Battle of Tripolje  Ottoman Empire
District of Branković
Serbian Despotate Defeat
  • The two sides clashed on 21 November 1402, at Tripolje, near the Gračanica Monastery.[a] The date of the battle coincided with the Presentation of Mary.[64] Lazarević divided his army into two groups. Constantine of Kostenets, Lazarević's biographer (ca. 1431), wrote that the army was divided between the two brothers, in case one fell the other would be saved and stay a "good shepherd of the flock".[65] Lazarević assigned the larger group to his brother Vuk, while he took the smaller group.[64] It is unknown whether the army that Balšić contributed as security was present at the battle.[66] Branković enjoyed significant Ottoman support.[64]
1404 Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin Ottoman Empire Suleyman Çelebi Prince Fruzhin
Tsar Konstantin II
Victory
  • Ottomans crush the Bulgarian revolt
1411 Siege of Constantinople (1411) Ottoman Empire Musa Çelebi  Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire Mehmed Çelebi
Defeat
  • Mehmet Celebi lifts the siege
1416 Battle of Gallipoli (1416)  Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice Defeat
  • Pietro Loredan crushes the Ottoman fleet to ensure Venetian superiority in the Aegean for the next few decades
1416–1420 Revolt of Sheikh Bedreddin  Ottoman Empire Sheikh Bedreddin Victory
  • Sheikh Bedreddin's revolt is suppressed and he and his followers are executed
1422 Siege of Constantinople (1422)  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Defeat
1422–1430 Siege of Thessalonica  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire

Republic of Venice Republic of Venice

Victory
  • Ottomans capture Thessalonica
1421–1522 2nd Conquest of Anatolia  Ottoman Empire Beylik of Karaman
Beylik of Isfendiyar
Beylik of Aydin
Empire of Trebizond
  Sultanate of Eretna
Beylik of Teke
 Byzantine Empire
  Beyliks of Canik
  Beylik of Germiyan
  Beylik of Menteşe
Beylik of Karasi
  Beylik of Saruhan
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Anatolia
1426–1428 Ottoman-Hungarian War of 1426–1428  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Inconclusive
  • The Kingdom of Hungary recognized the Ottoman annexation of Alacahisar and Güvercinlik and their rule over the Serbian Despotate and the Wallachian Voivodeship
1428 Siege of Golubac  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary[67]
Wallachia[62]
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Victory
  • Serbia becomes vassal state of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ottomans invade Bosnia
1432–1436 Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436  Ottoman Empire Various Albanian rebels Victory
  • Suppression of Revolt. Restoration of Ottoman Rule in Albania
1432–1479 Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)  Ottoman Empire 144344:
Kastrioti Family
Arianiti Family

144446:
League of Lezhë


144650:
League of Lezhë
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


145051:
Albanians under Skanderbeg
Muzaka Lordship


Angevin Kingdom of Naples


145154:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


145456:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

Muzaka Lordship


145668:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


Republic of Venice


146878:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


147879:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples


Republic of Venice


Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only)

Victory

Initial Albanian victory

  • The Ottomans are defeated in numerous battles by the Albanians, mostly under Skanderbeg
  • Albanian resistance weakens following the death of Skanderbeg in 1468

Eventual Ottoman victory

1440 Siege of Belgrade (1440)  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary
Serbian Despotate
Defeat
1440–1441 Siege of Novo Brdo  Ottoman Empire Serbian Despotate Victory
  • During the siege of Novo Brdo its population suffered heavy casualties.[68] On 27 June 1441[A] Novo Brdo surrendered to the Ottoman forces, who then robbed and burned the captured town.[69][70]
1443–1444 Crusade of Varna  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Serbian Despotate
Crown of Bohemia
Principality of Wallachia
Bulgarian rebels
Kingdom of Bosnia
Papal States
 Teutonic Knights
Duchy of Burgundy
Republic of Venice Republic of Venice
Republic of Ragusa
Victory
  • Ottomans halt European attempt to check their rapid expansion
1447–1448 Albanian–Venetian War  Ottoman Empire

Republic of Venice Republic of Venice

League of Lezhë Defeat
  • The League of Lezhë gains all lands on the Albanian side of the Drin River
1448 Battle of Kosovo (1448)  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Poland
Wallachia Principality of Wallachia
Moldavia Principality of Moldavia
Victory
  • Defeat of the European Crusaders
  • Balkans slowly fall to the Ottomans
  • Mehmed II free to siege Constantinople
1453 Fall of Constantinople  Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire
Genoese volunteers
Venetian volunteers
Sicilian volunteers
Papal States
Ottoman Empire Ottoman defectors
Victory

Classical Age (1453–1566)

