Negros Oriental

Negros Oriental (Cebuano: Sidlakang Negros; Tagalog: Silangang Negros), officially the Province of Negros Oriental (Cebuano: Lalawigan sa Sidlakang Negros (Negros Oriental); Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Silangang Negros (Negros Oriental)), is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Dumaguete. It occupies the southeastern half of the large island of Negros, and borders Negros Occidental, which comprises the northwestern half. It also includes Apo Island, a popular dive site for both local and foreign tourists.

Negros Oriental
Sidlakang Negros
Province
Province of Negros Oriental
(from top: left to right) Negros Oriental Provincial Capitol in Dumaguete, Silliman University, Lake Balinsasayao, Apo Island, and Mojon Chapel in Bais
Flag of Negros Oriental
Flag
Official seal of Negros Oriental
Seal
Motto(s): 
Veritas Via Vitae
("The truth is the way of life")
Anthem: Sidlakang Negros, Lalawigan Kong Mahal
(literally: Eastern Negros, the Province I love)
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 10°03′N 123°07′E
CountryPhilippines
RegionCentral Visayas (Region VII)
FoundedJanuary 1, 1890
Capital
and largest city		Dumaguete
Government
 • TypeSangguniang Panlalawigan
 • GovernorManuel "Chaco" L. Sagarbarria (NPC)
 • Vice GovernorJaime L. Reyes (LP)
 • LegislatureNegros Oriental Provincial Board
Area
[1]
 • Total5,385.53 km2 (2,079.36 sq mi)
 • Rank17th out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Kanlaon)
2,465 m (8,087 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Total1,432,990
 • Rank19th out of 81
 • Density270/km2 (690/sq mi)
  • Rank35th out of 81
Divisions
 • Independent cities0
 • Component cities
6
 • Municipalities
19
 • Barangays557
 • DistrictsLegislative districts of Negros Oriental
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
6200–6224
IDD : area code +63 (0)35
ISO 3166 codePH-NER
Spoken languages
Highway routes
Income classification1st class
Websitewww.negor.gov.ph

Negros Oriental faces Cebu to the east across the Tañon Strait and Siquijor to the south-east (which happened to be part of the province before). The primary spoken language is Cebuano and the predominant religious denomination is Roman Catholicism. Dumaguete is the capital, seat of government and most populous city of the province. With a population of 1,432,990 inhabitants,[2] it is the second most-populous province in Central Visayas after Cebu, the fifth most-populous province in the Visayas and the 19th most-populous province of the Philippines.

History
See also: Negros Revolution
The Dumaguete Church with its belfry built in the 1760s and 1870s to warn townsfolk of attacks by marauding pirates. (circa 1891)

Early history

Negros, the largest island in the Visayas, is believed to have once been part of a larger landmass that was cut off by rising waters at the end of the last ice age.[3] Among the early inhabitants of the island were the Negritos and the Austronesians, and later the Han Chinese, who are mainly merchants.[4] They called the island "Buglas", a native word which is believed to mean "cut off".[3]

Spanish colonial era

Spanish explorers on the expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi first came to the island in April 1565. Legazpi dropped anchor in Bohol and sent his men to scout the island.[4] Because of the strong currents of the Tañon Strait between Cebu and Negros, they were carried for several days and forced to land on the western side of the island. They reported seeing many dark-skinned inhabitants, and they called the island "Negros" (Negro means "black" in Spanish). The island was sparsely settled at the time, except for a few coastal settlements including Ilog and Binalbagan. In 1571, Legaspi assigned encomiendas on the island to 13 of his men.[4] Augustinian friars began the Christianization of the island the next year. The island was administered as part of the jurisdiction of Oton until 1734 when it became a military district, and Ilog became the capital of the island. The capital was transferred to Himamaylan in 1795. Negros became a politico-military province in 1865 and the capital was transferred to Bacolod.

Due to its proximity to Mindanao, the southeastern coasts of Negros was in constant threat from Moro marauders looking for slaves, so watchtowers were built to protect the Christian villages. The Moro raids and Negros Oriental's distance from the Negrense capital of Bacolod, induced 13 Recollectionist priests to petition for the division of the island in July 1876.[4] The island of Negros was then divided into the provinces of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental by a royal decree executed by Governor General Valeriano Weyler on January 1, 1890. Dumaguete was made the first and only capital of Negros Oriental. In 1892, Siquijor became a part of Negros Oriental, having previously been administered by Spain under the politico-military province of Bohol.

