Meitei script

The Meitei script (Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meitei Mayek, lit. 'Meitei writing system'), also known as the Meetei script (Meitei: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meetei Mayek, lit. 'Meetei writing system'),[5] is an abugida used for the Meitei language, the official language of Manipur state and one of the 22 official languages of India. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. It is also popularly known as the Kanglei script (Meitei: ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ/ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯏꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Kanglei Mayek/Kanglei Iyek)[6][7] and the Kok Sam Lai script (Meitei: ꯀꯣꯛ ꯁꯝ ꯂꯥꯏ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Kok Sam Lai Mayek).[lower-alpha 1][8][9] Its earliest known evidence of existence dates back to the 6th century AD coins, engraving the Meitei letters,[10] as verified by the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi.[1] It was used until the 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali alphabet. A few manuscripts survive. In the 20th century, the script has experienced a resurgence, and is again being used.[11] Starting from 2021, Meitei script (officially known as Meetei Mayek[lower-alpha 2]) was officially used by the Government of Manipur, along with the Bengali-Assamese script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021".[12]

Not to be confused with Bengali alphabet or Bengali-Assamese script.
This article is about the historically and naturally evolved writing system used to write Meitei language. For the constructed script invented in 20th century CE, see Naoriya Phulo script.
For disambiguation, see Meitei Yelhou Mayek.

Meitei script
(Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meitei Mayek)
Meitei Mayek (Meitei for 'Meitei writing system') written in Meitei script; the ancient 18 letters used in the official Meitei Mayek writing system
Script type
Time period
6th century AD[1] – upto 1700 AD, 1930 – present
Directionleft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
Official scriptfor Meitei language in India
Region India
LanguagesMeitei language (officially known as "Manipuri language")
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Lepcha, Khema, ʼPhags-pa, Marchen
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Mtei (337), ​Meitei Mayek (Meithei, Meetei)
Unicode
Unicode alias
Meetei Mayek
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
Part of a series on
Officially used writing systems in India
Category
Indic scripts
Arabic derived scripts
Alphabetical scripts
Related
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic
Southern Brahmic

Since Meitei does not have voiced consonants, there are only fifteen consonant letters used for native words, plus three letters for pure vowels. Nine additional consonant letters inherited from the Indic languages are available for borrowings. There are seven vowel diacritics and a final consonant (/ŋ/) diacritic. The names of the twenty-seven letters are not only phonetic names, but also based on parts of the human body.[13]

A Meitei language stone inscription in Meitei script about a royal decree of a Meitei king found in the sacred site of God Panam Ningthou in Andro, Imphal East, Manipur.

History

6th century - 7th century

The ancient Meitei script (old Manipuri script) is first evident in the coins issued during the eras of Meitei Kings, Ura Konthouba (568-653 AD) and Ayangba (821-910 AD). These coins are presently preserved in the Mutua Museum in Imphal.[1]

The earliest stone inscription in Meitei script found from the Khoibu village in Manipur is widely believed to of the time of King Ura Konthouba, that is around 6th-7th century CE. But there is no authenticity of the fact as of now. This Meitei inscription is presently kept in the Manipur Government Museum, Imphal.[1]

8th century

The earliest copper plate Meitei inscription dates back to the 8th century AD. It was inscribed during the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha (c. 721 AD). It was discovered by scholar Yumjao from Phayeng village in the east of Imphal in the year 1935. It is one of the preserved earliest known written records for Meitei literature.[14][15][16]

Yumjao, the discoverer of the 8th century copper plate inscription, opined that Meitei script was developed during the 8th century, but his fact was contradicted by the evidence of the Meitei script engravings on the coins of the 6th-7th century eras. This contradiction is well noted in the Volume 1 of the Encyclopedia of Indian Literature published by the Sahitya Akademi in the year 1987.[1]

11th century

Contradictory to the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi about the unanimous earliest attested dating of the Meitei script, many people gave personal opinions in their research works as Meitei script was developed in the 11th century, 18th century, 19th century, etc. The Meitei script is a Brahmic abugida. According to Singh (1962), an archaic form of the script had developed by the 11th century, and it was in use until the early 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali script.[17] By contrast, Tomba (1993) claims that the script is a development of c. 1930, with all supposedly older documents being deliberate forgeries.[18] According to K.S. Singh and Mahoharan (1993), as per the modifications of the phonemic distributions of Meitei language, the script belongs to the Tibetan group of scripts.[2]

A stone inscription found at Khoibu in Tengnoupal district, of current Manipur state, contains royal edicts of king Senbi Kiyamba (d. 1508), representing the earliest portion of the Chietharol Kumbaba or Royal Chronicle of Manipur. It is one of the primary texts in the Meitei script.[19]

Meitei manuscript

20th century

In 1980, a modernized version of the writing system was approved by Manipur state law for use in educational institutions.[20][21]

2009

The modernised version of the Meitei script was encoded in Unicode in the year 2009.

