List of wars of succession in Europe

This is a list of wars of succession in Europe.

This article is about wars of succession in Europe. For outside Europe, see List of wars of succession. For wars of secession, see List of wars of independence. For princely wars against well-established monarchs, see princely rebellion.

To inherit Holland, Ada quickly married Louis before her father was buried, triggering the Loon War.[1]

Note: Wars of succession in transcontinental states are mentioned under the continents where their capital city was located. That means that wars of succession in the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire are found here whenever their capital city was located at Constantinople/Kostantiniyye/Istanbul in East Thrace; for Ottoman wars of succession before 1453, see List of wars of succession § Medieval Asia. Names of wars that have been given names by historians are capitalised; the others, whose existence has been proven but not yet given a specific name, are provisionally written in lowercase letters (except for the first word, geographical and personal names).

Ancient Europe
Alexander's diadochi battled about his political legacy for 46 years.
Year of the Four Emperors: a war of succession between Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian.

Medieval Europe

6th–8th century
Fontenoy confirmed the partition of Francia between emperor Louis the Pious's three sons.

9th century

10th century
  • War of the Leonese succession (951–956), after the death of king Ramiro II of León[17]
  • (historicity contested) Olga's Revenge on the Drevlians (945–947), after the Kyivan Rus' Drevlian vassals assassinated Igor of Kyiv.[18] Initially, the Drevlian prince Mal offered to marry Igor's widow Olga of Kyiv and thus succeed him, but Olga appointed herself as regent over her young son Svyatoslav, made war on the Drevlians and destroyed their realm. The historicity of the events as described in the main document on the conflict, the Primary Chronicle, is contested, and the war is described as 'legendary' with a mix of fact and fiction.
  • Gwynedd war of succession (950), after the death of king Hywel Dda of Gwynedd and Deheubarth
  • Feud of the Svyatoslavychivi or Kyivan Rus' Dynastic War (c. 972–980), after the death of king Svyatoslav I of Kyiv[19]
  • War of the Hamaland succession (c. 973 – c. 996), after the death of count Wichman II of Hamaland, between sisters Adela of Hamaland and Liutgard of Elten (supported by Balderic, Count of Upladium)[20]
  • War of the Leonese succession (982–984), continuation of the last Leonese war of succession
  • Stephen–Koppány war, also known as 'Koppány's rebellion' or contemporaneously 'the war between the Germans and the Hungarians' (997–998), after the death Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. Stephen (pagan birth name: Vajk) was Géza's oldest son and claimed the throne by primogeniture; his army was described as 'the Germans'. Koppány was the brother of Géza's widow Sarolt and claimed the throne by agnatic seniority; his army was described as 'the Hungarians'. Later Christian sources emphasise Stephen's Christianity as an argument for his legitimacy, claim that Koppány was a pagan and that agnatic seniority was a 'pagan' custom as opposed to the 'Christian' custom of primogeniture, and that therefore Koppány 'rebelled' against the legitimate Christian king Stephen, but the reliability and impartiality of these sources is disputed.

11th century
In 1066, William of Normandy managed to enforce his claim to the English throne.

12th century
The Sack of Kiev (1169) was part of the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis between rival princely clans[44]

13th century
Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople, Eugène Delacroix (1840). The 1204 Sack of Constantinople caused a complex series of related wars of succession in Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, as many pretenders laid claim to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire's legacy.
The Battle of Worringen, the decisive confrontation of the War of the Limburg Succession, as shown in a 15th-century Brabantsche Yeesten manuscript

14th century
Siege of Orléans. The Hundred Years' War arose when the English king claimed the French throne.
The 1388 Battle of Strietfield secured Lüneburg for the House of Welf.

15th century
The Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (1443) during the Old Zürich War.
The Catholic Monarchs united 'Spain' after the War of the Castilian Succession.

Early Modern Europe

16th century
The Jülich Succession became a European war, as the future religious balance of power depended on it.

17th century
Klushino 1610: Polish–Lithuanian hussars defeat Tsarist Russia and capture Moscow in the Time of Troubles and the Dimitriads.

18th century
During the War of the Spanish Succession, a European coalition tried to keep Spain out of French hands.
The War of the Austrian Succession grew out to an almost pan-European land war, spreading to colonies in the Americas and India.[91]

Modern Europe

19th century
The death of Frederick VII of Denmark was a cause of the Second Schleswig War (1864).
The Third Carlist War (1872–1876).