Date Conflict Ottomans (and allies) Opposition Result
1454 Battle of Leskovac Ottoman Empire Serbian Despotate Defeat
  • Skobaljić on November 16, 1454, defeating his army at Tripolje (near Novo Brdo), where Voivode Nikola and his men fought to the last man, inflicting disproportionately large casualties on the Ottoman force.[71]
1454 Battle of Kruševac Ottoman Empire Serbian Despotate Defeat
  • Nikola Skobaljić continued his forays against the Ottomans, operating between Leskovac and Priština, and won several major victories against the armies of the sultan.
1455 Siege of Trepča Ottoman Empire Serbian Despotate Victory
1455 Siege of Novo Brdo (1455) Ottoman Empire Serbian Despotate Victory
  • The notables of the city were executed; 320 young men were recruited into the Janissaries and 700 Serbian women were enlisted into the army. The roof of St. Nicholas Church, popularly known as the Saxon church, was removed along with its bells. In 1467, the rest of the people were taken to Istanbul. The Ottoman colony established in the conquered city could not prevent its cultural and economic decline. Novo Brdo, which became noteworthy as the eventual site of an Ottoman mint, maintained its importance until the reign of Murad IV
1455 Siege of Berat (1455)[73] Ottoman Empire Coa Kastrioti Family League of Lezhë Victory
  • Berat falls to the Ottomans
1456 Siege of Belgrade (1456) Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary
Serbian Despotate
Crusader peasant and local gentry recruits
Defeat
1459 Siege of Smederevo (1459) Ottoman Empire Serbian Despotate Victory
  • The fall of Smederevo led to the surrender of all the small forts in northern Serbia. By the end of 1459, all of Serbia was under Mehmed's control, with some 200,000 Serbian captives, thus beginning more than 400 years of Ottoman rule.
1460 Siege of Amasra Ottoman Empire  Republic of Genoa Victory
1461 Siege of Trebizond (1461) Ottoman Empire Empire of Trebizond Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Empire of Trebizond
1462 Night attack at Târgoviște Ottoman Empire Wallachia Wallachia Inconclusive
1462 Ottoman conquest of Lesbos Ottoman Empire Gattilusio lordship of Lesbos
Knights Hospitaller
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer the island of Lesbos
1463–1479 First Ottoman-Venetian war Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice
Papal States
League of Lezhë
Principality of Zeta
Maniots
Greek rebels
Victory
  • Ottomans conquer the Morea, Negroponte and Albania from Venetians[76]
1463 Siege of Jajce Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Bosnia
Republic of Ragusa (logistics, goods)[77]
Bohemian (Hussite) mercenaries
Victory
1473 Battle of Otlukbeli Ottoman Empire Aq Qoyunlu Victory[78]
  • Aq Qoyunlu power nearly wiped out in the East, paving way for Shah Ismail I of the Safavids to take over Persia
1473–79 Moldavian War of Mehmed II  Ottoman Empire
Wallachia[79]
Moldavia
Transylvania
Defeat
1475 Conquest of Crimea  Ottoman Empire  Republic of Genoa Victory
  • The process that started with the conquest of the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea continued with Crimea on the opposite shore, and during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror, the Black Sea became a Turkish lake.
1479 Battle of Breadfield  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary
Serbian Despotate
Wallachia[79]
Defeat[80]
1480 First Ottoman siege of Rhodes  Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights Hospitaller Defeat
  • Ottomans fail to conquer Rhodes
1480–1481 Invasion of Otranto  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Naples
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of Hungary
 Papal States
Kingdom of Portugal[81]
Defeat
  • Ottomans conquer Otranto and gain foothold in Southern Italy
  • Ottoman garrison surrender the city after 13 months
1481–1484 Albanian Uprisings of 14811484  Ottoman Empire Albanian rebels
Kastrioti family
Dukagjini Family
Muzaka family
Inconclusive
  • Albanian forces under Nicholas Pal Dukagjini and Lekë Dukagjini land on the north Albanian coastline in early Summer 1481, sparking rebellion in former Dukagjini territories. Lezhë and Shkodër are attacked, forcing Ottomans to send reinforcements.
  • Meanwhile, Gjon Kastrioti II lands in Durrës, gathering support from 7,000 Albanian infantrymen, and his cousin Konstandin Muzaka lands in the coastal region around Himara. Rebellion breaks out in Central and Southern Albania.
  • Forces under Gjon Kastrioti defeat a force of 2,000 to 3,000 Ottomans in August 1481 and capture Himara and Borsh Castle.
  • Rebellion in Northern, Central and Southern Albania prevents Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Italy, resulting in Otranto being recaptured by Christian forces in September 1481.
  • The rebellions are eventually crushed, and Gjon Kastrioti retreats to Italy in 1484.
1484–1486 Moldavian War of Bayezid II  Ottoman Empire
Wallachia[79]
Moldavia
Transylvania
Victory
1484–1486 Mamluk War of Bayezid II  Ottoman Empire  Mamluk Sultanate Stalemate
  • Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted
1485–1503 Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)  Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Moldavia
Kingdom of Poland
Duchy of Masovia
 Teutonic Knights
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Victory
1490–1494 War of the Hungarian Succession  Ottoman Empire John Corvinus

Vladislaus


John Albert


Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Victory
  • Near elimination of Croatian Nobility at Krbava Field
  • Eventual Ottoman expansion into Croatia
1493–1593 Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War  Ottoman Empire Until 1526:
Kingdom of Croatia
Kingdom of Hungary

From 1527:
 Habsburg Monarchy

Inconclusive
1499–1503 Second Ottoman-Venetian War  Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice
 Spanish Empire
Victory
1505–17 Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts Mamluk Sultanate

Indian states:

Supported by:

 Republic of Venice

 Ottoman Empire

Portuguese Empire

Supported by: Iran Safavid Empire

Defeat
1505 Campaign of Trabzon (1505)  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • After the battle of 1505, Shah Ismail sent an envoy to Bayezid II complaining about Selim's over-aggressive raids and demanding the return of his captured soldiers' weapons.[82] Bayezid did not return the weapons but he did send the envoy back with gifts and promises of friendship.[82] Selim fought against the Safavids again in 1507 and in 1510, both times defeating the Safavid forces.[83][84]
1507 Battle of Erzincan (1507)  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • Bayezid II did not retaliate to this raid, however Selim I, then the governor of Trabzon, led an attack against Erzincan and defeated a Safavid army that was sent against him by Shah Ismail.[84][85]
1507–42 Ajuran-Portuguese wars Ajuran Sultanate

 Ottoman Empire[86][87]

Portuguese Empire Defeat
1508 Georgian campaign (1508)  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Imereti Victory
1508–1573 Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts Gujarat Sultanate

Supported by:

 Portuguese Empire Defeat
1509–1513 Ottoman Civil War (1509–13) Ottoman EmpireŞehzade Selim Ottoman EmpireŞehzade Ahmet

Şahkulu

Victory for Selim
1510 Campaign of Trabzon (1510)  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • In 1510 Shah Ismail sent a military contingent against the same place that Selim had successfully defended in 1505 Shah Ismail’s brother advanced through Ottoman territory and marched against Trabzon but he was defeated by Selim.
1514 Battle of Chaldiran  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Ottoman Military Victory[93][94]
however some sources claim Political Stalemate[95]
  • Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids[96]
  • Ottomans briefly occupy and plunder the Safavid capital, Tabriz[97][98]
  • Kurdish chiefs assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.[99]
  • Safavids adopt tactics similar to Ottomans[100][101]
1514 Capture of Bayburt (1514)  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
1515 Siege of Kemah  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • The siege ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. The fortress was captured by Selim I on 19 May in 1515.[105] With this victory, Ottomans created their safe border against the Safavids.
1515 Battle of Tekiryaylağı  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • After this battle Tunceli and it's around conquered by the Ottomans. After these occupation, Ottoman army led by the Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, prepared for the next battles against Safavids Battle of Koçhisar
1515–1577 Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577  Ottoman Empire
 France (until 1538)
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire In North Africa Ottoman victory In Mediterranean inconclusive.
1515 Battle of Turnadağ  Ottoman Empire Beylik of Dulkadir Victory
  • After the battle, Beylik of Dulkadir ceased to exist. It was converted to an Ottoman sanjak, (Ottoman administrative unit). The first governor of the sanjak became Ali Bey of the Dulkadir. Hadim Sinan Pasha was promoted to be the grand vizier. The next year, Selim I waged a war against Egypt, and Egypt as well as Syria and Palestine came under the Ottoman rule.
1516–1517 Second Ottoman-Mamluk War  Ottoman Empire  Mamluk Sultanate Victory
  • Ottomans take over the entire Mamluk Sultanate, including Cairo, Mecca, Aleppo and Damascus
  • Ottoman Sultans become Caliphs of the Islamic world and the most powerful Muslim power[106][107]
1516 Siege of Harput (1516)  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • In March 1516 under the command of Deli Husrev Pasha the Ottomans laid siege to Harput.[108] The siege lasted for three days until Harput was conquered on 26 March.[109][110]
1516 Battle of Koçhisar  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • Ottoman armies annex Southeastern Anatolia, Northeastern Syria and North Iraq
1517 Capture of Mosul (1517)  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Victory
  • Ottomans capture Mosul
1517 Siege of Jeddah  Ottoman Empire
 Mamluk Sultanate
 Portuguese Empire Victory
  • End of Portuguese blockade in Red Sea
  • Jeddah, the remaining stronghold of the Mamluk sultanate, is captured by Selim I
1518 Fall of Tlemcen  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Tlemcen Victory
1519–1610 Celali rebellions Ottoman Empire Celali Victory
  • The rebellions were suppressed bloodily
1519–1639 Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts Aceh Sultanate Aceh Sultanate Supported by:  Portuguese Empire

