United States post office murals

United States post office murals are notable examples of New Deal art produced during the years 1934–1943.

See also: List of United States post office murals
Progress of Industry (1934) by Charles W. Ward, at the Clarkson S. Fisher Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Trenton, New Jersey

They were commissioned through a competitive process by the United States Department of the Treasury. Some 1,400 murals were created for federal post office buildings in more than 1,300 U.S. cities. Murals still extant are the subject of efforts by the U.S. Postal Service to preserve and protect them.

In 2019, the USPS issued a sheet of 10 Forever stamps commemorating the murals; the murals were from the post offices of Piggott, AR; Anadarko, OK; Florence, CO; Deming, NM; and Rockville, MD.[1]

History
The Corn Parade (1941) by Orr C. Fisher, in the Mount Ayr, Iowa, post office
Rachel Silverthorne's Ride (1938) by John W. Beauchamp, in the Muncy, Pennsylvania, post office
Texas Farm (1940) by Julius Woeltz, in the Elgin, Texas, post office
Western Pennsylvania (1938), Niles Spencer's Precisionist mural for the post office in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, is now in storage at the Smithsonian American Art Museum

As one of the projects in the New Deal during the Great Depression in the United States, the Public Works of Art Project (1933–1934) was developed to bring artist workers back into the job market and assure the American public that better financial times were on the way. In 1933, nearly $145 million in public funds was appropriated for the construction of federal buildings, such as courthouses, schools, libraries, post offices and other public structures, nationwide. Under the direction of the Public Works of Art Project, the agency oversaw the production of 15,660 works of art by 3,750 artists. These included 700 murals on public display.[2]: 43  With the ending of the Public Works of Art Project in the summer of 1934, it was decided that the success of the program should be extended by founding the Section of Painting and Sculpture (renamed the Section of Fine Arts in 1938) under the U.S. Treasury Department, through Treasury Secretary Morgenthau's executive order of October 14, 1934.[2]: 48  The Section of Painting and Sculpture was initiated to commission 1,400 murals in federal post offices buildings in more than 1,300 cities across America.[3]

The Section focused on reaching as many American citizens as possible. Since the local post office seemed to be the most frequented government building by the public, the Section requested that the murals, approximately 12 by 5 feet (3.7 by 1.5 m) oil paintings on canvas, be placed on the walls of the newly constructed post offices exclusively. It was recommended that 1% of the money budgeted for each post office be set aside for the creation of the murals.[3][4]

The Treasury Relief Art Project (1935–1938), which provided artistic decoration for existing Federal buildings, produced a smaller number of post office murals.[5] TRAP was established with funds from the Works Progress Administration. The Section supervised the creative output of TRAP, and selected a master artist for each project. Assistants were then chosen by the artist from the rolls of the WPA Federal Art Project.[6]: 62–63 

The Section and the Treasury Relief Art Project were overseen by Edward Bruce, who had directed the Public Works of Art Project. They were commission-driven public work programs that employed artists to beautify American government buildings, strictly on the basis of quality.[6]: 58–59 [7] This contrasts with the work-relief mission of the Federal Art Project (1935–1943) of the Works Progress Administration, the largest of the New Deal art projects. So great was its scope and cultural impact that the term "WPA" is often mistakenly used to describe all New Deal art, including the U.S. post office murals.[6]: 63–64 [7] "New Deal artwork" is a more accurate term to describe the works of art created under the federal art programs of that period.[8]

The murals are the subject of efforts by the U.S. Postal Service to preserve and protect them. This is particularly important and problematical as some of them have disappeared or deteriorated. Some are installed in buildings that are worth far less than the artwork.[9]

Process

Whereas the Public Works of Art Project paid artists hourly wages, the Section of Fine Arts program awarded contracts to artists based on works entered in both regional and national competitions. For this purpose, the country was divided into 16 regions.[10]

