Foreign relations of Malawi

Malawi's former President Bakili Muluzi continued the pro-Western foreign policy established by his predecessor, Hastings Banda. It maintains excellent diplomatic relations with principal Western countries. Malawi's close relations with South Africa throughout the apartheid era strained its relations with other African nations. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, Malawi developed, and currently maintains, strong diplomatic relations with all African countries.

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Nations with which Malawi has diplomatic relations.

Bilateral donors

Important bilateral donors include Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Republic of China (Taiwan), the United Kingdom, and the United States. Multilateral donors include the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and the United Nations organizations.

SADC

Malawi assumed the chair of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in 2001. Muluzi took an active role in SADC on issues such as the global coalition against terrorism and land reform in Zimbabwe.

ACP

Malawi has been a member of the ACP group since Lomé I and is also a party to the Cotonou agreement, the partnership agreement between the European Community/European Union and 77 states from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific.

Memberships in international organizations

Malawi is a member of the following international organizations: the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations and some of its specialized and related agencies (i.e. UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO), IMF, World Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Berne Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, Organization of African Unity (OAU), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Lome Convention, African Development Bank (AFDB), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), Non-Aligned Movement, G-77, and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Malawi is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Bilateral Relations
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania11 July 1985

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1985[1]

 Algeria 19 June 1981 First Algerian ambassador Mohamed Khouri presented his credentials to Malawi on 19 June 1981.[2]
 Angola 9 November 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1993[3]
 Argentina 11 March 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1999[4]
 Armenia20 January 2012

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 2012[5]

 Australia1 July 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1983 when Mr. I. L. James , the first High Commissioner of Australia to Malawi presented his letters of credentials.[6]
 Austria 2 December 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1965[8]
 Azerbaijan 21 May 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 2004[9]
 Bahrain9 June 1998See Bahrain–Malawi relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1998[10]

 Bangladesh 15 March 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 2012 when Dr. Chrissie Chawanje Mughogho, High Commissioner of the Republic of Malawi to India has presented letters of credence to President of Bangladesh, Mr. Mohammed Zillur Rahman.[11]
 Belarus 13 July 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2001[12]
 Belgium 28 January 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1966 when first Ambassador of Malawi to Belgium Mr. Timon Sam Mangwazu presented his credentials.[13]
 Benin 19 February 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 2019 when first Ambassador of Benin to Malawi (resident in Pretoria) Mr. Erick Franck Saїzonou presented his credentials to President Peter Mutharika.[14]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 October 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2011[15]
 Botswana1 July 1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1967 when first High Commissioner of Botswana Mr. H. Mannathoko presented his credentials to President of Malawi.[16]

Both countries are full members of the Southern African Development Community, Commonwealth of Nations and of the Non-Aligned Movement.

 Brazil 23 August 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1990[17]
 Brunei Darussalam 11 October 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 2000[18]
 Bulgaria 23 November 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1994[19]
 Cambodia 20 July 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2011[20]
 Cameroon 10 September 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1974[21]
 Canada12 February 1974
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1974[22]
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 Chile 30 November 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1990[23]
 China28 December 2007

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 2007[24]

Hastings Banda recognized the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 1967. In January 2008, Malawi switched this recognition to the People's Republic of China.

Since 2008 there has been a significant shift by the Malawian government towards accepting investment from China.[25] Potentially this may be part of a wider power struggle between the East and West in Africa.[26]

 Colombia 30 March 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1998[27]
 Republic of Congo 18 October 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2022 when Ambassador of Republic of Congo Mr. Constant-Serge Bounda presented his letters of credentials to President Dr. Lazarus Mccarthy CHAKWERA.[28]
 Croatia13 November 1998

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1998[29]

 Cuba 10 December 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1997[30]
 Cyprus22 June 2000
 Czech Republic 20 March 1991 Czechoslovakia and Malawi established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1991[32]
 Denmark22 February 1966Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 1966 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Malawi to Denmark (Resident in Bonn) Mr. Timon Sam Mangwazu.[33]
 Egypt 25 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1964 when has been appointed first Ambassador of UAR (Egypt) to Malawi Mr. A. F. Ahlal[34]
 Eritrea 20 July 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2017 when first ambassador of Eritrea to Malawi (resident in Pretoria) Mr. Saleh Omar Abdu present letters of credence to President Arthur Peter Mutharika.[35]
 Estonia 19 July 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 2011[36]
 Ethiopia 30 June 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1964 when the first Malawi Ambassador to Ethiopia, Mr. Katenga, arrived in Addis Ababa.[37]
 Fiji 25 June 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 2011[38]
 Finland 1 May 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1986[39]
 Gambia 19 February 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 2019 when Gambian Ambassador with residence in South Africa, M. Abdoulie Bojang has presented his letter of credence to the Malawian President Peter Mutharika.[40]
 Georgia19 September 2011