The Philippine Revolution reached Negros in 1898, disrupting government functions but without extreme violence and bloodshed. Revolutionary troops in the island were composed mostly of farm labourers and other prominent people of the province of Negros Oriental, who were organized and led by Don Diego de la Viña. The Spanish colonial government in Dumaguete and the rest of the island was overthrown on November 24, 1898. Later, the Negros Occidental area under the leadership of Gen. Araneta, along with the Negros Oriental area under the leadership of Don Diego de la Viña, merged to form the Cantonal Republic of Negros, a separate government from the more familiar Malolos Republic established in Luzon.[5]

American invasion era

In 1901, the Negros Oriental province was reorganized by the United States and a civil government was established with Demetrio Larena as governor. The American government made Siquijor a "sub-province" of Negros Oriental. Negros Oriental became a province under the American civil government on March 10, 1917, through Act 2711.[6] In 1934, Negros Oriental became a corregimiento, a separate military district. Under the American colonial government, transportation infrastructure was developed with improvements of roads and new bridges.[7]

Japanese occupation era

During World War II, both Negros provinces were invaded by Imperial Japanese forces, resorting many residents to flee to the inland mountains.[8] Negros Island was liberated by combined Philippine & American troops with the local Negrense guerillas attacking the Japanese on August 6, 1945. The 7th, 73rd, 74th and 75th Infantry Divisions of the Philippine Commonwealth Army were established from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the 7th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was active from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, at the Military General Headquarters in Negros Oriental. They started the engagements of the Anti-Japanese Imperial Military Operations in Negros from 1942 to 1945 against the Japanese Imperial forces.

Contemporary
Silliman University
See also: Negros Island Region and Negros Island killings

On September 17, 1971, Siquijor finally became an independent province by virtue of Republic Act No. 6396.[9]

On May 29, 2015, the Negros Island Region was formed when Negros Oriental was separated from Central Visayas and transferred to the new region along with Negros Occidental and Bacolod, when President Benigno Aquino III signed Executive Order No. 183, s. 2015.[10] But it was abolished on August 9, 2017, when President Rodrigo Duterte revoked Executive Order No. 183, s. 2015 through the signage of Executive Order No. 38, citing the reason of the lack of funds to fully establish the NIR according to Benjamin Diokno, the Secretary of Budget and Management, reverting Negros Oriental back into Central Visayas.[11] However, with the Philippines' current presidential administration promoting federalism, the idea of the twin provinces of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental reunified into one federal state/region is already in the talks of local provincial politicians, with some additional support from the known native Negrenses. There is also a suggestion, jointly approved by the provincial governors, that Negros Oriental along with Negros Occidental, be renamed with their pre-colonial names as "Buglas Sidlakan" and "Buglas Nakatundan" respectively, with Negros, as a federal state, be named as "Negrosanon Federated Region", due to the negative racial connotation associated with the name "Negros".[12][13][14][15]

Geography
Rock formations at Apo Island

Negros Oriental occupies the south-eastern half of the island of Negros, with Negros Occidental comprising the north-western half. It has a total land area of 5,385.53 km2 (2,079.36 sq mi). A chain of rugged mountains separates Negros Oriental from Negros Occidental. Negros Oriental faces Cebu to the east across the Tañon Strait and Siquijor to the southeast. The Sulu Sea borders it to the south to southwest. Negros is basically volcanic, making its soil ideal for agriculture. Eighty percent of all arable land in the island region is cultivated.

Topography
Mount Talinis, located southwest of Valencia, is the second highest volcanic mountain in Negros

The province's topography is characterized by low, grooved mountain ranges of which some lie close to the shoreline. At the southern end of the province is Mount Talinis, also known as Cuernos de Negros ("Horns of Negros"), which is a dormant complex volcano which rises to a height of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). At the northern end of the province is the active Kanlaon Volcano, the highest peak of the island region with a height of 2,465 metres (8,087 ft). There are a few flatlands and plateaus in the interior to the southwest of the province, which includes the Tablas Plateau.[16]

One of the landmarks of Dumaguete is the Dumaguete Bell Tower which stands next to the Saint Catherine of Alexandria Cathedral.[17] It once used to warn the city of impending pirate attacks.[18]

Climate

Negros Oriental has a tropical climate. Because of the mountain range running from the north to the south, the province has two types of climatic conditions.[19] The eastern part of the province is characterized by unpronounced maximum rainfall with a short dry season lasting from one to three months. The western half of the province is characterized by a distinct wet season and dry season.[16]

Administrative divisions
Political divisions

Negros Oriental comprises 19 municipalities and 6 cities, further subdivided into 557 barangays.

