Microtransit

Microtransit is a form of bus demand responsive transport vehicle for hire. This transit service offers a highly flexible routing and/or highly flexible scheduling of minibus vehicles shared with other passengers.[1] Microtransit providers build routes ad-hoc exclusively to match only each demand (trip) and supply (driven vehicle) and to extend the efficiency and accessibility of the transit service. Possible pick-up/drop-off stops are restricted (usually within a geofenced area), and transit can be provided as a stop-to-stop service or a curb-to-curb service.

For small unscheduled shared rail transport, see Personal rapid transit.
An ULTra PRT vehicle on a test track at Heathrow Airport, London

Proponents argue that conceptually, microtransit fits somewhere between private individual transportation (cars or taxicabs or ridesharing companies) and public mass transit (bus).[2]

Customers can request new routes based on demand.[3] According to SAE International, “Microtransit is a privately or publicly operated, technology-enabled transit service that typically uses multi-passenger/pooled shuttles or vans to provide on-demand or fixed-schedule services with either dynamic or fixed routing”.[4] That mainly targets children and teens and customers to connect between residential areas to downtown.[3][5]

History
Further information: Paratransit and Share taxi

Although the share-taxi kind of transit service has been running for a while in the Southern Hemisphere and in Asia, they have involved private provision of some degree of fixed routes or fixed schedules but not always booking ability, let alone mobile booking or route optimisation. The development of mobile booking technologies has led to a wave of pilot schemes being adopted in Europe and North America.

In the United States, microtransit has evolved from jitney transport, which was once common in many cities around the world but has disappeared due to tighter regulations.[6] In 1914, during a streetcar strike in Los Angeles, a motorist began giving rides for a jitney. Its flexible service swept the nation very quickly.[7] Another jitney success was "dollar vans" in 1980 during the eleven-day public transit strike.

Development

Technologies allow realntime exchange of booking information and programmed route optimization of the transit service. The term "microtransit" may have emerged into widespread industry discussion around 2015, when this wave of technology-enabled services was starting, and seems specific to the English language.

The current implementations result from public-private partnerships, subsidized by the government, or are brought by the private sector directly to the customer. Whether microtransit can be profitable, just like public transit, is unsure.

The success of microtransit systems depends on its configuration. Some experiences in the United States have resulted in failures.[8]

Application

The flexibility and intelligence in microtransit can be useful in cases when the demand is either geographically spread or coming at various and/or unpredictable times, i.e. when it is hard to gather demand with a planned transit service. Examples include: low-density areas, night services, and other formats adapted to specific needs.

Autonomous electric vehicles

Autonomous electric vehicles are much more cost effective and efficient for microtransit service than other vehicle types. The cost effectiveness can be attributed to the elimination of a driver from the vehicle. A study conducted in Singapore mentioned that microtransit services using autonomous electric vehicles can reduce the total cost of ownership by 70% compared to other microtransit vehicles and by 80% compared to buses.[9]

References
  1. Shaheen, Susan; Chan, Nelson; Bansal, Apaar; Cohen, Adam (November 2015). "Shared Mobility: Definitions, Industry Developments, and Early Understanding" (PDF). innovativemobility.org. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  2. Gray, Leslie (2016-01-10). "The Silicon Valley Agency Launching its Own Microtransit Service". Shared-Use Mobility Center. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  3. Shaheen, Susan; Cohen, Adam (2019-07-04). "Shared ride services in North America: definitions, impacts, and the future of pooling". Transport Reviews. 39 (4): 427–442. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1497728. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 158740058.
  4. "Shared transit". www.sae.org. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  5. Shaheen, Susan; Cohen, Adam; Chan, Nelson; Bansal, Apaar (2020). Chapter 13 - Sharing strategies: carsharing, shared micromobility (bikesharing and scooter sharing), transportation network companies, microtransit, and other innovative mobility modes. ISBN 978-0-12-815167-9.
  6. Shaheen, Susan (2018-03-01). "Shared Mobility: The Potential of Ridehailing and Pooling". Shared Mobility: The Potential of Ride Hailing and Pooling. pp. 55–76. doi:10.5822/978-1-61091-906-7_3. ISBN 978-1-61091-983-8. S2CID 170063820.
  7. Berrebi, Simon (November 6, 2017). "Don't Believe the Microtransit Hype". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  8. "UpRouted: Exploring Microtransit in the United States". www.enotrans.org.
  9. Ongel, Aybike; Loewer, Erik; Roemer, Felix; Sethuraman, Ganesh; Chang, Fengqi; Lienkamp, Markus (January 2019). "Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles". Sustainability. 11 (3): 648. doi:10.3390/su11030648.
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