Demographics of Brunei

The demographic features of Brunei include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Like neighbouring countries, Brunei is a Malay-dominated country. Many cultural and linguistic differences make Brunei Malays distinct from the larger Malay populations in nearby Malaysia and Indonesia, even though they are ethnically related and share the Muslim religion.

Brunei population pyramid in 2020

Brunei has a hereditary nobility with the title Pengiran these are, more often than not, related to the Sultan by blood. The Sultan can award to commoners the title Pehin, the equivalent of a life peerage awarded in the United Kingdom. The Sultan also can award his subjects the Dato, the equivalent of a knighthood in the United Kingdom, and Datin, the equivalent of a damehood.

Bruneians adhere to the practice of using complete full names with all titles, including the title Haji (for men) or Hajjah (for women) for those who have made the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca. Many Brunei Malay women wear the tudong, a traditional head covering. Men wear the songkok, a traditional Malay cap. Men who have completed the Haj wear a white songkok.

The requirements to attain Brunei citizenship include passing tests in Malay culture, customs and language. Stateless permanent residents of Brunei are given International Certificates of Identity, which allow them to travel overseas. The majority of Brunei's Chinese are permanent residents, and many are stateless.

Petroleum wealth allows the Brunei Government to provide the population with one of Asia's finest health care systems. The Brunei Medical and Health Department introduced the region's first government "flying doctor service" in early 1965. Malaria has been eradicated, and cholera is virtually nonexistent. There are three general hospitals—in Bandar Seri Begawan, Tutong, and Kuala Belait—and there are numerous health clinics throughout the country.

Education starts with preschool, followed by 6 years of primary education and up to 6 years of secondary education. Nine years of education are mandatory. Most of Brunei's college students attend universities and other institutions abroad, but approximately 2,542 study at the University of Brunei Darussalam. Opened in 1985, the university has a faculty of over 300 instructors and is located on a sprawling campus at Tungku, overlooking the South China Sea.

The official language is Malay, but English is widely understood and used in business. Other languages spoken are several Chinese dialects, Iban, and a number of native dialects. Islam is the official religion, but religious freedom is guaranteed under the constitution.

Population

The UN estimates Brunei's total population as 445,373 as of 2021.

The CIA World Factbook estimates the population at 450,565 as of July 2018.[1]

UN estimates
[2] Total population (thousands) Population aged 0–14 (%) Population aged 15–64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
1950 48 36.4 58.7 4.9
1955 63 39.5 56.1 4.4
1960 80 42.1 53.8 4.1
1965 100 44.7 51.4 3.9
1970 125 41.1 55.0 3.8
1975 157 39.8 56.3 3.8
1980 189 38.7 58.4 3.0
1985 219 38.7 58.3 3.0
1990 252 35.4 61.8 2.8
1995 290 33.3 63.7 3.0
2000 327 30.3 66.7 2.9
2005 363 28.2 68.6 3.2
2010 399 26.2 70.2 3.6