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 2011[41]

 Germany 6 July 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1964[42]
 Ghana 8 July 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1964[43]
 Greece30 April 1970Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1970.[44]
 Hungary 26 December 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 1990[46]
 Iceland 14 August 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1998[47]
 India19 October 1964See India–Malawi relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1964 when has been accredited Acting High Commissioner of India to Malawi Mr. Dileep S. Kamtekar.[48]

 Indonesia 29 September 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 2014[49]
 Iran 5 April 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 April 1971.[50]But diplomatic relations were severed on 11 February 1979 and re-established on 18 February 1996.[51]
 Israel15 July 1964See Israel–Malawi relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1964[52]

 Italy 20 September 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1966 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires a.i. of Italy to Malawi Dr. Almando Albrini.[53]
 Jamaica 30 September 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1999[54]
 Japan17 June 1966

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1966 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Japan to Malawi (Resident in Nairobi) Mr. T. Urabe.[55]

 Jordan 23 June 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1999[56]
 Kenya 28 September 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1965[57]
 Kosovo 20 July 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2016.[58]
 Kuwait 19 June 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 June 1995[59]
 Kyrgyzstan 22 September 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2022[60]
 Latvia10 September 1998

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1998.[61]

 Lebanon 18 October 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2017 when ambassador of Malawi Mrs. Caroline Bwanali Mussa, has presented his credentials to President of Lebanon Michel Aoun.[62]
 Lesotho 4 September 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1976[63]
 Lithuania18 November 2011

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 2011[64]

 Luxembourg 28 October 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1980[65]
 Malaysia 6 November 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1991[66]
 Maldives 24 September 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 2022[67]
 Mali 2 August 2023 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 2023 when Ambassador of Mali Mr. Bakary Coulibaly, presented his credentials to President of Malawi Dr. Lazarus Chakwera.[68]
 Mauritius 9 February 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 2001[69]
 Mexico10 December 1998Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1998[70]
  • Malawi is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[71]
  • Mexico is accredited to Malawi from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[72]
 Monaco 31 July 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 2012[73]
 Mongolia21 December 2011

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 2011[74]

 Montenegro 16 September 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 2011[75]
 Morocco 31 January 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2001[76]
 Mozambique1 July 1981See Malawi-Mozambique relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1981[77]

Between 1985 and 1995, Malawi accommodated more than a million refugees from Mozambique. The refugee crisis placed a substantial strain on Malawi's economy but also drew significant inflows of international assistance. The accommodation and eventual repatriation of the Mozambicans is considered a major success by international organizations.

 Myanmar 30 January 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 2012[78]
 Namibia 21 March 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1990[79]
   Nepal 16 February 2023 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2023[80]
 Netherlands 16 December 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1965[81]
 New Zealand 20 March 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 2013 when first High Commissioner of Malawi to New Zealand (resident in Tokyo) Dr Reuben Ngwenya presented his credentials to Governor-General, Lt Gen Rt Hon Sir Jerry Mateparae.[82]
 Nicaragua 25 September 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 2022[83]
 Niger 8 March 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 2016 when first Ambassador of Niger to Malawi (resident in Pretoria) Rakiatou Mayaki presented his credentials to President Peter Mutharika.[84]
 Nigeria 29 November 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1969[85]
 North Korea25 June 1982

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1982.[86]

 North Macedonia 27 September 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1999[87]
 Norway 9 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1965[88]
 Oman 7 December 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 2016[89]
 Pakistan14 August 1965

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1965. Pakistan and Malawi are both members of the Commonwealth of Nations

 Philippines3 May 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 2001[90]

Neither country has an embassy in each other's territories. The Philippines's embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, is accredited to Malawi; on the other hand, Malawi's embassy in Tokyo, Japan, is accredited to the Philippines.

As of 25 May 2018, the date of presentation of credentials of Philippine non-resident ambassador Uriel Norman Garibay to President Arthur Peter Mutharika, there are 41 Filipino nationals residing in Malawi, mainly in Blantyre and Lilongwe.[91]

 Poland10 July 1992See Malawi–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992[92]

 Portugal 27 May 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1965 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires of Portugal to Malawi Dr. Fernando M. da Silva Marques.[93]
 Qatar 26 September 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2012 when Ambassador of Malawi to Qatar (resident in Kuwait City) Mr. Yunis Abdul Karim has presented his credentials.[94]
 Romania15 July 1985

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1985.[95]

 Russia 2 November 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1993[96]
 Rwanda26 June 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2001 when accredited first Ambassador of Rwanda to Malawi (resident in Dar es Salaam) Mr. Zephyr Mutanguha[97]

In 1996, Malawi received a number of Rwandan and Congolese refugees seeking asylum. The government did not turn away refugees, but it did invoke the principle of "first country of asylum." Under this principle, refugees who requested asylum in another country first, or who had the opportunity to do so would not subsequently be granted asylum in Malawi. There were no reports of the forcible repatriation of refugees.