Artists submitted sketches anonymously to a committee of their peers for judging. The committees, composed of art critics, fellow artists and architects, selected the finest works. These were then sent, along with the artists' names in sealed envelopes, to the Section of Fine Arts for ultimate selection.[2] This anonymity was to ensure that all competing artists had an equal opportunity of winning a commission. However, many local painters felt they were being kept out of the process, with the majority of contracts going to the better known artists.[11]

Artists were asked to paint in an "American scene" style, depicting ordinary citizens in a realistic manner. Abstract art, modern art, social realism, and allegory were discouraged.[7][2] Artists were also encouraged to produce works that would be appropriate to the communities where they were to be located and to avoid controversial subjects.[12] Projects were closely scrutinized by the Section for style and content, and artists were paid only after each stage in the creative process was approved.[6]

Controversies

The selection of out-of-state artists sometimes caused controversy, such as stereotypes of rural people being portrayed merely as hicks and hayseeds and not having the murals express their cultural values and work ethics. Many residents of small towns, most notably in the Southern states, resented the portrayal of rural lifestyles by artists who had never visited the areas where their artwork would be displayed.[2]

The controversy was of particularly acute in Arkansas, where 19 post offices received murals, with two post offices, one in Berryville, Carroll County and another in Monticello, Drew County, receiving sculpture. For seven decades following the Civil War, Arkansas had been perceived as the epitome of poverty and illiteracy by the rest of the nation. Many Arkansans had dealt with hardship and tribulation on a daily basis and the coming of the Depression had not made life easier. Although the sketches of such renowned artists as Thomas Hart Benton and Joseph P. Vorst were based on actual events and people encountered during their travels across the state, they sometimes focused on the worst aspects of life in these rural towns.[10]

This was not the legacy that Arkansans wished to leave their children and grandchildren. They wanted the murals to give hope to the younger generation in overcoming adversity, and provide inspiration for a brighter future with better things to come. In some instances, artists were asked to submit multiple drawings before being accepted by the community.[2] When approval was given by the local residents on the artists’ final sketches, work on the murals proceeded, much to the satisfaction of all those involved.[4]

Notable artists
See also: List of United States post office murals

48-State Mural Competition

A competition for one mural to be painted in a post office in each of the 48 states (plus Washington, D.C.) was held in November 1939 at the Corcoran Gallery. The jury selecting the winners was composed of four artists: Maurice Sterne (Chairman), Henry Varnum Poor, Edgar Miller, and Olin Dows. Winners were chosen from the original mural studies, not completed murals; community response to artist proposals sometimes resulted in revised designs.[83][84]