Structure of the population
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 20.VI.2011)[3] (Census):
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 203 149 190 223 393 372 100
0-4 15 678 14 653 30 331 7.71
5-9 17 269 16 365 33 634 8.55
10-14 18 448 17 015 35 463 9.02
15-19 17 948 17 013 34 961 8.89
20-24 19 950 18 257 38 207 9.71
25-29 20 749 18 445 39 194 9.96
30-34 19 322 17 619 36 941 9.39
35-39 17 329 16 423 33 752 8.58
40-44 15 262 14 819 30 081 7.65
45-49 12 836 11 754 24 590 6.25
50-54 10 318 9 458 19 776 5.03
55-59 7 170 6 872 14 042 3.57
60-64 4 160 4 354 8 514 2.16
65-69 2 583 2 501 5 084 1.29
70-74 1 833 2 079 3 912 0.99
75-79 1 195 1 398 2 593 0.66
80-84 701 703 1 404 0.36
85+ 398 495 893 0.23
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 51 395 48 033 99 428 25.28
15-64 145 044 135 014 280 058 71.19
65+ 6 710 7 176 13 886 3.53
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2016) (Source: 2016 Population and Housing Census Update.): [4]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 214 104 203 152 417 256 100
0–4 14 864 13 563 28 427 6.81
5–9 15 673 14 753 30 426 7.29
10–14 17 663 16 643 34 306 8.22
15–19 18 949 17 468 36 417 8.73
20–24 20 544 18 483 39 027 9.35
25–29 21 416 18 396 39 812 9.54
30–34 19 313 17 582 36 895 8.84
35–39 17 815 16 677 34 492 8.27
40–44 15 743 15 421 31 164 7.47
45–49 13 682 14 019 27 701 6.64
50–54 11 651 11 509 23 160 5.55
55–59 9 462 9 777 19 239 4.61
60–64 7 068 7 523 14 591 3.50
65-69 4 257 4 701 8 958 2.15
70-74 2 537 2 558 5 095 1.22
75-79 1 737 2 043 3 780 0.91
80-84 974 1 232 2 206 0.53
85-89 498 517 1 015 0.24
90-94 184 212 396 0.09
95-99 64 60 124 0.03
100+ 10 15 25 0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 48 200 44 959 93 159 22.33
15–64 155 643 146 855 302 498 72.50
65+ 10 261 11 338 21 599 5.18
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 02.VIII.2021) (Provisional): [5]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 226 102 203 897 429 999 100
0–4 14 211 12 506 26 717 6.21
5–9 16 038 14 844 30 882 7.18
10–14 15 486 14 539 30 025 6.98
15–19 17 098 16 207 33 305 7.75
20–24 20 383 17 299 37 682 8.76
25–29 22 888 18 476 41 364 9.62
30–34 22 161 17 770 39 931 9.29
35–39 20 330 16 699 37 029 8.61
40–44 18 121 15 710 33 831 7.87
45–49 15 426 14 570 29 996 6.98
50–54 12 967 12 651 25 618 5.96
55–59 10 129 9 930 20 059 4.66
60–64 7 917 8 305 16 222 3.77
65-69 5 760 6 296 12 056 2.80
70-74 3 441 3 855 7 296 1.70
75-79 1 865 1 935 3 800 0.88
80-84 1 078 1 392 2 470 0.57
85-89 509 661 1 170 0.27
90-94 170 185 355 0.08
95-99 43 48 91 0.02
100+ 81 19 100 0.02
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 45 735 41 889 87 624 20.38
15–64 167 420 147 617 315 037 73.26
65+ 12 947 14 391 27 338 6.36

Median age
total: 30.5 years
male: 30 years
female: 31 years (2018 est.)[1]

Population growth rate
1.55% (2018 est.)[1]

Net migration rate
2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)[1]

Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)[1]

Urbanization
Urban population: 77.6% of total population (2018)
Rate of urbanization: 1.66% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)[1]

Vital statistics

UN estimates

Data according to the United Nations' World Population Prospects.[2]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950-1955 3 000 1 000 2 000 49.6 13.5 37.3 7.00 90.2
1955-1960 3 000 1 000 2 000 43.5 10.6 37.1 6.38 68.8
1960-1965 4 000 1 000 3 000 41.9 8.7 34.0 6.56 52.1
1965-1970 4 000 1 000 3 000 35.1 7.1 29.6 5.59 39.1
1970-1975 5 000 1 000 4 000 37.4 6.3 29.2 5.87 29.3
1975-1980 6 000 1 000 5 000 34.4 5.2 25.5 4.71 21.9
1980-1985 6 000 1 000 5 000 29.9 4.4 26.3 3.92 16.4
1985-1990 7 000 1 000 6 000 29.8 3.9 23.6 3.72 12.2
1990-1995 8 000 1 000 7 000 28.1 3.5 25.0 3.28 9.1
1995-2000 7 000 1 000 6 000 23.9 3.1 22.2 2.60 6.8
2000-2005 8 000 1 000 7 000 21.9 3.0 20.8 2.28 5.1
2005-2010 8 000 1 000 6 000 20.1 3.1 16.5 2.11 4.8
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Registered births and deaths

