Bru language

Bru
Bru
Bruu
Native to	Laos, Vietnam, Thailand
Ethnicity	Bru, Katang
Native speakers	(300,000 cited 1991–2006)[1]
Language family	Austroasiatic Katuic West Brou–So Bru; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin, Lao, Thai
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; bru – Eastern Bru; brv – Western Bru; sss – Sô; xhv – Khua; ncq – Northern Katang; sct – Southern Katang
Glottolog	brou1236
ELP	Western Bru; Eastern Bru;

Bruu (also spelled Bru, B'ru, Baru, Brou) is a Mon–Khmer dialect continuum spoken by the Bru people of mainland Southeast Asia.

Sô and Khua are dialects.[2]

Names

There are various local and dialect designations for Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).

So ~ Sô
Tri (So Tri, Chali)
Van Kieu
Leu ~ Leung (Kaleu)
Galler
Khua
Katang (not the same as Kataang)

Distribution

The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast from Salavan, Laos, through Savannakhet, Khammouane, and Bolikhamsai, and over into neighboring Thailand and Vietnam (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province.[3]

Dialects

Thailand has the following Western Bru dialects (Choo, et al. 2012).

Bru Khok Sa-at[4] of Phang Khon District and Phanna Nikhom District, Sakon Nakhon Province
Bru Woen Buek of Woen Buek (Wyn Buek), Ubon Ratchathani Province (more similar to Katang)
Bru Dong Luang of Dong Luang District, Mukdahan Province

The following Bru subgroups are found in Quảng Bình Province (Phan 1998).[5]

Vân Kiêu: 5,500 persons in Lệ Thủy District and Vĩnh Linh District (in Quảng Trị Province)
Măng Coong: 600 persons in Bố Trạch District
Tri: 300 persons in Bố Trạch District
Khùa: 1,000 persons in Tuyên Hóa District

Below is a comparative vocabulary of Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, and Khùa from Phan (1998:479-480),[5] with words transcribed in Vietnamese orthography.

Gloss	Vân Kiêu	Măng Coong	Tri	Khùa	Vietnamese
one	mui	muôi			một
two	bar				hai
three	pei				ba
four	pon				bốn
five	shăng		t'shăng		năm
hair	sok				tóc
eye	mat				mắt
nose	lyu	mu			mũi
sky	plang			giang	trời
ground	kute	katek		k'tek	đất
water	dơ			do	nước
fish	sia				cá
bird	cham				chim
water buffalo	trick				trâu
cattle	ntro	tro			bò

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant sounds in both East and West dialects consist of the following:[6]

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tɕ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Liquid	rhotic		r
Liquid	lateral		l
Fricative		w	s			h
Approximant		w		j

/w/ is typically pronounced as labiodental fricative [v] or approximant [ʋ] when occurring in initial position. In final position, it is always heard as [w].
/r/ can be heard as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
/tʰr/ as a consonant cluster, can be phonetically heard as [tʰɹ̥] in the Western dialect.
/h/ can also be heard as a voiced glottal [ɦ] when a preceding a breathy vowel sound in the Western Bru dialects. It can also be heard as nasal [h̃] when preceding a nasal vowel in the Western dialects.[7]

Final consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive		p	t		k	ʔ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative						h
Rhotic			r
Approximant	plain	w	l	j
	aspirated	wʰ		jʰ
	glottalized	wˀ		jˀ

Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ in final position are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚].

Vowels

	Front	Central		Back
Close	i iː	ɨ ɨː		u uː
Close-mid	e eː	ə əː		o oː
Open-mid	ɛ ɛː	ɜ ɜː		ɔ ɔː
Open		a aː	ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː

Vowels in the Western Bru dialect
	Front	Central		Back
Close	i iː			ɯ ɯː	u uː
Close-mid	e eː			ɤ ɤː	o oː
Open-mid	ɛ ɛː			ʌ ʌː	ɔ ɔː
Open		a aː	ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː

Breathy vowels

Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:

Breathy vowels
	Front	Central		Back
Close	i̤ i̤ː	ɨ̤ ɨ̤ː		ṳ ṳː
Close-mid	e̤ e̤ː	ə̤ ə̤ː		o̤ o̤ː
Open-mid	ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː	ɜ̤ ɜ̤ː		ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
Open		a̤ a̤ː	ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː

Breathy vowels in the Western Bru dialect
	Front	Central		Back
Close	i̤ i̤ː			ɯ̤ ɯ̤ː	ṳ ṳː
Close-mid	e̤ e̤ː			ɤ̤ ɤ̤ː	o̤ o̤ː
Open-mid	ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː			ʌ̤ ʌ̤ː	ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
Open		a̤ a̤ː	ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː

Nasal vowels

Nasal vowel sounds may occur in the Western Bru dialect:

Nasal vowels in the Western Bru dialect
	Front	Central		Back
Close	ĩː			ɯ̃	ũ ũː
Open-mid	ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː			ʌ̃ː	ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː
Open		ã ãː	ɒ̈̃ ɒ̈̃ː

References

Eastern Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Western Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Sô at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Khua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Northern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
"Mon-Khmer Classification (Draft)".
Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
Engelkemier, Jennifer M. (2010). Aspects of Bru Khok Sa-at grammar based on narrative texts (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
Phan Hữu Dật. 1998. "Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn-Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình." In Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam, p.476-482. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội.
Miller, Carolyn P. (2017). Eastern Bru Grammar Sketch. SIL Language and Culture Archives.
Thongkum, Theraphan L. (1980). The distribution of the sounds of Bruu. Mon-Khmer Studies 8. pp. 221–293.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

UCLA phonetics lab data
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view Bru in the RWAAI Digital Archive

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[e18-1] Eastern Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Western Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Sô at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Khua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Northern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] "Mon-Khmer Classification (Draft)".

[3] Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8

[4] Engelkemier, Jennifer M. (2010). Aspects of Bru Khok Sa-at grammar based on narrative texts (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-13.

[Phan1998-5] Phan Hữu Dật. 1998. "Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn-Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình." In Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam, p.476-482. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội.

[6] Miller, Carolyn P. (2017). Eastern Bru Grammar Sketch. SIL Language and Culture Archives.

[7] Thongkum, Theraphan L. (1980). The distribution of the sounds of Bruu. Mon-Khmer Studies 8. pp. 221–293.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)