2023 planning in 2022

All the newspapers in Meitei language (Manipuri language) will be using the "Meitei script" (Meitei: Meetei Mayek) instead of the Bengali script from 15 January 2023 (2023-01-15), according to a joint meeting consensus of the "Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup" (MEELAL), "All Manipur Working Journalists' Union" (AMWJU) and "Editors' Guild Manipur" (EGM) in Imphal.[22][23][24][25][26]

Letters
The eighteen foremost letters of the ancient Meitei script (ancient Meetei script) of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur)
The logograms of the Meitei script

One of the unique features of this script is the use of body parts in naming the letters.[27] Every letter is named after a human body part in the Meitei language. For example, the first letter "kok" means "head"; the second letter "sam" means "hair"; the third letter "lai" means "forehead", and so on.[28] This is corroborated from the holybook "Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya", which details how each script originated received its nomenclature.[29]

Primary letters
Image(s) Letter(s) Name(s)/Pronunciation(s) Romanization Representation(s) Meaning(s)[lower-alpha 3] Latin equivalent letters/sounds IPA[34]
 ꯀ ꯀꯣꯛ kok
head or brain K /k/
 ꯁ ꯁꯝ sam/sham
hair S /s/
 ꯂ ꯂꯥꯏ lai
forehead L /l/
 ꯃ ꯃꯤꯠ mit/meet
eye M /m/
 ꯄ ꯄꯥ pā/paa
eyelash P /p/
 ꯅ ꯅꯥ nā/naa
ear N /n/
 ꯆ ꯆꯤꯜ chil/cheel
lips Ch /t͡ʃ/
 ꯇ ꯇꯤꯜ til/teel
saliva T /t/
 ꯈ ꯈꯧ khou throat, palate, neck Kh /kʰ/
 ꯉ ꯉꯧ ngou pharynx, larynx Ng /ŋ/
 ꯊ ꯊꯧ thou
breast, chest, ribs Th /tʰ/
 ꯋ ꯋꯥꯏ wai
navel, heart W /w/
 ꯌ ꯌꯥꯡ yang
backbone, vertebral column, spine Y /j/
 ꯍ ꯍꯨꯛ huk/hook
joint, articulation H /h/
 ꯎ ꯎꯟ un/oon
skin, hair follicle U /u(ː)/
 ꯏ ꯏ ee/i
blood I or E /i(ː)/
 ꯐ ꯐꯝ pham/fam
"anus" or "buttocks" or "seat" or "uterus" or "womb" F or Ph /pʰ/
 ꯑ ꯑꯇꯤꯡꯉꯥ / ꯑꯇꯤꯌꯥ atinga/atiya
"sky" or "immortality" or "heaven" or "eternity" or "divinity" or "celestial being" or "birth" A /ɐ/

Evolved consonant letters
Evolved letter(s) Name(s)/Pronunciation(s) Romanization Evolved from Latin equivalent letters/sounds IPA[35]
ꯒ ꯒꯣꯛ gok ꯀꯣꯛ (kok) G /g/
ꯓ ꯓꯝ jham ꯁꯝ (sam) Jh /d͡ʒʱ/
ꯔ ꯔꯥꯏ rai ꯂꯥꯏ (lai) R /ɾ/
ꯕ ꯕꯥ bā/baa ꯄꯥ (pā/paa) B /b/
ꯖ ꯖꯤꯜ jil ꯆꯤꯜ (chil) J /d͡ʒ/
ꯗ ꯗꯤꯜ dil ꯇꯤꯜ (til) D /d/
ꯘ ꯘꯧ ghou ꯈꯧ (khou) Gh /gʱ/
ꯙ ꯙꯧ dhou ꯊꯧ (thou) Dh /dʱ/
ꯚ ꯚꯝ bham ꯐꯝ (pham/fam) Bh /bʱ/

Lonsum letters
Lonsum letter Name Derived from Mapung Mayek letter
ꯛ kok lonsum ꯀ
ꯜ lai lonsum ꯂ
ꯝ mit lonsum ꯃ
ꯞ pa lonsum ꯄ
ꯟ na lonsum ꯅ
ꯠ til lonsum ꯇ
ꯡ ngou lonsum ꯉ
ꯢ ee lonsum ꯏ

