Hurricane Allen

Hurricane Allen was a rare and extremely powerful Cape Verde hurricane that affected the Caribbean, eastern and northern Mexico, and southern Texas in August 1980. The first named storm and second tropical cyclone of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season, it was the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of barometric pressure, behind Hurricane Rita, the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, Hurricane Gilbert, and Hurricane Wilma. It was one of the few hurricanes to reach Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale on three occasions, and spent more time as a Category 5 than all but two other Atlantic hurricanes. Allen is the only hurricane in the recorded history of the Atlantic basin to achieve sustained winds of 190 mph (305 km/h),[nb 1] thus making it the strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed. Until Hurricane Patricia in 2015, these were also the highest sustained winds in the Western Hemisphere. Hurricane Allen was also the second strongest tropical cyclone to hit the Gulf of Mexico, with the strongest being Hurricane Rita.

Hurricane Allen
Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Allen at its record peak intensity in the Yucatán Channel on August 7
FormedJuly 31, 1980
DissipatedAugust 11, 1980
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 190 mph (305 km/h)
Lowest pressure899 mbar (hPa); 26.55 inHg
Fatalities269 total
Damage$1.57 billion (1980 USD)
Areas affectedWindward Islands, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Yucatán Peninsula, northern Mexico, southern Texas
Part of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season

Throughout its life, Allen moved through the deep tropics on a westerly to northwesterly course through the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico before making its final landfall near the United States–Mexico border. At peak strength, it passed near Haiti, causing hundreds of deaths and heavy damage. After crossing the Gulf of Mexico, Allen weakened as it struck the lower Texas coast, causing high winds, a significant storm surge, and heavy rainfall, which caused damage to southern Texas. Overall, Allen killed at least 269 people and left $1.57 billion in damages (1980 US dollars), mostly within the United States and Haiti. Because of its impact, the name Allen was retired from the six-year revolving list of Atlantic tropical cyclone names in 1981 and the name was replaced by Andrew. The name Andrew, though, was subsequently retired after the 1992 season's Hurricane Andrew. The remnants of the storm caused a brief lapse in the heat wave of 1980 in places like Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas, which had recorded 69 days of 100 °F (38 °C) heat.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Extratropical cyclone / Remnant low / Tropical disturbance / Monsoon depression

Allen was an early Cape Verde-type hurricane which originated from a tropical wave that previously moved off the African coastline on July 30. The system developed as it moved westward, becoming a tropical depression on August 1.[1] However, the National Hurricane Center did not initiate advisories on Allen until almost 24 hours later, when it was centered 1,300 mi (2,100 km) east of the Windward Islands.[2] Early on August 2, as the depression moved towards the Caribbean, it had intensified and became the first named storm of the season.[1] The National Hurricane Center noted that conditions appeared favorable for further intensification. However, it was also noted that a large cold-low north of Puerto Rico was producing strong westerly wind shear, which would cause Allen to possibly encounter unfavorable conditions within 72 hours.[3] Although slower forward movement was anticipated,[4] Allen remained at generally the same westward pace, between 17 and 23 mph (27 and 37 km/h).[1] By August 3, the National Hurricane Center retracted predictions of less favorable conditions from the cold-low north of Puerto Rico, since that weather system was weakening and moving westward.[5]

Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Pressure
hPa inHg
1 Wilma 2005 882 26.05
2 Gilbert 1988 888 26.23
3 "Labor Day" 1935 892 26.34
4 Rita 2005 895 26.43
5 Allen 1980 899 26.55
6 Camille 1969 900 26.58
7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64
8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73
Dean 2007
10 Maria 2017 908 26.81
Source: HURDAT[6]

At 1600 UTC on August 3, the National Hurricane Center upgraded Allen to hurricane status, as an Air Force plane recorded winds of 100 mph (155 km/h).[7] However, in post-analysis, it was discovered that Allen had been a hurricane since 0000 UTC on August 3. Shortly after the upgrade, Allen began a period of rapid deepening, and intensified into a major hurricane at 0000 UTC August 4, while roughly 38 mi (61 km) northwest of Bridgetown, Barbados. Six hours later, Allen passed only 8 mi (13 km) south of St. Lucia at 0600 UTC.[1] Although the National Hurricane Center noted that conditions favored slow strengthening,[8] Allen continued to rapidly intensify, and became a Category 4 hurricane only two hours after that advisory.[1] Later on August 4, the National Hurricane Center noted a barometric pressure of 946 mbar (946 hPa; 27.9 inHg), and that it would not drop significantly within 24 hours.[9] Shortly before 0000 UTC on August 5, the minimum pressure decreased to 924 mbar (924 hPa; 27.3 inHg), which was noted as equivalent to Hurricane David in the previous season.[10]