Dumaguete is the provincial capital and seat of government. It is also the province's most populous city, despite having the smallest land area among all component cities and municipalities of Negros Oriental.

Political map of the province of Negros Oriental
Legislative map of Negros Oriental

For purposes of legislative representation, the cities and municipalities are grouped into three congressional districts, with each district electing a congressman to the House of Representatives of the Philippines.

  •  †  Provincial capital and component city
  •  ∗  Component city
  •   Municipality

Demographics
Population census of Negros Oriental
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 151,338—    
1918 215,750+2.39%
1939 335,173+2.12%
1948 386,203+1.59%
1960 538,206+2.80%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1970 652,264+1.94%
1975 740,417+2.57%
1980 819,399+2.05%
1990 925,272+1.22%
1995 1,025,247+1.94%
YearPop.±% p.a.
2000 1,130,088+2.11%
2007 1,231,904+1.20%
2010 1,286,666+1.60%
2015 1,354,995+0.99%
2020 1,432,990+1.11%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[22][25][25]
Languages Spoken (2000)[26]
Language Speakers
Cebuano
 
 1,427,065
Hiligaynon
 
 165,308
Other Visayan languages
 
 39,174
Boholano
 
 4,147
Others
 
 8,318
Not Reported
 
 8,065

The population of Negros Oriental in the 2020 census was 1,354,995 people,[2] with a density of 250/km2 (650/sq mi). As of 2010, its registered voting population are 606,634.[27] 34.5% of the population are concentrated in the six most populous component cities of Dumaguete, Bayawan, Guihulngan, Tanjay, Bais and Canlaon. Population growth per year is about 0.99% over the period of 2010–2015, lower than the national average of 1.72%.[22]

Residents of Negros are called "Negrenses" (and less often "Negrosanons") and many are of either pure/mixed Austronesian heritage, with foreign ancestry (i.e. Chinese and/or Spanish) as minorities. Negros Oriental is predominantly a Cebuano-speaking province due to its close proximity to Cebu, with 72% of residents reporting it as a first language. Hiligaynon is spoken by the remaining 28% and is common in areas close to the border with Negros Occidental. Filipino and English, while seldom used as first languages, are generally understood and used for official, literary, and educational purposes.

Religion

Christianity is the predominant religion in the province with Roman Catholicism (75%) as the largest single denomination .[28] However, there is a strong and growing presence of mainline and evangelical Protestant which forms about 9% of the province population. The Iglesia ni Cristo(6%),[29] the Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses and the Aglipayan Church, also known as the Philippine Independent Church, also have some presence. Adherents of Islam and Buddhism constitute a minority of the population.

Economy
Poverty Incidence of Negros Oriental
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[30][31]
[32][33][34][35][36]
A Geothermal power station in Valencia

With its vast fertile land resources, Negros Oriental's other major industry is agriculture. The primary crops are sugarcane, sweetcorn, coconut and rice.[16] In the coastal areas, fishing is the main source of income. People are also involved in cattle ranches, fish ponds and rubber plantations, especially in Bayawan. There are also mineral deposits like gold, silver and copper found throughout the inner areas of the province.

The province is already emerging as a major technological center in Visayas, with its growing business process outsourcing (BPO) that has started to penetrate the province's secondary cities and other technology-related industries. Vehicle assembly is a growing industry in Amlan. Construction of mass housing and subdivisions is very evident in the periphery of Dumaguete and is expected to spillover into the province's secondary cities and fast-growing towns.

Other industries include water bottling and warehousing, as well as cold and dry storing. Retailing has penetrated other urban areas outside Dumaguete, with the entry of supermarkets and shopping malls in cities such as Bayawan, Tanjay and Bais. The town of Bacong, which borders Dumaguete in the south, hosts many industrial plants geared for the local and export markets, which can bolster economic growth. Negros Oriental is also a notable tourist destination in the Visayas.