Winners of 48-State Mural Competition[85]
ArtistTitleImage[lower-alpha 1]CityState
Original[83]Revised
Robert Gwathmey Fish for the InteriorThe Countryside[lower-alpha 2] EutawAlabama
Seymour Fogel Indian DanceHistory of the Gila Valley[lower-alpha 3] SaffordArizona
Joseph P. Vorst Rural Arkansas[lower-alpha 4] ParisArkansas
Lew E. Davis Indian Pony RoundEarly Spanish Caballeros[lower-alpha 5] Los BanosCalifornia
John H. Fraser North Platte Country Against the MountainsLittleton, Colorado[lower-alpha 6] LittletonColorado
A. S. Tobey Stop of Hooker's Band in East Hartford before Crossing River[lower-alpha 7] East HartfordConnecticut
William H. Calfee Saw MillChicken Farm[102] SelbyvilleDelaware
Thomas I. Laughlin SeascapeScene of Town[lower-alpha 8] De Funiak SpringsFlorida
Elizabeth Terrell The Ploughman[lower-alpha 9] ConyersGeorgia
Fletcher Martin Mine RescueDiscovery[lower-alpha 10] KelloggIdaho
Edmund Lewandowski Threshing GrainOn the River[111] HamiltonIllinois
Joseph Meert Harvesting[112] SpencerIndiana
Marion Gilmore Band Concert[lower-alpha 11] CorningIowa
Joe Jones Men and Wheat[lower-alpha 12] SenecaKansas
William E. L. Bunn Mississippi Packets[lower-alpha 13] HickmanKentucky
Laura B. Lewis County CourthouseLouisiana Farm[lower-alpha 14] EuniceLouisiana
Barry Greenbie River Driving Dover-FoxcroftMaine
Alexander Clayton Three Fishermen and Wild Life Typical of Cecil County ElktonMaryland
Jean Watson A Massachusetts Countryside StoughtonMassachusetts
James Calder Waiting for Mail Grand LedgeMichigan
Don Humphrey Production North St. PaulMinnesota
Stuart R. Purser Ginning Cotton[lower-alpha 15] LelandMississippi
James Baare Turnbull[lower-alpha 16] Loading Cattle[lower-alpha 17] JacksonMissouri
Mordi Gassner Old Time Pioneers and New Great FallsMontana
Philip von Saltza Wild Horses by Moonlight SchuylerNebraska
Adolph Gottlieb Homestead on the Plain YeringtonNevada
Philip von Saltza Logging MilfordNew Hampshire
Avery Johnson Skating on Bonaparte's Pond[lower-alpha 18] BordentownNew Jersey
Boris Deutsch Indian Bear Dance[lower-alpha 19] Hot SpringsNew Mexico
Mary Earley Down-Rent-War, Around 1845[lower-alpha 20] DelhiNew York
Alan Tompkins Tobacco Harvest BooneNorth Carolina
Edward Buk Ulreich Advance Guard of the West[lower-alpha 21] New RockfordNorth Dakota
Richard Kenah Ohio Harvest BridgeportOhio
Fred Conway[lower-alpha 22] The Roundup PurcellOklahoma
Jack Wilkinson Cattle StampedeCattle Thieves Surprised by Posse[lower-alpha 23] BurnsOregon
Lorin Thompson, Jr. Clearing the Land MercerPennsylvania
Paul Sample Railway Station WesterlyRhode Island
Lee Gatch Tobacco Industry MullinsSouth Carolina
M. E. Ziegler Wheat in the Shock[lower-alpha 24] FlandreauSouth Dakota
David Stone Martin Electrification Lenoir CityTennessee
Ethel Edwards Afternoon on a Texas Ranch[lower-alpha 25] LampasasTexas
Jenne Magafan Western Town[lower-alpha 26] HelperUtah
Barse Miller Lumber Yard Island PondVermont
William H. Calfee Chesapeake Fishermen PhoebusVirginia
Richard Haines Red River Ox Carts SheltonWashington
Henry Varnum Poor Cartoon for Completed Mural in the Department of Interior Building (New) Washington, D.C.
Richard Zoellner West Virginia Landscape[lower-alpha 27] ManningtonWest Virginia
Charles W. Thwaites Threshing Barley[lower-alpha 28] ChiltonWisconsin
Manuel Bromberg Chuck Wagon Serenade GreybullWyoming