 Saudi Arabia 15 August 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1999.[98]
 Senegal 9 March 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 2016 when Ambassador of Senegal to Malawi, has presented his credentials to President Professor Mutharika.[99]
 Serbia13 February 1998

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1998[100]

 Seychelles 22 May 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 2001[101]
 Sierra Leone 8 March 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 2016 when first High Commissioner of Sierra leone to Malawi (resident in Addis Ababa) Osman Keh Kamara presented his credentials to President Peter Mutharika.[102]
 Singapore24 August 1998

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1998.[103]

 Slovakia 30 December 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1993[104]
 Slovenia 21 July 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 2011[105]
 South Africa10 September 1967See Malawi–South Africa relations

South Africa's first formal relationship with an independent African country was established with Malawi, beginning on 10 September 1967[106]

The colonial structures of Malawian labour export to South African mines continued after Malawi achieved independence in 1964. Led by dictator Hastings Banda, Malawi was the only African country to maintain close relations with White-ruled South Africa until the 1994 election of Nelson Mandela. Malawians were viewed as important workers in the South African mines due to their "skills, work discipline and lack of militancy"[107] From 1988 to 1992, around 13,000 Malawian migrant laborers were forcefully repatriated out of South Africa. Officially, this was because 200 Malawians had tested positive for HIV in the previous two years, but many believe that it was due to the need for retrenchment of laborers during a crisis in South Africa's mining industry.[107]

Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.[108]

 South Korea9 March 1965

Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Malawi was on 9 March 1965.[109] In 2011 Bilateral Trade between both nations totaled US$31 million.[110]

 South Sudan 26 September 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2011[111]
 Spain27 October 1972See Malawi–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1972[112]

 Sri Lanka 9 June 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 2011[113]
 Sudan 21 July 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 2017 when Ambassador of Sudan M. Hussein Awad Ali presented his letter of credence to President Prof. Peter Mutharika.[114]
  Switzerland 19 May 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 May 1966 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Switzerland to Malawi (Resident in Nairobi) Dr. H. K. Frey.[115]
 Tanzania16 May 1985

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1985[116]

Malawi has a dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi).

 Thailand 1 June 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1987[117]
 Trinidad and Tobago 21 April 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1998[118]
 Tunisia 3 May 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 2017 when Ambassador of Malawi with residence in Cairo Mrs. Caroline Sakina Bwanali-Mussa, has presented his credentials to President of Tunisia Béji Caïd Essebsi.[119]
 Turkey4 August 1969Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1969[120]
  • Embassy of Malawi in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.[121]
  • Turkish Embassy in Lusaka is accredited to Malawi.[121]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$21 million in 2019 (Malawi's exports/imports: 16.4/4.67 million USD).[121]
 Turkmenistan 20 February 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1998[122]
 Ukraine22 December 1998See Malawi-Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1998[123]

 United Kingdom6 July 1964See Malawi–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1964 when has been accredited first British High Commissioner to Malawi Mr. D. L. Cole.[124]

Historical ties make the UK historically one of the more important donors and supporters of Malawi. However, the expulsion of the UK's High Commissioner in April 2011 may change this relationship. Since the expulsion the UK has suspended direct government aid,[125] citing concerns over governance and human rights.

 United States6 July 1964See Malawi–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1964[126]

See also: Cochrane-Dyet 2011 Cable Controversy

The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy significantly strengthened the already cordial U.S. relationship with Malawi. Significant numbers of Malawians study in the United States. The United States has an active Peace Corps program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, and an Agency for International Development (USAID) mission in Malawi.

In July 2011, the United States suspended direct funding. The US government agency responsible, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, suspended aid because it was 'deeply upset' by the deaths of the 19 people during the July protests.[127]

 Venezuela 31 January 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2007[128]
 Zambia 15 September 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1970[129]
 Zimbabwe 17 July 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1981 when has been appointed first High Commissioner of Malawi to Zimbabwe Mr. M. A. Banda and open High Commission of Malawi in Harare.[130]

In October 2022, a memorandum of understanding was signed with Liberland, which caused public critics in the country.[131]

Malawi and the Commonwealth of Nations

Malawi became a full member of the Commonwealth on independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, was Queen of Malawi, represented by the Governor-General of Malawi, until the country became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1966, when the then Prime Minister of Malawi, Hastings Banda, declared himself the first President of Malawi.

See also

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