Chang–Du Gan

Chang–Du or Chang–Jing, sometimes called Nanchang (simplified Chinese: 南昌话; traditional Chinese: 南昌話; pinyin: Nánchānghuà) after its principal dialect, is one of the Gan Chinese languages. It is named after Nanchang and Duchang County, and is spoken in those areas as well as in Xinjian, Anyi, Yongxiu, De'an, Xingzi, Hukou, and bordering regions in Jiangxi and in Pingjiang County, Hunan.

Chang–Du
Nanchang
Native toChina
RegionNorthwestern Jiangxi
Chinese characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
ISO 639-6cagj
Glottologchan1317
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Phonology

The Nanchang dialect has 19 syllable onsets or initials (including the zero initial), 65 finals and 7 tones.[1]

Initials

In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA transcription, the second indicates pinyin.

Bilabial Dental/
Alveolar		 (Alveolo-)
palatal		 Velar Glottal
Nasal m
m 麻		 ɲ
gn 魚		 ŋ
ng 牙
Plosive plain p
b 巴		 t
d 打		 k
g 加
aspirated pʰ
p 怕		 tʰ
t 讀		 kʰ
k 卡
Affricate plain ts
dz 渣		 tɕ
j 脊
aspirated tsʰ
tz 茶		 tɕʰ
q 喫
Fricative ɸ
f 花		 s
s 紗		 ɕ
x 寫		 h
h 蝦
Lateral l
l 啦

Finals

The finals of the Nanchang dialect are:[2]

- -i -u -n -ŋ -t -k
- a
扯		 ɔ
何		 ɛ
許		 ɹ̩
柿		 ə
儒		 ai
敗		 əi
噯		 au
抱		 ɛu
茂		 əu
周		 an
闲		 ɔn
漢		 ɛn
痕		 ən
分		 aŋ
正		 ɔŋ
裝		 uŋ
共		 at
八		 ɔt
撥		 ɛt
北		 ət
不		 ak
百		 ɔk
剝		 uk
鹿
-i- ja
惹		 jɛ
佢		 i
眉		 jɛu
廟		 iu
酒		 jɛn
淹		 in
隱		 jaŋ
井		 jɔŋ
獎		 juŋ
供		 jɛt
革		 it
乙		 jak
脊		 jɔk
腳		 juk
菊
-u- wa
話		 wɔ
禾		 wɛ
哇		 u
母		 wai
懷		 ui
委		 wan
灣		 wɔn
換		 un
滾		 waŋ
梗		 wɔŋ
廣		 wat
滑		 wɔt
活		 wɛt
國		 ut
勿		 wak
摑		 wɔk
擴
-y- ɥɛ
瘸		 y
豬		 ɥɔn
軟		 yn
笋		 ɥɔt
絕		 yt
戍

Consonantal codas
Syllabic nasals m̩
姆		 n̩
汝		 ŋ̩
五
consonantal finals -p -t -k -m -n -ng
IPA [-p] [-t] [-k] [-m] [-n] [-ŋ]
Example 十 八 百 咸 限 横
  • The codas in italic are at present only reserved in several Gan dialects.

Tone

Like other Chinese varieties, tones in Gan make phonemic distinctions. There are five phonemic tones in Gan, which are reduced to two 'entering tones' before stop consonants. In the traditional classification, these are considered separately:

tones of Gan
Tone numberTone namePitch numbersIPA transcription (on a)
1upper level(42)a˦˨ or â
2lower level(24)a˨˦ or ǎ
3rising(213)a˨˩˧ or á̀́
4upper departing(55)a˥ or á
5lower departing(21)a˨˩ or à
6upper entering(5)ak˥ or ák
7lower entering(21)ak˨˩ or àk

The 6th and 7th tones are the same as the 4th and 5th tones, except that the syllable ends in a stop consonant, /t/ or /k/.

Example

A poem of Meng Haoran (“Men Hau-len” in Gan):

春曉　孟浩然   Cun Hieu – Men Hau-len
春眠不覺曉，cun mien bhut gok hieu,
處處聞啼鳥。cu cu mun ti tieu.
夜來風雨聲，ya loi fung ui sang,
花落知多少？fa lok zi do seu?

References
  1. Yan (2006), p. 150.
  2. Yan (2006), pp. 150–151, based on Hanyu Fangyin Zihui.
  • Běijīng Dàxué Zhōngguó yǔyán wénxuéxì yǔyánxué jiàoyánshì (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì. Běijīng: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室. 1989. 漢語方音字匯. 北京: 文字改革出版社)
  • Norman, Jerry. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
  • Yuán, Jiāhuá (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing, China: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語方言概要. 北京:文字改革出版社.)


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