Vowel diacritics
Cheitap letters (Cheitap mayek)
Cheitap mayek Name IPA Latin Example
ꯥ aa-tap /a/ a Karl (ꯀꯥꯔꯜ)
ꯤ ee-nap /i/ e or i King (ꯀꯤꯡ), Feel (ꯐꯤꯜ)
ꯨ uu-nap /u/ u or oo Cool (ꯀꯨꯜ), Fumigate (ꯐꯨꯃꯤꯒꯦꯠ)
ꯦ yet-nap /e/ ay or e Bay (ꯕꯦ), Kentuk (ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯨꯛ)
ꯣ ot-nap /o/ o Boy (ꯕꯣꯌ), Cold (ꯀꯣꯜꯗ)
ꯩ chei-nap /ej/ ei Heifer (ꯍꯩꯐꯔ), Feign (ꯐꯩꯟ)
ꯧ sou-nap /ow/ ou or ow Soul (ꯁꯧꯜ), Hou (ꯍꯧ), Bowl (ꯕꯧꯜ)
ꯪ nung or noong /ɐŋ/ ang or ng Anglo (ꯑꯪꯒꯂꯣ), Kangla (ꯀꯪꯂꯥ)

Numerals
Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Meitei numerals ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹
Names ꯐꯨꯟ
phun		 ꯑꯃ
ama		 ꯑꯅꯤ
ani		 ꯑꯍꯨꯝ
ahum		 ꯃꯔꯤ
mari		 ꯃꯉꯥ
mangā		 ꯇꯔꯨꯛ
taruk		 ꯇꯔꯦꯠ
taret		 ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯜ
nipāl		 ꯃꯥꯄꯜ
māpal

In Meitei religion
Meitei letter "Ama" (lit. One) in the symbol of Sanamahism (traditional Meitei religion)
Meitei letter "Ama" (lit. One)

In Sanamahism (traditional Meitei religion), the Meitei letters (including Meitei numerals) are believed to be the divine creations (or the divine manifestations) of the supreme deity in the universe.[36][37]

Unicode

The Meitei script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

Blocks
Main articles: Meetei Mayek (Unicode block) and Meetei Mayek Extensions (Unicode block)

The Unicode block for the Meitei script, called Meetei Mayek, is U+ABC0 – U+ABFF.

Characters for historical orthographies are part of the Meetei Mayek Extensions block at U+AAE0 – U+AAFF.

Meetei Mayek[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+ABCx ꯀ ꯁ ꯂ ꯃ ꯄ ꯅ ꯆ ꯇ ꯈ ꯉ ꯊ ꯋ ꯌ ꯍ ꯎ ꯏ
U+ABDx ꯐ ꯑ ꯒ ꯓ ꯔ ꯕ ꯖ ꯗ ꯘ ꯙ ꯚ ꯛ ꯜ ꯝ ꯞ ꯟ
U+ABEx ꯠ ꯡ ꯢ ꯣ ꯤ ꯥ ꯦ ꯧ ꯨ ꯩ ꯪ ꯫ ꯬ ꯭
U+ABFx ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Meetei Mayek Extensions[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+AAEx ꫠ ꫡ ꫢ ꫣ ꫤ ꫥ ꫦ ꫧ ꫨ ꫩ ꫪ ꫫ ꫬ ꫭ ꫮ ꫯ
U+AAFx ꫰ ꫱ ꫲ ꫳ ꫴ ꫵ   ꫶  
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Software
Main article: Meitei input methods
A typical Meitei Mayek keyboard

Meitei Mayek keyboards and other input methods are available at or supported by:

  1. Gboard
  2. Apple iOS 13
  3. Linux
  4. Macintosh operating systems
  5. Microsoft SwiftKey
  6. Windows

Sample text

The following is a Meitei language sample text of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations) in Meitei script, its romanisation, its IPA and its English version:[38]

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯖꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯖꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯏ, ꯑꯐ ꯐꯠꯇ ꯈꯪꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

— Meitei-language translation in Meitei script

Mioiba khudingmak pokpa matamda ningtammi amadi ijjat amasung hak mānnana leijei, makhoi pumnamak wākhal loushing shengi, apha phatta khangi, aduna amana amaga loinabada machin manāogumna loinagadabani.

— The passage in Roman transliteration

míːójbə kʰud̯íŋmək pókpə mət̯ə̀md̯ə níːŋt̯ə̀mmi, əməd̯i iːdʒət əməʃùng hə́k màːnənə lɐ̀jdʒɐ̀j. məkʰój púmnəmək wakʰə̀l lə̀wʃiŋ ʃèŋi, əpʱə̀ pʱə́ːt̯ə kʰə́ŋi, əd̯unə əmənə əməgə lòjnəbəd̯ə mət͡ʃìn mənáwgùmnə lójnəgəd̯əbəni'.