By August 5, Allen intensified into a Category 5 hurricane while south of Puerto Rico. This made Allen the earliest Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic on record,[1] but was later surpassed by Hurricane Emily which reached that intensity on July 16, 2005. During this time, Allen attained a central pressure of 911 mbar (911 hPa; 26.9 inHg), which was the lowest pressure on record in the eastern Caribbean sea until Hurricane Maria of 2017, which peaked at 908 mbar (908 hPa; 26.8 inHg). Hence, the barometric pressure dropped by 35 mbar (35 hPa; 1.0 inHg) less than 10 hours after the National Hurricane Center stated that the pressure would not decrease significantly within the time of 24 hours.

The eye passed between Hispaniola and Jamaica as a Category 4 hurricane. After friction with the mountains of Haiti and Jamaica had caused it to weaken, Allen intensified back to a Category 5 hurricane, retaining this intensity for over a day. It then moved past the islands of Cayman Brac and Little Cayman causing moderate damage on Cayman Brac with winds near 135 mph. The storm then moved between Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula, reaching its peak intensity of 190 mph (310 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 899 mbar (899 hPa; 26.5 inHg) while crossing the Yucatán Channel. During Allen's trek through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, its center of circulation never crossed over land despite its close passage to various islands in and around the Caribbean sea.[6]

Allen again weakened to a Category 4 storm due to friction with Mexico and an eyewall replacement cycle, but restrengthened into a Category 5 hurricane for a third time as it moved over the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico, keeping this intensity for nearly a full day and with a pressure drop to 909 mbar (909 hPa; 26.8 inHg), the lowest pressure ever recorded in the western Gulf of Mexico. In the day prior to landfall, a dry air mass in the western Gulf of Mexico caused the storm to weaken substantially.[6] Allen made landfall August 10 around noon local time on South Padre Island near Port Isabel, Texas as a Category 3 storm with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a pressure of 945 mbar (945 hPa; 27.9 inHg). Landfall on the mainland was along the sparsely populated Texas coast somewhere between Laguna Vista and Port Mansfield. It became extratropical on August 11.[6]

Preparations
Hurricane Allen in the Gulf of Mexico on August 8, 1980.

As Allen approached the Caribbean Sea, gale warnings and a hurricane watch were issued for the islands of Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Dominica, Grenada, Martinique, and Guadeloupe during the daylight hours of August 3. Gale warnings were in effect for Antigua from 11 am on August 3 until 11 am on August 4. Hurricane warnings were raised for Barbados, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, and Dominica from the early afternoon of August 3 until the late morning of August 4. As Allen moved into the Caribbean sea, hurricane watches were issued for southeastern sections of the Dominican Republic and the southwestern peninsula of Haiti from 11 am on August 4 until the morning of August 5. Gale warnings were then in effect for the southern Dominican Republic from the night of August 4 into the night of August 5, while southern Haiti maintained the warnings from the night of August 4 into the morning of August 5. The hurricane watch was issued for Jamaica during the morning hours of August 5, while hurricane warnings were raised for the southwest peninsula of Haiti from the late morning of August 5 into the morning of August 6.[11] Hurricane warnings went into effect for Jamaica from around noon on August 5 until late in the afternoon of August 6. The Cayman Islands saw hurricane watches issued from the afternoon of August 5 into the morning of August 6 before the watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings from the morning until late afternoon of August 6.[12]

As Allen approached the Gulf of Mexico, hurricane warnings were raised for the northeast Yucatán peninsula of Mexico from the afternoon of August 6 into the morning of August 8. Gale warnings were in effect for the Florida Keys from the evening of August 6 into the early morning of August 8. As Allen approached its final landfall, the northeast Mexican coast and Texas coast were placed under a hurricane watch from the morning of August 8 until the morning of August 9 for Mexico and the afternoon of August 9 for Texas. Hurricane warnings were posted for the Texas coast during the afternoon of August 8, and were lowered north of Freeport, Texas during the afternoon of August 9 and south of Freeport during the afternoon of August 10. Gale warnings and a hurricane watch were issued for the Louisiana coast from Vermilion Bay westward from the afternoon of August 8 into the afternoon of August 9. Hurricane warnings were in effect for northeast Mexico from the early afternoon of August 9 into the late afternoon of August 10. Hurricane warnings were downgraded to gale warnings between High Island, Texas and Freeport, Texas between the late afternoon of August 9 and the late afternoon of August 10. Hurricane watches were dropped for the Louisiana coast during the late afternoon of August 9. Hurricane warnings were downgraded to gale warnings for the lower Texas coast south of Freeport from the late afternoon of August 10 into the early morning of August 11.[12]