Timeline
Twenty Years' AnarchyRoman civil war of 350–353Year of the Four EmperorsCivil wars of the TetrarchyYear of the Five EmperorsRoman–Bosporan WarPyrrhus of EpirusSiege of Laon (741)Battle of LucofaoBattle of the FrigidusYear of the Six EmperorsCrisis of the Third CenturyWars of the DiadochiOlga of KievÆthelwold's RevoltFrankish Civil War (715–718)EbroinBrunhilda of AustrasiaFredegundBoudicaBosporan Civil War
Ottoman Civil War (1509–13)Ottoman InterregnumByzantine civil war of 1352–1357Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347War of the Euboeote SuccessionBattle of PantinaLiberal WarsWar of the Portuguese SuccessionWar of the Castilian SuccessionNavarrese Civil War (1451–1455)Fernandine WarsByzantine civil war of 1321–1328Nicaean–Latin warsFourth CrusadeCarlist WarsWar of the Spanish SuccessionFranco-Spanish War (1595–98)Catalan Civil WarWar of the Two PetersCastilian Civil WarWar of the Three SanchosWar of the Three SanchosFitna of al-AndalusFitna of al-AndalusWar of the Montferrat SuccessionItalian War of 1536–1538Mad WarMilanese War of Succession1383–1385 Portuguese interregnumKalbidsPiedmontese Civil WarStrasbourg Bishops' WarFrench–Breton WarFrench–Breton WarWar of the Breton SuccessionBattle of TinchebrayFranco-Prussian WarWar of the Quadruple AllianceWar of the Mantuan SuccessionSuccession of Henry IV of FranceWar of the Three HenrysItalian War of 1494–1495War of the Burgundian SuccessionHundred Years' WarWar of the Succession of ChampagneBaussenque WarsFulco I, Margrave of MilanCivil war in Poland (1704–1706)War of the Jülich SuccessionHabsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)War of the Hungarian SuccessionMainz Diocesan FeudOld Zürich WarGalicia–Volhynia WarsBattle of KressenbrunnWar of the Bavarian SuccessionNine Years' WarHessian WarCologne Diocesan Feud Civil war in Greater Poland (1382–1385)Civil war in Greater Poland (1382–1385)Władysław the White's rebellionWładysław the White's rebellionBremen Diocesan FeudWar of the Austrian SuccessionDanzig rebellionWar of the Succession of StettinSaxon Fratricidal WarWars of the Rügen SuccessionWar of the Polish SuccessionDüsseldorf Cow WarWar of the Polish Succession (1587–88)Hildesheim Diocesan FeudWar of the Succession of LandshutThuringian Counts' WarWar of the Thuringian SuccessionGerman throne disputeGerman–Polish War (1003–1018)Guelders WarsGuelders WarsFirst War of the Guelderian SuccessionWar of the Flemish SuccessionBattle of SteppesGodfrey III, Duke of Lower LorraineWar of DevolutionUtrecht war of 1481–83Utrecht war (1456–1458)Utrecht SchismWars of the Loon SuccessionWar of the Limburg SuccessionLoon WarBattle of Cassel (1071)Second Schleswig WarPolish–Swedish War (1600–29)Count's FeudHook and Cod warsEric and EricFirst Schleswig WarMoscow uprising of 1682War against SigismundLithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)War of the Brabantian SuccessionBattle of LipitsaRussian interregnum of 1825Jacobite risingsTime of TroublesWar of the Priests (Poland)Muscovite Civil WarCivil war era in NorwayCivil war era in NorwayRebellion of 1088Monmouth RebellionWyatt's rebellionWars of the RosesWars of the RosesWars of Scottish IndependenceWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst Barons' WarThe AnarchyBattle of Stamford BridgeNorman Conquest
  •   British Isles
  •   Scandinavia, Baltics & Eastern Europe
  •   Low Countries
  •   Central Europe (HRE)
  •   France & Italy
  •   Spain & Portugal
  •   Southeastern Europe

See also

Notes
  1. Initially, William of Normandy was called William "the Bastard" by his opponents because he was an illegitimate son (bastard) of Robert I, and therefore some Norman noblemen rejected him as successor. Later, he became known as William "the Conqueror" when he also managed to enforce his claim to the English throne with the 1066 Norman invasion of England. William's reign in Normandy itself was not unopposed until 1060, despite being largely secured since 1047.
  2. Roger II of Sicily was the son of Roger "Bosso" I of Sicily, William II of Apulia was the grandson of Robert Guiscard, and Robert II of Capua was the great-grandson of Fressenda and Robert I of Capua; thus, all three descended from three different children of Tancred of Hauteville.
  3. A 1870 issue of the Dutch periodical Onze Tijd ("Our Time") went as far as to name it the Tweede Spaansche Successieoorlog ("Second War of the Spanish Succession", as opposed to the "first" in 1701–1715), stating: "Although already in 1866 anyone who had been keeping a clear eye on the state of affairs should have considered a war between France and Prussia inevitable, one would likely have looked in every other place for the direct cause of that war before Spain. (...) So strange, that it is evident that finding it in the Spanish succession was the result of a monarch just looking for any kind of pretext to declare war."[94]

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Bibliography
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