Central Tibetan

Central Tibetan
Central Tibetan
Ü-Tsang
དབུས་སྐད་, Dbus skad / Ükä; དབུས་གཙང་སྐད་, Dbus-gtsang skad / Ü-tsang kä
	The name of the language written in the Tibetan script
Pronunciation	[wýkɛʔ, wýʔtsáŋ kɛʔ]
Native to	India, Nepal, China (Tibet Autonomous Region)
Region	Tibet
Native speakers	4.173 million (2022)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri (?) Bodish Tibetic Central Tibetan; ; ; ; ;
Standard forms	Lasetian; Standard Tibetan;
Writing system	Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; bod – Lhasa Tibetan; dre – Dolpo; hut – Humla, Limi; lhm – Lhomi (Shing Saapa); muk – Mugom (Mugu); kte – Nubri; ola – Walungge (Gola); loy – Lowa/Loke (Mustang); tcn – Tichurong
Glottolog	tibe1272 Tibetan; sout3216 South-Western Tibetic (partial match); basu1243 Basum
ELP	Walungge
	Dolpo[2]
	Lhomi[3]
	Shingsaba is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Central Tibetan, also known as Dbus, Ü or Ü-Tsang, is the most widely spoken Tibetic language and the basis of Standard Tibetan.

Dbus and Ü are forms of the same name. Dbus is a transliteration of the name in Tibetan script, དབུས་, whereas Ü is the pronunciation of the same in Lhasa dialect, [wy˧˥˧ʔ] (or [y˧˥˧ʔ]). That is, in Tibetan, the name is spelled Dbus and pronounced Ü. All of these names are frequently applied specifically to the prestige dialect of Lhasa.

Languages or dialects

There are many mutually intelligible Central Tibetan languages besides that of Lhasa, with particular diversity along the border and in Nepal:

Limi (Limirong), Mugum, Dolpo (Dolkha), Mustang (Lowa, Lokä), Humla, Nubri, Lhomi, Dhrogpai Gola, Walungchung Gola (Walungge/Halungge), Tseku

Basum (most divergent, possibly a separate language)

Ethnologue reports that Walungge is highly intelligible with Thudam.

Glottolog reports these South-Western Tibetic languages as forming a separate subgroup of languages within Central Tibetan languages, but that Thudam is not a distinct variety. On the opposite, Glottolog does not classify Basum within Central Tibetan but leaves it unclassified within Tibetic languages.

Tournadre (2013) classifies Tseku with Khams.[4]

Central Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with Amdo Tibetan and 80% lexical similarity with Khams Tibetan.[5]

Consonants

IPA	Tibetan writing	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[k]	ཀ་	k	g
[kʰ]	ཁ་ ག་	kh, g	k
[ŋ]	ང་	ng	ng
[tɕ]	ཅ་	c	j
[tɕʰ]	ཆ་ ཇ་	ch, j	q
[ɲ]	ཉ་	ny	ny
[t]	ཏ་	t	d
[tʰ]	ཐ་ ད་	th, d	t
[n]	ན་	n	n
[p]	པ་	p	b
[pʰ]	ཕ་ བ་	ph, b	p
[m]	མ་	m	m
[ts]	ཙ་	ts	z
[tsʰ]	ཚ་ ཛ་	tsh, dz	c
[w]	ཝ་	w	w

IPA	Tibetan writing	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[ɕ]	ཞ་ ཤ་	zh, sh	x
[s]	ཟ་ ས་	z, s	s
[j]	ཡ་	y	y
[ɹ]	ར་	r	r
[l]	ལ་	l	l
[h]	ཧ་	h	h
[c]	ཀྱ་	gy	gy
[cʰ]	ཁྱ་ གྱ་	ky	ky
[tʂ]	ཀྲ་	kr	zh
[tʂʰ]	ཁྲ་ གྲ་	khr, gr	ch
[ʂ]	ཧྲ་	hr	sh
[ɬ]	ལྷ་	lh	lh

འ isn't commonly transliterated to Roman, in the Wade–Giles system ' is used.

Vowels

ཨ（◌）

ཨ།	ཨའུ།	ཨག། ཨགས།	ཨང༌། ཨངས།	ཨབ། ཨབས།	ཨམ། ཨམས།	ཨར།	ཨལ། ཨའི།	ཨད། ཨས།	ཨན།
a	au	ag	aŋ	ab	am	ar	ai/ä	ai/ä	ain/än
ཨི། ཨིལ། ཨའི།	ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ།	ཨིག། ཨིགས།	ཨིང༌། ཨིངས།	ཨིབ། ཨིབས།	ཨིམ། ཨིམས།	ཨིར།		ཨིད། ཨིས།	ཨིན།
i	iu	ig	iŋ	ib	im	ir		i	in
ཨུ།		ཨུག། ཨུགས།	ཨུང༌། ཨུངས།	ཨུབ། ཨུབས།	ཨུམ། ཨུམས།	ཨུར།	ཨུལ། ཨུའི།[VOW 1]	ཨུད། ཨུས།	ཨུན།
u		ug	uŋ	ub	um	ur	ü	ü	ün
ཨེ། ཨེལ། ཨེའི།		ཨེག། ཨེགས།	ཨེང༌། ཨེངས།	ཨེབ། ཨེབས།	ཨེམ། ཨེམས།	ཨེར།		ཨེད། ཨེས།	ཨེན།
ê		êg	êŋ	êb	êm	êr		ê	ên
ཨོ།		ཨོག། ཨོགས།	ཨོང༌། ཨོངས།	ཨོབ། ཨོབས།	ཨོམ། ཨོམས།	ཨོར།	ཨོལ། ཨོའི།	ཨོད། ཨོས།	ཨོན།
o		og	oŋ	ob	om	or	oi/ö	oi/ö	oin/ön

特殊

Pronunciation

IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin	IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[a]	a	a
[ɛ]	al, a'i	ai/ä	[ɛ̃]	an	ain/än
[i]	i, il, i'i	i	[ĩ]	in	in
[u]	u	u
[y]	ul, u'i	ü	[ỹ]	un	ün
[e]	e, el, e'i	ê	[ẽ]	en	ên
[o]	o	o
[ø]	ol, o'i	oi/ö	[ø̃]	on	oin/ön

一"ai, ain, oi, oin" is also written to "ä, än, ö, ön".

Conjunct vowels

IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[au]	a'u	au
[iu]	i'u, e'u	iu

Last consonant

IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[ʔ]	d, s	none
[n]		n
[k/ʔ]	g, gs	g
[ŋ]	ng, ngs	ng
[p]	b, bs	b
[m]	m, ms	m
[r]	r	r

References

Lhasa Tibetan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dolpo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Humla, Limi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Lhomi (Shing Saapa) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Mugom (Mugu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Nubri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Endangered Languages Project data for Dolpo.
Endangered Languages Project data for Lhomi.
N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56
"China". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth Edition. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-09-09.

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[Special-6] 特殊

[e18-1] Lhasa Tibetan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dolpo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Humla, Limi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Lhomi (Shing Saapa) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Mugom (Mugu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Nubri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[ELP2-2] Endangered Languages Project data for Dolpo.

[ELP3-3] Endangered Languages Project data for Lhomi.

[4] N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56

[5] "China". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth Edition. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-09-09.