Supported by:

Inconclusive
1521 3rd Ottoman Siege of Belgrade  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Victory
  • Suleiman I conquers the Hungarian stronghold of Belgrade, exposing the weakness of the Hungarian Nobility, something he would exploit at Mohács
1521 Siege of Šabac (1521)  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Victory
  • In 1520 Suleiman the Magnificent ascended to the throne. The Ottomans under the leadership of Ahmed Pasha conquered the fortress of Šabac on 7 July in 1521. In the conquest. All of its defenders were killed. After its conquest Suleiman said that it was one of the cities he had conquered and that it must be improved. He ordered towers to be built around the fortress and a moat around it filled with water from Sava. Suleiman spent 10 full days on the Sava at Šabac overseeing the construction of the pontoon bridge.
1522 2nd Ottoman Siege of Rhodes  Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights Hospitaller
 Republic of Venice
Victory
  • Ottoman Empire annexes Rhodes
  • Knights move initially to Sicily, but then to Malta,[114] Gozo, and Tripoli
  • Ottoman supremacy over trade in the Eastern Mediterranean is secured
1523 Expedition to Kamaran  Ottoman Empire  Portuguese Empire Victory
  • In 1523 under the orders of Kanuni, Captain Selman Reis went on an expedition in the Red Sea. During this expedition Selman Reis discovered that the Kamaran Island was occupied by the Portuguese,The Portuguese used their base to raid the coast of Arabia, Salman Reis and Husayn al Rumi had an Ottoman force composed of 4,000 men. After their arrival in Yemen, the Ottomans attacked the Portuguese which resulted in the complete destruction and expulsion of Portuguese forces and the occupation of the island by the Ottomans.
1526 Battle of Mohács  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Croatia
Kingdom of Bohemia Crown of Bohemia
 Holy Roman Empire
Bavaria Duchy of Bavaria
 Papal States

Victory
1526–1791 Ottoman-Habsburg wars

In Hungary and Balkans

In Mediterranean

 Ottoman Empire

Vassals:

Habsburg Dynasty:

 Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary

 Spanish Empire
Non-Habsburg allies:
Moldavia
Transylvania
 Wallachia
Tsardom of Russia
Cossack Hetmanate (Muscovite and Polish vassals)
Holy League Allies:
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Duchy of Mantua
 Republic of Venice
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John

Inconclusive

End of Ottoman expansion

  • Decline of both the Ottoman and Habsburg empires
  • Prolonged military conflict contributed to decline of both Ottomans and Habsburgs which caused significant shift in the balance of power from both of these empires to the emerging France, Britain and Russia
1527–28 Hungarian Campaign of Ferdinand I  Ottoman Empire
 Moldavia
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Habsburg Austria
 Holy Roman Empire
Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia
 Kingdom of Croatia
Royal Hungary
Rascians
Defeat
1529 Hungarian Campaign of Suleiman I  Ottoman Empire
 Moldavia
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Habsburg Austria
 Holy Roman Empire
Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia
 Kingdom of Croatia
Royal Hungary
Rascians
Victory
1529–43 Ethiopian–Adal War Adal Sultanate

 Ottoman Empire

 Ethiopian Empire

Portuguese Empire Portuguese Empire (1541–43)

Stalemate and Status quo ante bellum
1529 1st Ottoman siege of Vienna  Ottoman Empire  Holy Roman Empire

 Spanish Empire
Kabyle soldiers

Defeat
  • Suleiman fails to conquer Vienna
  • Ferdinand unable to counter-attack after Suleiman lays waste to Styria and Habsburg Hungary
1530–52 Little War in Hungary  Ottoman Empire

 Moldavia
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
 Wallachia
Supported by:
 France

 Holy Roman Empire

Royal Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
 Spain
 Papal States

Victory
  • Hungary divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Ottoman vassal state of Transylvania
1531 Battle of al-Shihr (1531)  Ottoman Empire
Kathiri Sultanate
 Portuguese Empire Victory
  • Khoja Zufar prevented the Portuguese from entering al-Shihr, he defeated and drove out the Portuguese forces.[117][118]
1532–55 2nd Ottoman–Safavid War  Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Victory
1533 Expedition of Irakeyn  Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Victory
  • Although the Ottoman army reached Sultaniye under difficult conditions, they could not find any trace of the Shah. From here, the Ottoman army headed towards Baghdad, struggling with the difficult terrain and climatic conditions. Baghdad was easily captured by the Ottoman forces on November 28, 1534, after the Safavid forces under the command of Tekelü Mehmed Khan, who were defending Baghdad, fled the city.
1534 Ottoman conquest of Tunis  Ottoman Empire Hafsid dynasty Victory
1535 Habsburgian conquest of Tunis  Ottoman Empire
 Kingdom of France
 Holy Roman Empire

Spain Habsburg Spain

Hafsid dynasty
Kingdom of Portugal
 Papal States
 Knights of Malta

Defeat
1536–38 Italian War of 1536–1538  Ottoman Empire

Regency of Algiers
 Kingdom of France

 Holy Roman Empire
Spain Spain
Inconclusive
1536–37 Siege of Klis  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Croatia
 Holy Roman Empire
 Papal States
Victory
  • Ottomans take Klis
1537–40 Third Ottoman-Venetian war  Ottoman Empire
Regency of Algiers

 France

Holy League:
 Republic of Venice
 Spanish Empire

 Republic of Genoa
 Papal States
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights of Malta

Victory
  • Venice loses most foreign possessions and can no longer take on the Ottoman navy
1538–1560 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1557)  Ottoman Empire

Gujarat Sultanate

Adal Sultanate

 Portuguese Empire

Ethiopian Empire Ethiopian Empire

Stalemate
  • Portugal maintains control of the Persian Gulf
  • Ottomans expand their influence in the Red Sea, annexing Yemen and the west bank of the Red Sea (coastal strip of Sudan and Eritrea)
1542–46 Italian War of 1542–1546  Ottoman Empire