See also

Notes
  1. From the holdings of the Smithsonian American Art Museum
  2. Local officials disliked the mural when it was installed; later denounced in the 1970s for "dehumanizing and offensive" depiction of Black Americans.[86] Remains on display in its original location.[47]
  3. Subject revised from original at the demand of local citizens who were still resentful about Apache raids.[87] Revised set of six murals depict settlers with European heritage arriving, exploring, and settling the region.[88]
  4. Reworked after local citizens objected to the original concept,[88][89] which is held at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[90] As installed, mural depicts industrial activities in Paris instead of focusing on agriculture.[91]
  5. Reworked from a concept initially submitted for the post office in Safford, Arizona.[88] Retitled Early Spanish Caballeros; moved to and displayed at the Milliken Museum,[92] although ownership was transferred to the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[93]
  6. The mural was rediscovered in the 1970s after it had been removed and "rolled up like a piece of wallpaper"; it was cleaned and restored in 1985, and is now on display in the Littleton City Council chambers.[94][95][96][97]
  7. Damaged; half remains at original location in East Hartford branch post office.[98][99] Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[100] USPS announced it would be moving from the 850 Main Street building in early 2020;[101] mural's disposition unknown.
  8. Moved to new post office in 1989.[103]
  9. Has since been moved to 1898 railroad depot in Olde Town Conyers.[104][105] Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[106]
  10. Citizens of Kellogg objected to original theme,[88][107][108] which is held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[109] Revised mural features Noah Kellogg, a frontiersman and prospector, discovering the Bunker Hill Mine;[110] his donkey is prominently displayed above the postmaster's door.[88]
  11. Installed May 10, 1941.[113][114] Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[115]
  12. Jones painted murals for multiple post offices, all with harvest themes.[116] Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[117]
  13. Bunn lived in Iowa.[118][119] Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[120]
  14. Mural, originally entered in competition for Marfa, Texas, was redesigned with local input.[121] It was lost in 1967 during post office renovations.[122]
  15. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[123]
  16. The artist selected by the jury was Fred Conway. However, because the citizens of Jackson, Missouri requested a more modern representation of their city, James Baare Turnbull's mural Farm (originally intended for Purcell, Oklahoma) was moved to Jackson and retitled.[124]
  17. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[125]
  18. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[126]
  19. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[127]
  20. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[128]
  21. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[129]
  22. The artist selected by the jury was James Baare Turnbull for Farm. However, because the citizens of Jackson, Missouri requested a more modern representation of their city, Turnbull's mural was moved to Jackson, and Conway's mural originally intended for Jackson, titled Loading Cattle, was moved to Purcell, Oklahoma and retitled.[130]
  23. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[131]
  24. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[132]
  25. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[133]
  26. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[134]
  27. Mural held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[135]
  28. Study held by Smithsonian American Art Museum.[136]

References
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  126. Johnson, Avery F. (1940). "Skating on Bonaparte's Pond (mural study, Bordentown, New Jersey Post Office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  127. Deutsch, Boris (1940). "Indian Bear Dance (Color Study for Hot Springs, New Mexico Post Office Mural)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  128. Earley, Mary (1939). "Down Rent War, Around 1845 (mural study, Delhi, NY post office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  129. Ulreich, Edward Buk (1939). "Advance Guard of the West (mural study, New Rockford, North Dakota Post Office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  130. "Post Office Mural – Purcell OK". The Living New Deal. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  131. Wilkinson, Jack (1941). "Cattle Thieves Surprised by Posse (mural study, Burns, Oregon Post Office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  132. Ziegler, Matthew E. (1940). "Wheat in the Shock (mural study, Flandreau, South Dakota Post Office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  133. Edwards, Ethel (1939). "Afternoon on a Texas Ranch (mural study, Lampasas, Texas Post Office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  134. Magafan, Jenne (1939). "Western Town (mural study, Helper, Utah Post Office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  135. Zoellner, Richard (1941). "West Virginia Landscape". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  136. Thwaits, Charles W. (1939). "Threshing Barley (mural study, Chilton, Wisconsin Post Office)". American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2021.

Further reading
External video
video icon A Common Canvas- Somerset, Pennsylvania (2:36) Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
video icon A Common Canvas- Renovo, Pennsylvania (4:46) Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
  • Harris, Jonathon. Federal Art and National Culture: The Politics of Identity in New Deal America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Parisi, Philip. The Texas Post Office Murals: Art for the People. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.
  • Smith, Bradley. The USA: A History in Art. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1975.
  • Gibson, Lisanne. Managing the People: Art Programs in the American Depression. Queensland, Australia: Journal The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 2002.
  • Marling, Karal Ann. Wall to Wall America: Post Office Murals in the Great Depression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.
  • Park, Marlene and Gerald E. Markowitz. Democratic Vistas: Post Offices and Public Art in the New Deal. Philadelphia:  Temple University Press, 1984.
  • Jones, Todd. “Mistaken Murals: The Neglected Story of the Nutmeg State’s New Deal Post Office Art.” Connecticut History Review 59, no. 1 (spring 2020): 40–79.
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