Sparfloxacin

Sparfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It has a controversial safety profile.[1]

Sparfloxacin
Clinical data
Pronunciationspar FLOX a sin
Trade namesSpacin, Zagam, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlusa600002
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability92%
Protein binding45%
MetabolismHepatic glucuronidation
Cytochrome P450 system not involved
Elimination half-life16 to 30 hours
ExcretionFecal (50%) and renal (50%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • 5-Amino-1-cyclopropyl-7-[(3R,5S)3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl]-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.157.238
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H22F2N4O3
Molar mass392.407 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point266 to 269 °C (511 to 516 °F) (dec.)
SMILES
  • C[C@@H]1CN(C[C@@H](N1)C)c2c(c(c3c(c2F)n(cc(c3=O)C(=O)O)C4CC4)N)F
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C19H22F2N4O3/c1-8-5-24(6-9(2)23-8)17-13(20)15(22)12-16(14(17)21)25(10-3-4-10)7-11(18(12)26)19(27)28/h7-10,23H,3-6,22H2,1-2H3,(H,27,28)/t8-,9+ Y
  • Key:DZZWHBIBMUVIIW-DTORHVGOSA-N Y
  (verify)

It was patented in 1985 and approved for medical use in 1993.[2] Zagam is no longer available in the United States.

Medical uses

The compound is indicated for treating community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (acute sinusitis, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by susceptible bacteria, community-acquired pneumonia).[3][4][5][6]

Adverse reactions
See also: Quinolone § Adverse effects
  • In a review of 2081 adult patients participating in a Phase III clinical trial of sparfloxacin in community-acquired, lower respiratory tract infections, sparfloxacin (200 or 400 mg loading dose then 100 or 200 mg daily; i.e. 200/100 mg and 400/200 mg) had a similar incidence of adverse events as the comparator agents (Rubinstein, 1996). The overall rates of drug-related adverse reactions for sparfloxacin 400/200 mg versus comparators and 200/100 mg versus the comparator (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) were 13.7 versus 17.7%, and 9.5 versus 13.2%, respectively. However, many of these reported reactions were very minor; discontinua- tion of the antibacterial agent because of drug-related adverse reactions occurred in 1.6 versus 1.6%, and 1) versus 1.1%, respectively. Adverse reactions affecting the nervous system were reported in 5.7% of the sparfloxacin group, with insomnia and other sleep disorders the most common events.
  • Phototoxicity was noted in 2.0% of sparfloxacin recipients, with the average delay in onset being 6.3 :t 4.5 days (range 1–14 days) after commencing sparfloxacin. Mostly this consisted of erythema on the face and hands which lasted an average of 6.4 :t 4.2 days. The incidence of phototoxicity associated with sparfloxacin appears to be higher than that observed with ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin but less than that reported for fleroxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin and nalidixic acid.
  • Most importantly, features of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome such as that associated with temafloxacin[7] have not been reported.[8][9][10][11][12]

Pharmacological properties

Sparfloxacin is about 37-45% bound to proteins in the blood.[13][14]

  • Sparfloxacin achieves a high degree of penetration into most tissues, except for the central nervous system.
  • Following a single 400 mg oral dose of sparfloxacin, the mean peak concentration in cantharides-induced inflammatory fluid is 1.3 lA-g per ml after a mean duration of 5 h post-dose. Thus, overall sparfloxacin penetration into inflammatory fluid is 117% and the mean elimination half-life from this fluid is 19.7 h.[15]
  • Skin penetration of sparfloxacin is good with skin:plasma ratios of 1.00 at 4 h (time of peak plasma concentration) and 1.39 at 5 h. Following single oral doses of 100 or 200 mg, concentrations in skin of 0.56 and 0.82–1.31 lA-g per g, respectively, can be expected.[16] Sparfloxacin achieves excellent penetration into human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro.[17]
  • Sparfloxacin achieves high concentrations in respiratory and sinus tissues. Following an oral loading dose of 400 mg followed by 200 mg daily, mean concentrations of sparfloxacin (2.5 to 5 h after dosing) in bronchial mucosa, epithelial lining fluid and alveolar macrophages are 4.4 µg/g, 15.0 µg/ml and 53.7 µg/g, respectively. The mean sparfloxacin concentration in maxillary sinus mucosa, 2–5 h after a single 400 mg dose, is 5.8 µg/g.[18]

Shimada et al. ( 1993) has summarized many of the studies published in Japanese regarding the tissue distribution of sparfloxacin. (high concentrations are achieved in sputum, pleural fluid, skin, lung, prostate, gynecological tissues, breast milk and otolaryngological tissues. *Salivary concentrations are 66 to 70% of plasma levels, while CSF penetration appears to be somewhat limited with CSF:plasma concentration ratios of only 0.25 to 0.35.