— The passage in IPA

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

— The passage in English version

See also

Notes
  1. named after the first three letters "Kok" (K), "Sam" (S) and "Lai" (L) of the Meitei writing system.
  2. The terms, "Meitei", "Meetei" and "Manipuri" are synonymous. While "Meitei" is more popular than "Meetei", "Meetei" is the officially mentioned synonym of the term "Manipuri".
  3. Some of the meanings rendered by some letters (characters) are different according to different sources. So, if found different, they're added together in the same section.[30][31][32][33]

References
  1. Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
  2. Chelliah, Shobhana Lakshmi (2011). A Grammar of Meithei. De Gruyter. p. 355. ISBN 9783110801118. Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts,which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script
  3. Singh, Harimohon Thounaojam (January 2011), The Evolution and Recent Development of the Meetei Mayek Script, Cambridge University Press India, p. 28
  4. Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; Post, Mark W (January 2011). North East Indian Linguistics Volume 3. Cambridge University Press India. ISBN 9788175967939.
  5. Khuman, Yanglem Loijing Khomba; Devi, Salam Dickeeta; Singh, Ch. Ponykumar; Devi, H. Mamata; Singh, N. Ajith (1 December 2022). "A benchmark dataset for printed Meitei/Meetei script character recognition". Data in Brief. 45: 108585. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108585. ISSN 2352-3409. PMC 9679442. PMID 36426059.
  6. Noni, Arambam; Sanatomba, Kangujam (16 October 2015). Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur. Routledge. pp. 223, 235, 237. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9.
  7. O'Keeffe, Anne; McCarthy, Michael (5 April 2010). The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Taylor and Francis. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-135-15363-2. Meetei Mayek (Meitei Mayek, ... Kanglei)
  8. মণিপুরদা লোলয়ান চঙলকপা অমদি মীতৈ ইয়েক্না থোঙজিন্দা ৱারৌজনা লেপ্লরবদা ! (PDF). hueiyenlanpao.com (in Manipuri).
  9. "Lost and revived: The story of Meitei script". The Indian Express. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  10. Fresh Fictions: Folk Tales, Plays, Novellas from the North East. Katha. 2005. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-87649-44-1.
  11. Laithangbam, Iboyaima (23 September 2017). "Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  12. "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
  13. Ray, Sohini (2009). "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India". Anthropological Quarterly. 82 (1): 150. ISSN 0003-5491. JSTOR 25488260.
  14. Devi, Yumlembam Gopi (16 June 2019). Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. Lulu.com. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
  15. Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 325. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
  16. Sen, Sipra (1992). Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography. Mittal Publications. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-7099-310-0.
  17. K.B. Singh, The Meiteis of Manipur (1989 [1962]), p. 157.
  18. Frans Welman, Out of Isolation – Exploring a Forgotten World (2011), 468f., citing O.Tomba, The Need to rewrite Manipuri History, Imphal, 1993.
  19. Everson, Michael (20 September 2006). "Preliminary Proposal for Encoding the Meithei Mayek Script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.
  20. "Approved Meitei Mayek Govt Gazzette 1980". e-pao.net. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  21. Devi, S. (May 2013). "Is Manipuri an Endangered Language?" (PDF). Language in India. 13 (5): 520–533.
  22. "Meetei Mayek in newspapers". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  23. "Meetei Mayek in newspapers: 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  24. "Meetei Mayek to Replace Bengali Script in Manipuri Newspapers from 2023". Pratidin Time. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  25. "All Bengali script Manipuri Dailies in Manipur to Print in Meitei Eyek (Script) from 15th January 2023". HYNews. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  26. "State dailies to cease Bengali script Manipuri papers from Jan, 2023: 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  27. "A comparative study of Meetei Mayek" (PDF). typoday. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  28. "Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them". Retrieved 6 March 2023. The Meitei Mayek script has a unique built-in learning device: the use of body parts in naming the letters. Every letter is named after a human body part in the Manipuri. The first letter, "kok" means "head," for example; the second letter, "sam" means "hair"; the third letter "lai" means "forehead."
  29. Ray, Sohini (2009). "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India". Anthropological Quarterly. 82 (1): 129–154. doi:10.1353/anq.0.0047. ISSN 0003-5491. JSTOR 25488260. S2CID 140755509.
  30. Arambarn Parratt, Saroj Nalini, ed. (2009), "Meetei Mayek or Meetei script chart", The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Foundation Books, pp. 145–148, ISBN 978-81-7596-854-7, retrieved 6 March 2023
  31. Watham, S.; Vimal, V. (2013). "Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek: ( A Rule Based Approach )". S2CID 16339978. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  32. "Meetei Mayek: The Script". tabish.freeshell.org. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  33. "Meitei Mayek Alphabets". www.researchgate.net.
  34. "Manipuri (Meeteilon / Meithei)". Omniglot. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  35. "Manipuri (Meeteilon / Meithei)". Omniglot. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  36. "Discovery of Kangleipak 11". e-pao.net. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  37. "Discovery of Kangleipak 12". e-pao.net. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  38. "Manipuri language and alphabets". omniglot.com. Retrieved 12 August 2022.

Bibliography
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 0-19-564331-3.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meithei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 59–71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 189–190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
Manipuri edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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