Regency of Algiers
 France

 Holy Roman Empire

Spain Spain
 Kingdom of England

Inconclusive
  • No territorial changes for Ottomans
  • Barbarossa increases Ottoman control over the Mediterranean with the Sack of Nice
1543 Battle of Karagak  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Imereti Defeat
1545 Battle of Sokhoista  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Imereti
Kingdom of Kartli
Principality of Guria
Victory
  • The victory at Sokhoista gave to the Ottomans the upper hand in southwestern Caucasus and allowed them to overrun Samtskhe, where they installed their protégé, atabek Kaikhosro III. Tortum, İspir, and Pasin were detached from Samtskhe and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
1547 Ottoman invasion of Guria  Ottoman Empire Principality of Guria Victory
1551–1559 Spanish-Ottoman War (1550–1560)  Ottoman Empire  Spain
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights of Malta

Saadi Sultanate

Victory
  • Béjaïa under Ottoman rule.
  • Ottomans capture Tripoli.
  • Mahdia was abandoned by Spain.
  • Ottomans temporarily occupy parts of the Balearics.
  • Ottoman supremacy on Mediterranean sea seizured until Battle of Lepanto.
1551 Ottoman conquest of Tripolitania  Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John Victory
1551 Invasion of Gozo  Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Maltese civilians
Victory
  • Gozo population decimated and majority of islanders forced into slavery
1551–59 Italian War of 1551–1559  Ottoman Empire

 Kingdom of France
Old Swiss Confederacy Swiss mercenaries
Republic of Siena
 Papal States

 Holy Roman Empire

 Kingdom of England

Inconclusive
  • Spanish-Imperial victory
  • Ottoman victory in the Mediterranean
  • Dragut's numerous victories against Genoese and Habsburgian fleets gives it near dominance in the Mediterranean
  • France occupies Calais from English[125]
  • France cedes Corsica to Genoa after Dragut conquered it for the Franco-Ottoman alliance[125]
1552 Hungarian Campaign of 1552  Ottoman Empire

 Hungary
 Spain
 Bohemia
 Holy Roman Empire

Inconclusive
1558–66 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1558–1566)  Ottoman Empire

Ajuran Sultanate

 Portuguese Empire Inconclusive due to Suleiman the Magnificent death
  • Portuguese tactical victory
1558 Battle of Djerba  Ottoman Empire  Republic of Genoa

 Spanish Empire
 Papal States
 Duchy of Savoy
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John

Victory
1565–1898 Spanish conquest of the Philippines Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Confederation of sultanates in Lanao

Supported by:

Spanish Empire Inconclusive
1565 Great Siege of Malta  Ottoman Empire
Flag of Kingdom of ait abbas Kingdom of Beni Abbas[127][128]
Defeat
  • Christian Victory
  • Dragut dies in action leading to conflict between remaining Ottoman generals
  • Myth of Ottoman Invincibility in Europe destroyed
1566 Siege of Szigetvár  Ottoman Empire Habsburg Empire Victory
  • Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent before the final assault.
  • The whole Hungarian-Croatian army (2300–3000) is killed, Miklós IV Zrínyi is killed in the final battle.
  • Miklós IV Zrínyi ordered a fuse be lit to the powder magazine. After cutting down the last of the defenders the Ottoman Army entered the remains of Szigetvár and fell into the trap. 3,000 Turks perished in the explosion.[131][132][133][134]
  • 20,000–30,000 Ottomans were killed.
  • Ottomans captured Szigetvár fortress and it became part of Budin Eyalet

Transformation (1566–1703)

Date Conflict Ottomans (and allies) Opposition Result
1567–1872 Philippine revolts against Spain Filipino rebel groups  Spain Defeat
  • Most revolts failed
1568–1570 Astrakhan Expedition Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Tsardom of Russia Defeat
  • Ottomans capture Chyhyryn
  • Treaty of Constantinople 1570
1570–1572 Russo-Crimean Wars Crimean Khanate
Ottoman Empire
Tsardom of Russia Defeat
1570–1573 Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
 Ottoman Empire Holy League:
 Republic of Venice
Spain Spain
 Papal States
 Kingdom of Naples
 Republic of Genoa
Kingdom of Sicily
Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Urbino
 Duchy of Savoy
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights of Malta
Victory
  • Cyprus under Ottoman rule
1571 Battle of Lepanto  Ottoman Empire Holy League: Defeat
1574 Conquest of Tunis Ottoman Empire Spain Spanish Empire Victory
  • Ottomans capture Tunis
1576 Capture of Fez Ottoman Empire Saadi Sultanate Victory
  • Ottoman force conquers Fez and then Marrakesh
  • Abd al-Malek assumes rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal
1578 Castilian War Brunei
Sulu Sultanate
Maguindanao
Supported by:
Ottoman Empire
 Spanish Empire Inconclusive
1578 Battle of Alcácer Quibir Saadi Sultanate
Ottoman Empire
Portuguese Empire Victory
1578–1590 Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578 Ottoman Empire
Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimean Khanate
Safavid Empire
Kingdom of Kartli
Victory
1581 Capture of Muscat (1581) Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Victory
1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze Ottoman Empire Druze Victory
1585–1589 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1585–1589) in Swahili coast Ottoman Empire

Adal Sultanate supported by: Mogadishu

Barawa

Lamu

Pate

Faza

Mombasa

Pemba

Portuguese Empire

supported by:

Defeat
  • Portuguese control in the South East African coast restored and Mir Ali Bey captured
1593–1606 Long Turkish War Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire  Holy Roman Empire