  • Sparfloxacin achieves concentrations in bile and gallbladder of 7.1- to 83-fold the concurrent serum levels.

In rabbits, sparfloxacin achieves very good penetration into the ocular vitreous (54%), cornea (76%) and lens (36%).[19]

Mechanism of action

Sparfloxacin, like other quinolones and fluoroquinolones, are bactericidal drugs, actively killing bacteria. Quinolones inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. Quinolones can enter cells easily and therefore are often used to treat intracellular pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. For many gram-negative bacteria DNA gyrase is the target, whereas topoisomerase IV is the target for many gram-positive bacteria. Eukaryotic cells do not contain DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV.

See also

References
  1. Psaty, BM. (Dec 2008). "Clinical trial design and selected drug safety issues for antibiotics used to treat community-acquired pneumonia". Clin Infect Dis. 47 Suppl 3: S176–9. doi:10.1086/591400. PMC 2587028. PMID 18986285.
  2. Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 501. ISBN 9783527607495.
  3. Rubinstein E (May 1996). "Safety profile of sparfloxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37 Suppl A: 145–60. doi:10.1093/jac/37.suppl_a.145. PMID 8737134.
  4. Goa KL, Bryson HM, Markham A (April 1997). "Sparfloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability in lower respiratory tract infections". Drugs. 53 (4): 700–25. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753040-00010. PMID 9098667. S2CID 249883805.
  5. Stein GE, Havlichek DH (1997). "Sparfloxacin: potential clinical and economic impact in the treatment of respiratory infections". Pharmacotherapy. 17 (6): 1139–47. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03079.x. PMID 9399598. S2CID 2652070. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
  6. Zhanel GG, Ennis K, Vercaigne L, Walkty A, Gin AS, Embil J, Smith H, Hoban DJ (2002). "A critical review of the fluoroquinolones: focus on respiratory infections". Drugs. 62 (1): 13–59. doi:10.2165/00003495-200262010-00002. PMID 11790155. S2CID 46961910.
  7. (p. II44)
  8. Ramsay and Obershkova, 1974
  9. Bowie et al., 1989
  10. Davey, 1989
  11. Wolfson and Hooper, 1991
  12. Rubinstein, E. (1996). "Safety profile of sparfloxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 37 Suppl A: 145–160. doi:10.1093/jac/37.suppl_a.145. PMID 8737134.
  13. Shimada, J.; Nogita, T.; Ishibashi, Y. (1993). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 25 (5): 358–369. doi:10.2165/00003088-199325050-00002. PMID 8287631. S2CID 30055898.
  14. Montay, G. (1996). "Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in healthy volunteers and patients: A review". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 37 Suppl A: 27–39. doi:10.1093/jac/37.suppl_a.27. PMID 8737123.
  15. Johnson JH, Cooper MA, Andrews JM, Wise R (November 1992). "Pharmacokinetics and inflammatory fluid penetration of sparfloxacin". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36 (11): 2444–6. doi:10.1128/aac.36.11.2444. PMC 284350. PMID 1336947.
  16. Nogita, T.; Ishibashi, Y. (1991). "The penetration of sparfloxacin into human plasma and skin tissues". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 28 (2): 313–314. doi:10.1093/jac/28.2.313. PMID 1663927.
  17. García I, Pascual A, Guzman MC, Perea EJ (May 1992). "Uptake and intracellular activity of sparfloxacin in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and tissue culture cells". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36 (5): 1053–6. doi:10.1128/aac.36.5.1053. PMC 188834. PMID 1324636.
  18. Wise, R.; Honeybourne, D. (1996). "A review of the penetration of sparfloxacin into the lower respiratory tract and sinuses". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 37 Suppl A: 57–63. doi:10.1093/jac/37.suppl_a.57. PMID 8737125.
  19. Cochereau-Massin, I.; Bauchet, J.; Marrakchi-Benjaafar, S.; Saleh-Mghir, A.; Faurisson, F.; Vallois, J. M.; Vallee, E.; Pocidalo, J. J. (1993). "Efficacy and ocular penetration of sparfloxacin in experimental streptococcal endophthalmitis". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 37 (4): 633–636. doi:10.1128/aac.37.4.633. PMC 187726. PMID 8388193.
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