Impact
Hurricane Allen's rainfall across Texas and Mexico
Deaths and damage by area
CountryDeathsDamageSource
Barbados None$6 million[13]
Cayman Islands None[14]
Cuba3[15]
Dominican Republic7$47 million[15]
Grenada None$5.3 million[15]
Guadeloupe1Unknown[14]
Haiti220$400 million[13][16]
Jamaica8$100 million[13]
Martinique None$68 million[15]
Mexico None None[16]
St. Lucia6$235 million[13]
St Vincent and The Grenadines None$16.3 million[15]
United States6$630 million[16][17]
Offshore17$60 million[16]
Total269$1.57 billion

Allen caused just over $1 billion (1980 USD) in damages and killed at least 269 people throughout its course (including indirect deaths).[14][16]

Caribbean islands
Allen passing through the Windward Islands as a strong Category 3 hurricane on August 4

In Barbados, preliminary damages were estimated to be $1.5 million (1980 USD). About 500 houses were either damaged or destroyed. No deaths were reported. St. Lucia sustained catastrophic damage from the strong category 3 hurricane. Sustained winds of 90 knots (170 km/h) and a sea level pressure as low as 967 millibars (28.6 inHg) were reported at Hewanorra.[18] Eighteen people lost their lives as a result of the storm's passage. One death in Guadeloupe was attributed to Allen.[14] In Martinique, damage was extensive as the storm passed 50 miles (80 km) south of the island. Waves 6 metres (20 ft) high battered the coast of the island during the storm.[19]

In the central Caribbean, Cayman Brac was hit by winds in excess of 115 mph (185 km/h) which caused considerable property damage. A coral reef at Discovery Bay, Jamaica was devastated by the wave action from the storm.[20] Offshore Jamaica, greater numbers of smaller-sized Damselfishes was witnessed in the wake of Allen.[21] Eight deaths in Jamaica were attributed to Allen. Damage was very significant along the northeast coast, where the hurricane made its closest approach to the island and created a 12 metres (39 ft) storm surge. Three deaths were attributed to Allen in Cuba.[16]

Extensive damage occurred in Haiti due to high winds and flash flooding. Total costs for that country were estimated to be at more than $400 million (1980 USD). Roughly 60% of the nation's coffee crop was destroyed. In all, 220 people were killed and 835,000 were left homeless. In Port-au-Prince, 41 deaths were caused by tin roofs flying off and around 1200 were made homeless by flooding.[22] Another 140 people were reported dead from flooding.[23]

Mexico
Building smashed and knocked off foundation, Corpus Christi, Texas

Areas of northeastern Mexico saw heavy rains with the passage of Allen, with the highest totals exceeding 7 inches (180 mm).[24] The hurricane earlier brushed the Yucatán Peninsula. As Allen only affected sparsely populated regions of Mexico, there were no reports of significant damage.[16]

United States
Storm surge smashed building in Corpus Christi

In Texas, the storm surge was reported as high as 12 feet (3.7 m) at Port Mansfield, though it may have been higher elsewhere along the Texas coast. A peak wind gust of 129 mph (208 km/h) was also measured at Port Mansfield. Tropical storm-force winds in Corpus Christi, Texas blew roof gravel through the city, which led to substantial glass breakage to the 18-story Guarantee Bank Building and a 12-story wing of Spohn hospital.[25] The storm caused seven deaths in Texas and 17 in Louisiana (most resulting from the crash of a helicopter evacuating workers from an offshore platform). Allen spawned several tornadoes in Texas. One tornado caused $100 million in damage when it hit Austin, Texas, making it the costliest tropical cyclone-spawned tornado in recorded history. Overall, however, the storm caused limited damage in the United States due to its suddenly diminished power and because its highest tides and winds hit a sparsely-populated portion of the Texas coast.[16][26]

Corpus Christi TX Ruins after Hurricane Allen.

Allen dumped 10 inches (250 mm) to 20 inches (510 mm) of rain in south Texas, ending a summer-long drought during the Heat Wave of 1980.[27]

Retirement and records
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Debris from Hurricane Allen

Because of the destruction and extreme death tolls, the name Allen was retired from the Atlantic tropic storms list by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 1981, and will never again be used for a future Atlantic hurricane.[28] It was replaced with Andrew.[29]