Principality of Transylvania

 Wallachia

 Moldavia

 France

 Spain

Zaporozhian Cossacks

Serbian hajduks

Papal States Papal States

Inconclusive
1596–1597 Serb uprising of 1596–1597 Ottoman Empire Serb rebels Victory
  • Rebellion suppressed by the Ottoman Empire
1598 First Tarnovo Uprising Ottoman Empire Bulgarian Rebels Victory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
1599 Battle of Nakhiduri Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Kartli Victory
  • King Simon, was taken captive.
1602–1613 Ottoman–Safavid War Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire
Kingdom of Kartli
Kingdom of Kakheti
Defeat
1603–1618 Ottoman–Safavid War Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Defeat
  • Treaty of Serav (1618)
  • The terms of the treaty was similar to those of treaty of Nasuh Pasha with several minor rectifications of the border line[136] Also, the annual tribute of the Persian side was reduced from 200 loads to 100 loads.[137]
1609 Battle of Tashiskari Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Kartli Defeat
  • The Georgians, led by Giorgi Saakadze won a victory over the Ottoman Turks.
1620–1621 Polish–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Wallachia Principality of Wallachia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Moldavia Principality of Moldavia
Inconclusive
  • Beneficial treaty in favor of the Ottoman Empire, Poland withdraws behind the Dniester, the Ottomans renew their suzerainty over the Danubian principalities
  • Treaty of Khotyn
1623 Battle of Anjar Ottoman Empire Mount Lebanon Emirate
Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Defeat
  • Fakhreddine captures Mustafa Pasha
  • Beylerbey confirms the Ma'ns' governorships
1623–1639 Ottoman–Safavid War Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Victory
1627 Turkish Abductions Ottoman Empire Iceland Victory
  • Abduction of 400-800 Icelanders
1633–1634 Polish–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Wallachia Principality of Wallachia
Moldavia Principality of Moldavia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Defeat
1645–1669 War of Candia Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John
 Papal States
 France
Maniots
Victory
1658–1667 Druze power struggle Ottoman Empire Ma'ani Druze rebels Victory
  • Maʿnīs lost control of Safad
1663–1664 Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) Ottoman Empire League of the Rhine:

 Kingdom of France
 Holy Roman Empire

Savoy Piedmont-Savoy
 Kingdom of Hungary
Croatia Kingdom of Croatia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Victory
1666–1671 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War Crimean Khanate
Cossack Hetmanate
Ottoman Empire
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Inconclusive
1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Moldavia Principality of Moldavia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Wallachia Principality of Wallachia (1673)
Victory
1676–1681 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Tsardom of Russia Inconclusive
  • the border between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was to constitute the river Dnipro, with Russia being awarded Kiev together with the towns of Stajki, Trypillia, Vasylkiv, Didowszczyzna, Radomyshl, located on the right "Ottoman" bank of the river, the Ottoman Empire recognized the sovereignty of Russia over Left-bank Ukraine.
  • lands at Right-bank Ukraine between the Dnieper, Southern Bug, Kiev and Chyhyryn were to remain uninhabited.
  • Sultan of the Ottoman Empire pledged not to support the enemies of Russia.
  • Crimean Tatars and Nogais was granted the right to camp and hunt on the southern steppe of Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper.
  • the territory between Dniester and Southern Bug would remain uninhabited for 20 years, it was also not allowed to build fortifications there.
  • Zaporozhian Cossacks formally became independent and received the right of free navigation across the Dnieper and its tributaries up to Black Sea, as well as the right to fish and the extraction and production of salt.
  • Russia agreed to pay tribute to the Crimean Khans for the past 3 years and annually after that.
  • Cossacks received the right to fish, salt and free swimming on the Dnieper and its tributaries to Black Sea.
  • Treaty of Bakhchisarai
1683–1699 Great Turkish War Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

Vassal states:

Holy Roman Empire

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Tsardom of Russia

Republic of Venice Republic of Venice
 Spanish Empire
Montenegro
Albanian rebels
Serbian rebels
Greek rebels
Bulgarian rebels
Romanian rebels
Croatian rebels

Defeat
1686 Second Tarnovo Uprising Ottoman Empire Bulgarian Rebels Victory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
1688 Chiprovtsi Uprising Ottoman Empire Rebels Victory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
1689 Karposh's Rebellion Ottoman Empire Rebels Victory
  • Rebellion Suppressed
  • Ottomans suppressed rebellions in Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Kumanovo and Skopje
1700–1721 Great Northern War Swedish Empire Tsardom of Russia Inconclusive for Ottomans

Old Regime (1703–1789)

Date Conflict Ottomans (and allies) Opposition Result
1710–1711 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire Tsardom of Russia Victory
  • Russians would not interfere in Polish's internal affairs.
  • Russians will not have a permanent ambassador in Istanbul.
  • They would allow Swedish King return to his country freely.
  • Azov returns to Ottoman territorry. Taganrog and other Russian fortresses are destroyed.
  • Treaty of Pruth
1713 Skirmish at Bender Ottoman Empire Swedish Empire Victory
  • The Swedish King and the soldiers were captured by the Turks and taken prisoner.[144]
1714–1718 Ottoman–Venetian War Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice
Habsburg monarchy Austria (from 1716)
 Portugal
 Order of Malta
 Papal States
Spain Kingdom of Spain[145]
Himariotes
Victory
  • Morea ceded back to Ottoman Empire
1716–1718 Austro-Turkish War Ottoman Empire  Habsburg Monarchy
Serbian Militia[lower-alpha 2]
Württemberg
Defeat
  • The Banat, Serbia, Oltenia and portions of northern Bosnia were ceded to the Habsburgs
  • Treaty of Passarowitz
1722–1730 Syunik rebellion Ottoman Empire Armenian Rebels Defeat
1726–1727 Ottoman–Hotaki War Ottoman Empire Hotaki dynasty Both sides make gains
1730–1735 Ottoman–Safavid War Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Defeat
  • Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus.
  • Ottoman Empire recognized Nader as the new shah of Persia
  • Ottoman Empire conceded Caucasus to Persia
  • The Ottomans also agreed to allow the Iranian hajis (pilgrims) to Mecca (then under Ottoman control)
  • Treaty of Constantinople
1730 Patrona Halil Ottoman Empire Patrona Halil Tulip Period is ended
1732 Spanish reconquest of Oran Regency of Algiers
Ottoman Empire
Spain Kingdom of Spain Defeat
1735–1739 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire Russian Empire
Cossack Hetmanate
Inconclusive
  • Azov Castle was destroyed, its territory became the border between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
  • The Kabarda region (Kabardy), located in the North Caucasus and controlling the mountain passes (Daryal Pass, etc.), was accepted as a registered region.
  • Russians will withdraw from Crimea.
  • There would be no war and trade ships in the Black Sea.
  • With this treaty, it was confirmed for the last time that the Black Sea was a Turkish lake.
  • Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to Russia.
  • Treaty of Niš
1737–1739 Austro-Turkish War Ottoman Empire Holy Roman Empire Habsburg monarchy Victory
  • Habsburg monarchy cedes Kingdom of Serbia, Oltenia, southern Banat to Ottoman Empire
  • Treaty of Belgrade
1743–1746 Ottoman–Afsharid War Ottoman Empire Afsharid dynasty Inconclusive
  • The boundary line between the two countries was the same boundary line drawn roughly a century earlier according to the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 (i.e., which included roughly the demarcation of the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines).
  • The Ottomans agreed to stop opposing the Afsharid dynasty as the rulers of Iran.[146]
  • The Ottomans also agreed to allow the Iranian hajis (pilgrims) to Mecca (then under Ottoman control).
  • Exchange of consulates (Turkish: şehbender) were permitted in both countries.
  • Iran abandoned to force the Ottomans to declare Shia as the fifth legal sect of Islam.
  • Both sides agreed to liberate the prisoners of war.
  • Treaty of Kerden, Status Quo Ante Bellum
1757 Battle of Khresili Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Imereti Defeat
  • After the battle of Khresili, in 1758–1766, the Ottomans attacked Imereti many times, but they could not subjugate Solomon I. Ottomans were eventually forced to sign a treaty with the kingdom of Imereti
1768–1774 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire
Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimea
 Russia
Defeat
1769–1772 Danish–Algerian War Deylik of Algiers
Ottoman Empire
 Denmark–Norway Victory
1770 Orlov Revolt Ottoman Empire Greeks
Supported by:
Russian Empire Russia
Victory
1770 Invasion of Mani (1770) Ottoman Empire Mani Defeat
  • Ottoman retreat
1775–1776 Ottoman–Zand War Ottoman Empire Zand Iran Defeat
  • Basra captured by the Zands[147][148][149]
  • Change of territories for the benefit of the Safavids for 4 years and restoration of the previous borders after the peace.
1787–1791 Austro-Turkish War Ottoman Empire Holy Roman Empire Habsburg monarchy Inconclusive
1787–1792 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire  Russia Defeat