Transportation
"Pedicab", a motorized tricycle in Dumaguete

Negros Oriental has a network of roads, including a national road that spans the circumference of Negros Island. National and provincial roads in the province total more than 900 kilometers, though only about half of these are paved.[37]

A large portion of residents do not own private vehicles, and are totally reliant on public transport. Buses and jeepneys link the cities and municipalities of the province. For short distances within a town, motorized tricycles (locally known as "pedicabs") are available. Moreover, motorcycles for hire locally called as habal-habal is the primary mode of transportation in the hinterlands or places wherein it can't be reached with other types of vehicles.

Dumaguete–Sibulan Airport

Dumaguete Airport, located in Sibulan, is the province's only commercial airport.[37] It is a domestic airport with multiple daily flights to and from Manila, served by Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific. The airport also serves flights to and from Cebu and Cagayan de Oro. Based on 2002 statistics, an average of 5,800 outgoing passengers and 5,700 incoming passengers pass through the airport every month. However, this airport is due for transfer to Bacong because of congestion in its current location and has been on proposal since 2014 and still pending final approval as of 2022.[37][38] Yet in March 2021, upgrade works were made to the current Sibulan Airport which include pavement reconstruction, expansion of the terminal building from 1,152sqm. to 1,842sqm., and expansion of CAAP administrative buildings.[39]

The primary seaport of the province is located in Dumaguete. Additionally, there are five other seaports in the province classified as tertiary.[40]

Education
Negros Oriental State University

Most colleges and universities in the province are concentrated in Dumaguete, which befit the role as Center of Learning in the South and is widely known as a university city. Here are the list of some universities, colleges and other tertiary institutions located in the province of Negros Oriental:

School Location
AMA Computer CollegeDumaguete
Asian CollegeDumaguete
Colegio de Santa Catalina de AlejandriaDumaguete
Diaz CollegeTanjay City
Foundation UniversityDumaguete
La Consolacion College BaisBais
Maxino CollegeDumaguete
Metro Dumaguete CollegeDumaguete
Negros College Inc.Ayungon
Negros Maritime College Foundation Inc.Sibulan
Negros Oriental State University Main & Bajumpandan CampusesDumaguete
Negros Oriental State University Bais Campuses I & IIBais
Negros Oriental State University Bayawan-Sta. Catalina CampusBayawan/Santa Catalina
Negros Oriental State University Guihulngan City CampusGuihulngan City
Negros Oriental State University Mabinay CampusMabinay
Negros Oriental State University Pamplona CampusPamplona
Negros Oriental State University Siaton CampusSiaton
Presbyterian Theological CollegeDumaguete
Saint Francis College – GuihulnganGuihulngan City
Saint Joseph College of Canlaon, Inc.Canlaon
Saint Joseph Seminary CollegeSibulan
STI CollegeDumaguete
Silliman UniversityDumaguete
St. Paul University DumagueteDumaguete
Southern Tech CollegeBayawan
Villaflores CollegeTanjay City

Public High School
School Location
Tanjay National High School (main)Tanjay City
Tanjay Science High SchoolTanjay City
Bais City National Science High School Bais City
Dumaguete Science High School Dumaguete City
Taclobo High School Dumaguete City
Maria Macahig Memorial High School Siaton
Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School Santa Catalina

Culture
Buglasan Festival at the Ninoy Aquino Memorial Freedom Park in Dumaguete

Each town in Negros Oriental celebrates an annual town fiesta, usually dedicated to a patron saint of a particular town or city. In some of the larger towns, there are particular fiestas for specific neighborhoods or barangays.

  1. Jimalalud: January 15 - Sr. Sto. Niño
  2. Canlaon: March 19 - Sr. San Jose
  3. Sibulan: June 13 - St. Anthony of Padua
  4. Tayasan: June 13 - St. Anthony of Padua
  5. Tanjay City: July 25 - St. James the Greater
  6. Bacong: August 28 - St. Augustine of Hippo
  7. Bais: September 10 - St. Nicholas of Tolentino
  8. Dauin: September 10 - St. Nicholas of Tolentino
  9. Manjuyod: October 4 - St. Francis of Assisi
  10. Dumaguete: November 25 - St. Catherine of Alexandria
  11. Amlan: November 30 - St. Andrew

Additionally, the Buglasan Festival, which was revived in 2001, is celebrated annually in October in the provincial capital of Dumaguete and is hailed as Negros Oriental's "festival of festivals".[41] It is a week-long celebration where you can see unique booths of each town and city in Negros Oriental featuring their native products and tourist attractions. The highlight of the occasion is the float parade and street dancing competition.[42]

Landscape of a beach resort in Dauin, the province's resort capital. Tourism is one of the major industries in the province of Negros Oriental.