When Allen reached Category 5 intensity on August 5, it became the earliest Category 5 storm ever recorded. This record stood until Hurricane Emily surpassed it on July 16, 2005. Allen is one of three Atlantic hurricanes to reach Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale on three occasions, the others being Hurricane Ivan and Hurricane Isabel. Allen also produced the fifth-lowest minimum pressure ever recorded in the Atlantic basin at 899 mbar (hPa) and was the strongest known hurricane in the basin, in terms of pressure, since 1935. Until then, it was the second strongest hurricane by pressure in the Atlantic Basin, but was since pushed down to fifth, and no hurricane has achieved 190 miles per hour (310 km/h) winds in this basin since then.[30] It remains the most intense storm ever in August. Allen spent nearly 3 days as a Category 5 storm, initially the longest stretch of any previous Atlantic hurricane on record. However, a reanalysis of the 1932 Cuba hurricane showed that it spent 3 hours longer at Category 5 intensity than Allen,[6] and Hurricane Irma in 2017 also spent slightly more time as a Category 5 hurricane than Allen. Five typhoons have spent longer as Category 5 storms, including most recently Karen and Nancy in the early 1960s.[31]

See also

Notes
  1. All wind speeds in the article are maximum sustained winds sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.

References
  1. National Hurricane Center (1980). "Hurricane Allen Tropical Cyclone Report Page 2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  2. Gilbert Clark (August 1, 1980). "Tropical Depression Advisory Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  3. "Discussion for Tropical Storm Allen, 11 p.m. EDT, August 1, 1980". National Hurricane Center. August 2, 1980. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  4. John Hope (August 2, 1980). "Discussion for Tropical Storm Allen, 11 a.m. EDT, August 2, 1980". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  5. Paul Hebert (August 3, 1980). "Discussion for Tropical Storm Allen, 11 a.m. EDT, August 3, 1980". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  6. "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. September 19, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  7. Neil Frank (August 3, 1980). "Discussion for Hurricane Allen, 2:30 p.m. EDT, August 3, 1980". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  8. Gilbert Clark (August 4, 1980). "Discussion for Hurricane Allen, 11 p.m. EDT, August 3, 1980". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  9. Neil Frank (August 4, 1980). "Discussion for Hurricane Allen, 11 a.m. EDT, August 4, 1980". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  10. Miles Lawrence (August 4, 1980). "Discussion for Hurricane Allen, 5 p.m. EDT, August 4, 1980". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  11. National Hurricane Center (1980). "Hurricane Allen Tropical Cyclone Report Page 3". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  12. National Hurricane Center (1980). "Hurricane Allen Tropical Cyclone Report Page 4". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  13. Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 109 (7): 1567–1582. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  14. National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Allen Tropical Cyclone Report Page 5 (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  15. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
  16. National Hurricane Center. "Hurricane Allen Tropical Cyclone Report Page 6". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
  17. Hebert, Paul J; Taylor, Glenn; National Hurricane Center (January 1983). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC-18). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  18. Miles B. Lawrence; Joseph M. Pellisier (July 1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 109 (7): 1567–1572. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  19. K. Bosser; F. Levoy; J. C. Flageollet; O. Monfort; H. Rousset (Summer 2000). "Trade Wind Intensification and Hurricanes on a Caribbean Beach, Martinique Island: A Comparison of their Morphological Effects From Field Experiments and Numerical Simulations". Journal of Coastal Research. Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. 15 (3): 877–899. JSTOR 4300098.
  20. Richard B. Aronson; Kenneth P. Sebens; John P. Ebersole (2003). "Hurricane Hugo's Impact on Salt River Submarine Canyon, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands" (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  21. Robert K. Turpin; Stephen A. Bortone (2002). "Pre- and post-hurricane assessment of artificial reefs: evidence for potential use as refugia in a fishery management strategy". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 59: S75. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2002.1191.
  22. Jim Williams (2010). Port au prince, Haiti's history with tropical systems. Hurricanecity.com. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  23. "Allen Leaves Flooding In Its Wake; 140 New Deaths Reported". Saint Petersburg Times. Associated Press. August 12, 1980. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  24. David M. Roth (January 15, 2007). "Storm Total Rainfall From Hurricane Allen (1980)". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  25. Joseph E.; Minor P.E.; William L. Beason; Timothy P. Marshall (1981). "Effects of Hurricane Allen on Buildings and Coastal Construction" (PDF). Fourth National Conference on Wind Engineering Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  26. "Allen Floods Texas, Fizzles Over Mexico". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. August 12, 1980. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  27. David M. Roth (January 27, 2007). "Hurricane Allen". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  28. National Hurricane Center (2009). "Retired Hurricane Names Since 1954". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  29. Staff Writer (May 23, 1986). "Andrew, Agatha, top 1986 list". Gadsden Times. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  30. United States Department of Commerce (June 2006). "Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2006. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
  31. Neal Dorst (August 13, 2004). "Subject: E8) What hurricanes have been at Category Five status the longest?". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.

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