Decline and modernization (1789–1908)

Date Conflict Ottomans (and allies) Opposition Result
1798–1802 War of the Second Coalition  Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[lower-alpha 3]

 Great Britain (pre-1801)
 United Kingdom (post-1801)
 Russia (until 1799)
 Ottoman Empire
 Portugal
 Naples (until 1801)
Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany (until 1801)
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John (1798)
Kingdom of France French Royalists

 France
 Spain
Polish Legions
French client republics:
Inconclusive for Ottomans
  • Anglo-Ottoman victory in Mediterranean, Egypt and Levant
  • French victory in Europe
1801–1815 Barbary Wars border=no Ottoman Tripolitania[151]
Sultanate of Morocco
Regency of Algiers
 United States[152]
 Sweden[152]
Kingdom of Sicily[152]
United Kingdom Malta Protectorate[152]
 Kingdom of Portugal[152]
Sultanate of Morocco[152]
Defeat
  • In early 1816, Britain undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ships of the line, to Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop their piracy and free European Christian slaves. The Deys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the Dey of Algiers was less cooperative, and the negotiations were stormy. The leader of the diplomatic mission, Admiral Edward Pellew, believed that he had negotiated a treaty to stop the slavery of Christians and returned to England. However, just after the treaty was signed, Algerian troops massacred 200 Corsican, Sicilian and Sardinian fishermen who had been under British protection thanks to the negotiations. This caused outrage in Britain and the rest of Europe, and Pellew's negotiations were seen as a failure.[153]
1803–1807 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power Ottoman Empire Forces loyal to Tahir Pasha (March 1803 April 1803)
Forces loyal to Muhammad Ali (April 1803 March 1811)
Albanian bashi-bazouks
Mamluks (April 1803 February 1804)
Mamluks loyal to al-Bardisi (February 1804 March 1804)
Militia of Cairo
Muhammad Ali Pasha Victory
1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars Ottoman Empire

 France

 Russia

 United Kingdom

Inconclusive
1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire  Russia Defeat
  • As the threat from France increased, the war ended and Russia withdrew from Wallachia and Moldavia.
  • Treaty of Bucharest
1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire  United Kingdom Victory
  • Treaty of the Dardanelles
  • Commercial and legal concessions to British interests within the Ottoman Empire
  • Promise to protect the empire against French encroachment
1804–1813 First Serbian Uprising Ottoman Empire
 Bosnia Eyalet
Pashalik of Scutari
Pashalik of Yanina

Supported by:
 France[154]

 Serbia

Supported by:
 Russia (1807–12)

Victory
1811–1818 Ottoman-Saudi War Ottoman Empire Diriyah Victory
1815–1817 Second Serbian Uprising Ottoman Empire Principality of Serbia Serbian rebels Defeat
1821 Wallachian Revolution of 1821 Ottoman Empire

 Austrian Empire

  • Ottoman Empire Moldavian insurgents
 Wallachia (revolutionary)
  • Wallachia Wallachian Divan (conservative)
  • Arnauts
Ottoman military victory, Wallachian political victory
1821–1832 Greek War of Independence Ottoman Empire Filiki Eteria
Greek revolutionaries
After 1822:
Hellenic Republic
Supported by:
Romanian Revolutionaries (1821)
Greece Philhellenes
 United Kingdom (after 1826)
Russian Empire (after 1826)
Kingdom of France (after 1826)
Serb and Montenegrin volunteers
Defeat
  • First Hellenic Republic established and recognized
1821–1823 Ottoman–Persian War of 1821 Ottoman Empire Qajar Iran Defeat
1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire  Russia Defeat
  • In recognition of the Treaty of London, the independence of Greece, or autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty, was accepted.
  • The Ottoman Empire had nominal suzerainty over the Danube states of Moldavia and Wallachia; for all practical purposes, they
  • were independent.
  • Russia took control of the towns of Anape and Poti in Caucasus.
  • The Russian traders in Turkey were placed under the legal jurisdiction of the Russian ambassador.
  • Treaty of Adrianople
1830–1903 French conquest of Algeria Ottoman Empire

Emirate of Abdelkader
Beni Abbas Kingdom2 Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Flag of Kel Ahaggar Kel Ahaggar
Sultanate of Morocco