Data according to the United Nations Statistics Division.[6][7]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) TFR
1949 45,000 2,073 766 1,307 47.1 17.4 29.7
1950 48,000 2,316 826 1,490 50.3 18.0 32.4
1951 51,000 2,805 708 2,097 58.4 14.8 43.7
1952 54,000 2,809 865 1,944 54.0 16.6 37.4
1953 57,000 2,903 808 2,095 51.8 14.4 37.4
1954 60,000 3,332 776 2,556 54.6 12.7 41.9
1955 63,000 3,600 878 2,722 55.4 13.5 41.9
1956 66,000 4,076 904 3,172 59.1 13.1 46.0
1957 70,000 3,320 1,138 2,182 44.3 15.2 29.1
1958 73,000 4,399 911 3,488 55.0 11.4 43.6
1959 76,000 4,201 935 3,266 49.4 11.0 38.4
1960 80,000 4,105 917 3,188 45.6 10.2 35.4
1961 83,000 4,312 606 3,706 49.0 6.9 42.1
1962 87,000 3,980 628 3,352 43.3 6.8 36.4
1963 91,000 3,521 655 2,866 36.7 6.8 29.9
1964 95,000 4,178 621 3,557 41.8 6.2 35.6
1965 100,000 4,193 662 3,531 39.9 6.3 33.6
1966 104,000 4,089 657 3,432 37.5 6.0 31.5
1967 109,000 4,381 756 3,625 38.4 6.6 31.8
1968 114,000 4,912 715 4,197 41.3 6.0 35.3
1969 119,000 4,614 691 3,923 36.9 5.5 31.4
1970 125,000 4,823 716 4,107 37.1 5.5 31.6
1971 131,000 5,181 801 4,380 38.1 5.9 32.2
1972 137,000 5,008 742 4,266 35.3 5.2 30.0
1973 144,000 5,034 708 4,326 34.7 4.9 29.8
1974 150,000 5,013 640 4,373 33.4 4.3 29.2
1975 157,000 5,141 728 4,413 33.0 4.7 28.3
1976 163,000 5,300 667 4,633 32.5 4.1 28.4
1977 170,000 5,397 748 4,649 31.8 4.4 27.4
1978 176,000 5,590 731 4,859 31.7 4.1 27.5
1979 183,000 5,877 728 5,149 32.1 4.0 28.1
1980 189,000 5,767 742 5,025 30.5 3.9 26.5
1981 195,000 5,877 705 5,172 30.1 3.6 26.5
1982 201,000 5,952 783 5,169 29.6 3.9 25.7
1983 207,000 5,983 717 5,266 28.9 3.5 25.4
1984 213,000 6,330 768 5,562 29.7 3.6 26.1
1985 219,000 6,682 794 5,888 30.5 3.6 26.9
1986 225,000 6,920 723 6,197 30.7 3.2 27.5
1987 232,000 7,088 765 6,323 30.6 3.3 27.3
1988 238,000 6,881 777 6,104 28.9 3.3 25.6
1989 245,000 6,926 827 6,099 28.3 3.4 24.9
1990 252,000 7,011 770 6,241 27.8 3.1 24.8
1991 259,000 7,106 852 6,254 27.4 3.3 24.1
1992 267,000 7,290 887 6,403 27.3 3.3 24.0
1993 274,000 7,314 1,018 6,296 26.7 3.7 22.9
1994 282,000 7,400 1,000 6,400 26.2 3.5 22.7
1995 287,300 7,500 1,000 6,500 25.9 3.5 22.4
1996 294,500 7,633 1,002 6,631 25.7 3.4 22.3
1997 301,700 7,459 883 6,576 24.5 2.9 21.6
1998 309,500 7,411 928 6,483 23.7 3.0 20.8
1999 316,900 7,408 905 6,503 23.2 2.8 20.3
2000 324,800 7,481 965 6,516 22.9 3.0 19.9 2.30
2001 332,844 7,363 1,014 6,349 22.0 3.0 19.0 2.20
2002 340,100 7,464 1,041 6,423 21.9 3.0 18.8 2.40
2003 346,400 7,047 1,010 6,037 20.2 2.9 17.3 2.30
2004 352,300 7,165 1,010 6,155 20.1 2.8 17.3 2.10
2005 358,500 6,933 1,072 5,861 19.1 3.0 16.1 2.00
2006 364,500 6,526 1,095 5,431 17.6 3.0 14.7 1.80
2007 370,000 6,314 1,174 5,140 16.7 3.1 13.6 1.90
2008 375,000 6,424 1,091 5,333 16.7 2.8 13.9 1.882
2009 380,100 6,625 1,171 5,454 17.4 3.1 14.3 1.919
2010 386,800 6,412 1,208 5,204 16.6 3.1 13.5 1.828
2011 393,372 6,724 1,235 5,489 17.1 3.1 14.0 1.910
2012 398,700 6,909 1,216 5,693 17.3 3.0 14.3 1.933
2013 403,300 6,680 1,398 5,282 16.4 3.4 13.0 1.857
2014 407,600 6,891 1,470 5,421 16.7 3.6 13.2 1.910
2015 412,400 6,699 1,547 5,152 16.1 3.7 12.3 1.847
2016 417,256 6,437 1,632 4,805 15.4 3.9 11.5 1.820
2017 426,400 6,452 1,696 4,756 15.1 4.0 11.1 1.782
2018 436,600 6,199 1,612 4,587 14.2 3.7 10.5 1.679
2019 451,000 6,178 1,760 4,418 13.7 3.9 9.8 1.638
2020 441,800 6,498 1,752 4,746 14.7 4.0 10.7 1.778
2021 440,715 6,751 1,865 4,886 15.3 4.2 11.1 1.903
2022 445,400 6,625 2,119 4,506 14.9 4.8 10.1

