Jiangshan dialect
The Jiangshan dialect (江山話) is a Southern Wu dialect, closely related to that of Quzhou. It is spoken in Jiangshan, a city in Quzhou prefecture, China.
| Jiangshan dialect | |
|---|---|
| 江山話 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Jiangshan city, Quzhou prefecture, Zhejiang province |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 500,000–600,000) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | long1386 Jiangshan |
Phonology
Initials
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m 馬 | n 腦 | ŋ 我 | |||
| Plosive | tenuis | p 巴 | t 豬 | k 姜 | ||
| aspirated | pʰ 怕 | tʰ 聽 | kʰ 氣 | |||
| slack voice | b̥ 爬 | d̥ 同 | ɡ̊ 群 | |||
| Affricate | tenuis | ts 再 | tɕ 朱 | |||
| aspirated | tsʰ 寸 | tɕʰ 唱 | ||||
| slack voice | d̥z̥ 茶 | d̥ʑ̊ 傳 | ||||
| Fricative | tenuis | f 夫 | s 山 | ɕ 心 | h 曉 | |
| slack voice | v̥ 浮 | z̥ 事 | ʑ̊ 樹 | ɦ 雲 | ||
| Approximant | l 李 | |||||
Finals
| 耳 [ør] | 衣 [ɦi] | 无 [vu] | 雨 [ɦy] | 之 [tsɿ] |
| 拉 [lɑ] | 家 [kiɑ] | 瓦 [ŋuɑ] | ||
| 鞋 [ɦæ] | 也 [ɦiæ] | 快 [kʰuæ] | ||
| 天 [tʰiɛ̃] | 全 [ʑyɛ̃] | |||
| 开 [kʰe] | 会 [kue] | |||
| 哥 [ko] | ||||
| 包 [pɐɯ] | 表 [piɐɯ] | |||
| 楼 [lɯ] | 秋 [tɕʰiɯ] | |||
| 三 [sã] | 香 [hiã] | 关 [kuã] | ||
| 干 [kɔ̃] | 状 [ʑiɔ̃] | |||
| 盘 [bɐ̃] | 官 [kuɐ̃] | |||
| 门 [mõ] | 穷 [ɡiõ] | |||
| 齿 [tsʰɿə] | 鱼 [ŋɯə] | |||
| 金 [kœ̃] | 森 [ɕyœ̃] | |||
| 京 [kĩ] | 春 [tɕʰỹ] | |||
| 八 [paʔ] | 学 [ɦiaʔ] | 扩 [kʰuaʔ] | ||
| 笔 [pœʔ] | 十 [ʑyœʔ] | |||
| 日 [nəʔ] | 习 [ʑiɛʔ] | 越 [ɦyɛʔ] | ||
| 月 [ŋoʔ] | 肉 [ʑioʔ] | |||
| 合 [kɔʔ] | 肉 [ŋyɔʔ] |
Tones
The Jiangshan dialect is considered to have eight tones. However, since tone split from Middle Chinese, each character still depends on the voicing of the initial consonant. These constitute just three phonemic tones: pin, shang, and qu. (Ru syllables are phonemically toneless, as their distinctiveness lies in a final glottal stop.)
| Number | Tone name | Tone contour | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 陰平 yīn píng | ˦ (44) | 天空飛山 |
| 2 | 陽平 yáng píng | ˨˧˩ (231) | 南來田皮 |
| 3 | 陰上 yīn shàng | ˧˨˦ (324) | 紙九火口 |
| 4 | 陽上 yang shàng | ˨ (22) | 坐買有被 |
| 5 | 陰去 yīn qù | ˥˩ (51) | 菜四送去 |
| 6 | 陽去 yáng qù | ˧˩ (31) | 備洞路硬 |
| 7 | 陰入 yīn rù | ˦˥ʔ (45) | 七雪踢客 |
| 8 | 陽入 yáng rù | ˩˨ʔ (12) | 六肉白獨 |
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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| Phonology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Grammar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Idioms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Input | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literary forms |
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| Scripts |
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