 France Defeat
1831–1832 Bosnian Uprising of 1831–1832 Ottoman Empire Bosnia Eyalet Bosnian Landlords Victory
1831–1833 Egyptian–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire Egypt Eyalet Defeat
1833 Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels Defeat
  • Revolts begin in protest to new Ottoman reforms in Albania
  • Following this, many revolts follow in the coming decades
1833 Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër Ottoman Empire Shkodran Rebels
Malsor Rebels[155]
Defeat
  • Shkodër is captured by the Rebels.
  • Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege Shkodër for three months.
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands.
  • Violations of agreements by the Ottomans in 1835 starts another revolt
1833 Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Defeat
  • Large areas of Southern Albania are captured by the Rebels, including the Castle of Berat
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands
1834 Albanian Revolt of 1834 Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Defeat
  • Berat is captured by the Rebels after two months of siege
  • The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands in January 1835 following the fall of Berat
  • Agreements of peace are violated by the Ottomans later in 1835, starting another revolt
1835 Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Çam Rebels
Victory
  • Rebels march against Ioannina
  • Ottoman reinforcements force the Rebels to retreat
1835 Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania Ottoman Empire Shkodran Rebels
Reinforcements:[155]
Kosovar Rebels Volunteers:
Malsor Volunteers
Gheg Volunteers
Mirdita Tribesmen
Mati Tribesmen
Dibran Volunteers
Defeat
  • Large areas of North Albania rise up in revolt, with Shkodër besieged and the rebels defeat the Ottomans in battle
  • Albanian reinforcements to the Shkodrans are sent from Postribe, Kosovo, Malësia, Ulqin (now Ulcinj), Podgorica, Mirditë, Mat and Dibra
  • Ottoman forces are defeated in battle by the insurgents in July
  • Ottomans trick many rebels into withdrawing through a false ceasefire, and successfully capture Lezhë in order to relieve Shkodër
  • Ottomans carry out Albanian demands in order to calm the situation
1836 Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Inconclusive
  • Albanian rebellion in Vlora is suppressed
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat Ottoman Empire Mati Tribesmen Inconclusive
  • Rebellion in Mat is suppressed
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe Ottoman Empire Myzeq Rebels
Tosk Rebels
Victory
  • Rebel victory at the Battle of Berat.
  • Rebel defeat at the Battle of Frakulla.
  • Local leaders captured and rebellion in Myzeqe is suppressed
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania Ottoman Empire Kosovar Rebels
Gheg Rebels
Victory
1837 Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër Ottoman Empire Dibran Rebels Defeat
  • Upper and Lower Dibër are captured by the rebels
  • Ottomans meet rebel demands
1839 Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Defeat
1839 Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren Ottoman Empire Kosovar Rebels Defeat
  • Prizren is captured by rebels in protest of new reforms
  • Ottomans drop reforms and the revolt ends
1839–1841 Egyptian–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire
British Empire
 Austrian Empire
Russia Russia
 Prussia
Egypt Eyalet
 France
Spain Spain
Victory
1843–1844 Uprising of Dervish Cara Ottoman Empire Dibran Rebels Victory
  • Albanians under Dervish Cara capture large areas in northern Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia.
  • Ottomans promise Albanian autonomy but then launch an invasion, retaking areas and suppressing the rebellion, aided by Catholic Mirdita tribesmen under Bibë Dodë
1847 Albanian Revolt of 1847 Ottoman Empire Tosk Rebels
Lab Rebels
Çam Rebels
Victory
  • Rebels defeat the Ottomans in four separate battles and besiege the castles of Berat and Gjirokastër. Large areas of Southern Albania are captured.
  • Ottomans organise a false amnesty, in which many of the rebel leaders are captured.
  • Ottomans lift the sieges and areas are retaken
1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848 Wallachia Wallachia
 Ottoman Empire
 Russian Empire
Revolutionaries Counterrevolutionary victory
1852–1853 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) Ottoman Empire  Montenegro Defeat
  • Without significant territorial changes
1852–1862 Herzegovina Uprising (1852–1862)  Ottoman Empire Rebels Victory
1853–1856 Crimean War  Ottoman Empire
France  Britain[lower-alpha 6]
Kingdom of Sardinia Sardinia[lower-alpha 7]
Supported by:
 Austrian Empire
Caucasus Imamate[lower-alpha 8]
Circassia
Abkhazia[lower-alpha 7]
Russian Empire Russian Empire Kurdish rebels
Greece Greece[lower-alpha 9]
Victory
1854 Macedonian Revolution of 1854  Ottoman Empire

Supported By:
 France
 Britain
Greek Revolutionaries

Supported By:
Kingdom of Greece Greece
Victory
1858 Battle of Grahovac  Ottoman Empire  Montenegro Defeat
1861–1862 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire  Montenegro Victory
1862 First Zeitun Resistance Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Armenian fedayees Defeat
  • Ottoman troops pillage Alabaş
  • Ottoman troops withdraw from the region
1866–1869 Cretan Revolt Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

Egypt

Greek Revolutionaries
Supported by:
Kingdom of Greece
Victory
  • Suppression of the revolt
1875 Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Serb rebels Victory
  • Revolt suppressed
1876 April Uprising Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgarian revolutionaries Victory
1876–1878 Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire  Montenegro Defeat
1876–1877 First Serbian–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire  Serbia Defeat
  • British public opinion turns against the Ottomans
  • Russian-mediated truce
1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Russia

граница Bulgarian volunteers
Romania Romania
Serbia Serbia
 Montenegro

Defeat
1877–1878 Second Serbian–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire  Serbia Defeat
  • De jure independence of Serbia
  • Tens of thousands of Turkish, Jewish and Albanian civilians expelled
1878 Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire  Austria-Hungary Defeat
  • Incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina into Austria-Hungary
1880 Battle of Ulcinj (1880)  Ottoman Empire Albanian irregulars Victory
  • The Albanians clashed with the Ottomans at the Kodra e Kuqe, near the village of Kllezna. The Albanians defeated the first wave of Ottoman forces but when reinforcements arrived the Albanians were temporarily defeated and returned. The commander Isuf Sokoli was wounded and died later that day. In 1880, on 23 November, the Ottomans continued to march in the city and surrendered the city to the Montenegrin army. The city had officially been handed over to Montenegro and after a 30-month-long negotiation process, with European powers involved, the battle ended.
1881 French conquest of Tunisia  Ottoman Empire France France Defeat
1893–1908 Macedonian Struggle  Ottoman Empire
Greek Kingdom
Serbian Kingdom
Romanian Kingdom
Bulgarian Principality Inconclusive
  • Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman Empire Fight a Four Way War
  • War Ends Inconclusively After Young Turk Revolution
  • Bulgaria Gains Full Independence in 1908
1893 Ottoman–Qatari War  Ottoman Empire Qatar Defeat
1895–1896 Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96)  Ottoman Empire Hunchak Party Defeat
1897 Greco-Turkish War of 1897  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Greece Greece Victory
1897–1898 Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) (International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898))  Ottoman Empire Cretan revolutionaries
Kingdom of Greece
 British Empire
 France
Kingdom of Italy Italy
 Russian Empire
 Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898)
 German Empire (until March 16th, 1898)
Defeat
  • Establishment of the Cretan State
  • Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete
1903 Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising  Ottoman Empire IMARO
SMAC
Kruševo Republic
Strandzha Commune
Victory
  • Suppression of the uprising
  • Direct involvement of Russian and the Austro-Hungarian Empires to resolve the Macedonian issue and implementation of the Mürzsteg reforms
  • Ottoman reprisals against Christian civilians
  • 30,000 refugees flee to Tsardom of Bulgaria.[162]
1904 Sasun Uprising  Ottoman Empire Armenian fedayi Victory
1905 Shoubak revolt  Ottoman Empire Inhabitants of Shoubak Victory
  • Rebellion brutally suppressed

Dissolution (1908–1922)

Date Conflict Ottomans (and allies) Opposition Result
1908 Young Turk Revolution Ottoman Empire Ottoman Imperial Government Young Turks