Life expectancy at birth
total population: 75.52 years
male: 73.32 years
female: 77.83 years (2009 est.)

Ethnic groups
Population of Brunei according to ethnic group 1947-2011[6]
Ethnic
group		 census 1947 census 1960 census 1971 census 1981 census 1991 census 2001 census 2011
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Malay 16,742 41.2 45,135 53.8 89,267 65.5 125,717 65.2 174,319 66.9 258,446 65.7
Kedayan1 4,291 5.1
Chinese 8,300 20.4 21,795 26.0 31,925 23.4 39,461 20.5 40,621 15.6 40,534 10.3
Dusun 2 4,873 5.8 8,552 6.3 15,175 7.9 15,665 6.0 13,280 3.4
Iban 1,330 3.3 3,900 4.6
Melanau 2,517 6.2 318 0.4
Indians 11,768 28.9 3,565 4.3 2,162 1.6 5,919 3.1 29,877 11.5 81,112 20.6
Others 4,350 3.2 6,560 3.4
Total 40,657 83,877 136,256 192,832 260,482 332,800 393,372
1 The Kedayan were only mentioned as a separate ethnic group in the 1960 census; they are probably included in the Malay in the other censuses.
2 included in 'Others'
According to the 1991 census, Bruneian (Malay or also called Kedayan) were 67% of the population, Chinese were 16%, indigenous were 6%, and others (including Indians) were 12%. Indigenous groups include the Iban people, Murut (a branch of the Dayak people), the Dusun, and the Melanau.
According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2016 the Malay were 65.7%, Chinese were 10.3%, and others were 24%.[1]

Languages
Main article: Languages of Brunei
Malay (official), English, Chinese.[1]

Religions
Main article: Religion in Brunei
According to Brunei's official 2016 data:[8]
Muslims (official): 80.9%
Christians: 7.1%
Buddhists: 7%
indigenous beliefs and non-religious, atheist or agnostic: 5%

HIV/AIDS
Adult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: less than 200 (2003 est.)
Deaths: less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Bruneian(s)
Adjective: Bruneian

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 96%
Male: 97.5%
Female: 94.5% (2015 est.)[1]

Education expenditures
4.4% of total GDP (2016)[1]

See also

References
  1. "Brunei". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. July 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  2. "World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision". un.org.
  3. "Demographic Yearbook". United Nations Statistics Division.
  4. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  5. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  6. "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". un.org.
  7. Live births, deaths, and infant deaths, latest available year (2002 - 2016), United Nations Statistics Division.
  8. "Department of Economic Planning and Statistics - edata Library". www.deps.gov.bn. Retrieved 2021-03-21.

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