The province is the home of the last living remnants of the Inata language speakers. The Sebwano language is spoken throughout the province, while the indigenous Minagahat language is spoken in the south.

Media

There are at least seven local media publications in general circulation around the province. These publications include Dumaguete MetroPost,[43] The Negros Chronicle,[44] Dumaguete Star Informer, Times Focus, and Island News.[45] Sun.Star Dumaguete publishes news online bi-weekly. PLDT, Globe Telecom and their subsidiaries are major providers of network connection within the province. Major providers, in TV and radio are ABS-CBN, GMA, TV5 and CNN Philippines. Cable TV provides access to BBC, ESPN and other international programs. The province is mainly served by one regional newscast: TV Patrol Central Visayas (shared with ABS-CBN Cebu).

See also

References
  1. "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  2. Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  3. "Files Magazine". Panay News. Archived from the original on December 18, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  4. WOW Philippines - Negros Oriental history Archived August 19, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
  5. "Republic of Negros". World Statesmen.org. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  6. "An Act Amending the Administrative Code" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. March 10, 1917. Retrieved April 23, 2016. The Province of Oriental Negros consists of territory in the south and eastern part of the Island of Negros, with adjacent small islands, and also includes the subprovince of Siquijor, which consists of the island of the same name. The province contains the following municipalities: Ayungon, Ayuquitan, Bacong, Bais, Dauin, Dumaguete (the capital of the province), Enrique Villanueva, Guijulñgan, Jimalalud, La Libertad, Larena, Lazi, Luzuriaga, Manjuyod, Maria, San Juan, Siaton, Sibulan, Siquijor, (Talingting), Tanjay, Tayasan, Tolong, Vallehermoso, and Zamboanguita. This province also contains the municipal district of Tambo.
  7. "Major Hubs 5 Major Destinations". Asia-planet.net. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  8. Mills, S.A., 2009, Stranded in the Philippines, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 9781591144977
  9. "Republic Act No. 6398 - An Act Separating the Subprovince of Siquijor from the Province of Oriental Negros and Establishing It as an Independent Province". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. September 17, 1971. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  10. "Executive Order No. 183; Creating a Negros Island Region and for Other Purposes". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Malacañan Palace, Manila, Philippines. May 29, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  11. "Duterte dissolves Negros Island Region". Rappler. August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  12. Teresa D. Ellera (March 26, 2018). "2 governors push Negros Island state". Sun.Star. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  13. Juancho R. Gallarde (March 27, 2018). "Governors want Negros federal state". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  14. "Negros governors unite for Negros Island federal region". The Negros Daily Bulletin. March 26, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  15. Nanette Guadalquiver (May 19, 2018). "Push for Negros Island as one federal region continues". The Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
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  18. Grele, Dominique; Lily Yousry-Jouve (2004). 100 Resorts in the Philippines: Places with a Heart. Asiatype, Inc. p. 247. ISBN 978-971-91719-7-3. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
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  21. Census of Population (2020). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  22. Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  23. Gallarde, Juancho R. (August 30, 2013). "In Negros Oriental: Valencia town readies bid to become a city". The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  24. Camion, Victor L. (November 21, 2013). "House to hear Valencia cityhood". Sun.Star Dumaguete. Archived from the original on November 24, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  25. Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  26. "Negros Oriental: More Than One-Third of the Houses Were Built in the Latter 90's (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO); Table 4. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Negros Oriental, 2000". Philippine Statistics Authority. September 9, 2002. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
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  35. "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  36. "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.
  37. "Transportation". Agribiz Oriental. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  38. "ALTERNATE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT: Why Bacong? pilot-legislators explain why…". Negros Chronicle. March 13, 2022.
  39. "THE MUCH-IMPROVED AIRPORT OF DUMAGUETE!". Department of Transportation. March 11, 2021.
  40. "Negros Oriental". Department of Trade and Industry. Archived from the original on October 6, 2003. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  41. Amarado, Romy G. (October 25, 2003). "The 'fantastic' Buglasan Festival of Dumaguete". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Dumaguete, Philippines. Inquirer News Service. Archived from the original on August 30, 2005. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  42. "Buglasan Festival 2015 opens with 'Fiesta sa Nayon'". Sun.Star Dumaguete. Philippine Information Agency. August 11, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
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