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Army

Young Turks victory
1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910  Ottoman Empire Kosovar Rebels
Shkodran Rebels
Dibran Rebels
Malsor Tribesman
Support:
Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Serbia
Victory
  • Areas of the Kosovo Vilayet captured by the Rebels are partially retaken by the Ottomans
  • Ottomans invade Shkodër and Dibran territories, including Debre
  • Rebellion suppressed
  • Rebels limited to the highlands
1911 Albanian Revolt of 1911  Ottoman Empire Malsor Tribesman
Shkodran Tribesmen
Defeat
  • The Ottomans peacefully pacify the rebels
1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War  Ottoman Empire  Italy Defeat
1912 Albanian Revolt of 1912  Ottoman Empire Kosovar Rebels
Gheg Rebels
Shkodran Rebels
Malsor Rebels
Dibran Rebels
Central Albanian Muslims
Tosk Rebels
Mati Tribesmen
Mirdita Tribesmen
Ottoman Albanian Deserters
Armaments Support:
Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Montenegro
Vocal Support:
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria
United Kingdom British Empire
Defeat
1912–1913 First Balkan War  Ottoman Empire
Circassian volunteers[163][164][165][166]
Albanian volunteers and irregulars[167][168][169]
Balkan League: Defeat
  • The western border of the Ottoman Empire will be the Midye-Enez line.
  • Thessaloniki, Southern Macedonia will be given to Greece.
  • The Ottoman Empire renounced all its rights on the island of Crete in favor of the allied forces.
  • Central and Northern Macedonia will be left to Serbia.
  • Determining the future of the Aegean Islands will be left to the great powers. (The Ottoman Empire officially lost the Aegean Islands.)
  • Treaty of London
1913 Second Balkan War  Serbia
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria Victory
1914–1918 World War I Central Powers

 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria

Allied Powers

France
 British Empire

Russian Empire
 United States
 Italy
 Japan
 China
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Romania
 Belgium
 Greece
 Portugal
 Brazil

Defeat

Treaty of Sèvres

  • Borders (article 27-36): Most of Thrace, including Edirne and Kırklareli, belongs to Greece; Ceyhan, Antep, Urfa, Mardin and Cizre city centers were transferred to Syria (French Mandate); The province of Mosul, including its northernmost district, Imadiye, is completely under Al Jazeera (United Kingdom Mandate of Mesopotamia, later Iraq). Istanbul will remain the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Straits (articles 37-61): The Istanbul and Dardanelles Straits and the Sea of Marmara will be demilitarized and open to the ships of all states in times of war and peace; Maritime traffic in the Straits will be managed by an international commission consisting of ten countries, among which the Ottoman Empire is not included; The commission may call on the navies of the Allied Powers for assistance whenever it deems necessary;
  • Kurdish Region (articles 62-64): A commission consisting of British, French and Italian representatives will establish a local government system in the Kurdish provinces east of the Euphrates; One year later, the Kurds will be able to apply for independence to the League of Nations if they wish;
  • Izmir (articles 65-83): The Ottoman Empire will leave the use of its sovereign rights to Greece for five years in the area approximately limited to today's Izmir province; At the end of this period, a plebiscite will be held for the region to join the Ottoman Empire or Greece;
  • Armenia (article 88-93): The Ottoman Empire will recognize the Republic of Armenia; The US President will determine the Turkish-Armenian border as an arbitrator (US President Wilson gave the provinces of Trabzon, Erzurum, Van and Bitlis to Armenia with the decision he made on November 22, 1920
  • Arab Countries and Islands (article 94–122): The Ottoman Empire will not claim any rights over the Arab countries, Cyprus and the Aegean Islands that it lost in the war or before;
  • Minority Rights (article 140–151): The Ottoman Empire will give equal rights to all its citizens regardless of religion and language, the properties of deported non-Muslims will be returned, minorities will be free to establish schools and religious institutions at all levels, the Ottoman Empire will be responsible for these issues. their implementation will be supervised, if necessary, by the Allied Powers;
  • Military Issues (article 152-207): The military force of the Ottoman Empire would be limited to 50,700 people, including 35,000 gendarmerie, 15,000 special units, and 700 security forces next to the sultan, and they would not have heavy weapons. The Turkish navy will be liquidated, there will be no military facilities in the Marmara Region, military service will be voluntary and paid, minorities will be able to join the army, the army and gendarmerie will be inspected by the Allied Control Commission;
  • War Crimes (article 226-230): Those accused of committing massacres and deportation crimes during wartime will be tried;
  • Debts and War Compensation (articles 231-260): War compensation will not be requested due to the financial situation of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey's debts to Germany and its allies will be erased; However, Turkish finance will be placed under the supervision of the inter-allied financial commission;
  • Capitulations (articles 260-268): The capitulations, which were unilaterally terminated by the Ottoman Empire in 1914, will be re-established in favor of the citizens of the allied states;
  • Commercial and Private Law (articles 269-414): Turkish law and administrative order will be brought into compliance with the rules determined by the Allies in almost every field; Civilian sea and railway traffic will be managed within the framework of the division of labor among the Allied powers; It is an agreement that includes provisions regulating labor and workers rights.
1917–1923 Russian Civil War White movement

 German Empire (1917–1918)
 Ottoman Empire (1917–1918)
Azerbaijan (1918)
Finland (1918–1919)
Georgia
 Austria-Hungary (1917–1918)
Ukrainian State (1918)

 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
Commune of Estonia
Lithuanian SSR
Latvian SSR

Inconclusive
1918–1920 Armenian–Azerbaijani War Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (until April 1920)
 Ottoman Empire (1918)

Republic of Aras (1918–1919)


 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (since April 1920)

Armenia Armenia

 United Kingdom
Centrocaspian Dictatorship

Inconclusive
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence  Greece
 France
 Armenia (in 1920)
 United Kingdom
 Ottoman Empire (until 1922)

Georgia (in 1921)

Turkish National Movement

Supported by:
 Russian SFSR[171]
Azerbaijan SSR
Georgian SSR
Bukharan PSR
Afghanistan
All-India Muslim League  Italy

Defeat

Treaty of Lausanne

See also

Notes

  1. The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.[126]
  2. As well as Serbian garrison troops during the Battle of Petrovaradin
  3. Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
  4. Abolished following the restoration of the neutral Papal States in 1799.
  5. Short lived state that replaced the Kingdom of Naples in 1799.
  6. From 1854
  7. From 1855
  8. Until 1855
  9. Until 1854

References

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  3. Streusand 2011, p. 83.
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    Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
  40. (Emmert 1990, p. ?)
    Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
  41. Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250–1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
  42. Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
  43. John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
  44. John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8. The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
  45. Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4. Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
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Sources

Further reading

  • Odan, Serada. "Thread: List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." Ummahcom Muslim Forum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
  • "List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
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