1689
1689 (MDCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1689th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 689th year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th year of the 17th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1689, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| 1689 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
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| Leaders |
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| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1689 MDCLXXXIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2442 |
| Armenian calendar | 1138 ԹՎ ՌՃԼԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6439 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1610–1611 |
| Bengali calendar | 1096 |
| Berber calendar | 2639 |
| English Regnal year | 1 Will. & Mar. – 2 Will. & Mar. |
| Buddhist calendar | 2233 |
| Burmese calendar | 1051 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7197–7198 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊辰年 (Earth Dragon) 4385 or 4325 — to — 己巳年 (Earth Snake) 4386 or 4326 |
| Coptic calendar | 1405–1406 |
| Discordian calendar | 2855 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1681–1682 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5449–5450 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1745–1746 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1610–1611 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4789–4790 |
| Holocene calendar | 11689 |
| Igbo calendar | 689–690 |
| Iranian calendar | 1067–1068 |
| Islamic calendar | 1100–1101 |
| Japanese calendar | Genroku 2 (元禄２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1612–1613 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4022 |
| Minguo calendar | 223 before ROC 民前223年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 221 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2231–2232 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土龙年 (male Earth-Dragon) 1815 or 1434 or 662 — to — 阴土蛇年 (female Earth-Snake) 1816 or 1435 or 663 |
March 2: Heidelberg Castle is burned.
Events
January–March
- January 22 (January 12, 1688 O.S.) – Glorious Revolution in England: The Convention Parliament is convened to determine if King James II of England, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, vacated the throne when he fled to France, at the end of 1688. The settlement of this is agreed on 8 February.[1]
- February 23 (February 13, 1688 O.S.) – William III and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland.[1]
- March 2 – Nine Years' War: As French forces leave, they set fire to Heidelberg Castle, and the nearby town of Heidelberg.
- March 22 (March 12 O.S.) – Start of the Williamite War in Ireland: The deposed James II of England lands with 6,000 French soldiers in Ireland, where there is a Catholic majority, hoping to use it as the base for a counter-coup.[2] However, many Irish Catholics see him as an agent of Louis XIV of France, and refuse to support him.
- March 27 – Japanese haiku master Bashō sets out on his last great voyage, which will result in the prose and verse classic Oku no Hosomichi ("Narrow Road to the Interior").
April–June
- April 11 (O.S.) – William III and Mary II are crowned in London as King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.[3] Ireland does not recognise them yet, while the Estates of Scotland declare King James VII of Scotland deposed.
- April 18
- Boston revolt: Unpopular New England Governor Sir Edmund Andros and other officials are overthrown by a "mob" of Bostonians. Andros, an appointee of James II of England, is disliked for his support of the Church of England, and revocation of various colonial charters.
- The Siege of Derry begins in Ireland as former King James II arrives at the gates of Derry and asks for its surrender during the Williamite War in Ireland. The Protestant defenders refuse and the siege lasts until August 1 when it is abandoned. .[4]
- May 11 (May 1 O.S.) –
- The Battle of Bantry Bay begins during the Williamite War in Ireland as the French fleet under the Marquis de Châteaurenault is able to protect its transports, unloading supplies for James II, from the English Royal Navy under the Earl of Torrington, and withdraws unpursued.[5]
- William and Mary accept the Scottish throne a month after the Scottish Parliament votes to depose King James VII
- May 12 – Nine Years' War: With England and the Netherlands now both ruled by William III, they join the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), thus escalating the conflict, which continues until 1697. This is also the effective beginning of King William's War, the first of four North American Wars (until 1763) between English and French colonists, both sides allied to Native American tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements, across the Canadian and New England borders.
- May 24 – The Bill of Rights establishes constitutional monarchy in England, but with Roman Catholics barred from the throne. Parliament also passes the Act of Toleration, protecting Protestants but with Roman Catholics intentionally excluded. This effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.
- May 25 – The last hearth tax is collected in England and Wales.
- May 31 – Leisler's Rebellion: Calvinist Jacob Leisler deposes lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson and assumes control of the Province of New York.
- June 5 – The Convention of Estates adjourns in Scotland after 11 weeks and its members form a new Scottish parliament.
- June 14 – The Duke of Gordon, a Scottish peer and Jacobite supporter, surrenders Edinburgh Castle to Protestant attackers after holding out for 20 days following the Glorious Revolution.
July–September
- July 25 – The Council of Wales and the Marches is abolished.
- July 27 – First Jacobite rising: Battle of Killiecrankie near Pitlochry in Perthshire – Scottish Covenanter supporters of William III and Mary II (under Hugh Mackay) are defeated by Jacobite supporters of James II, but the latter's leader, John Graham, Viscount Dundee, is killed. Hand grenades are used in action.[6]
- July 28 – English sailors break through a floating boom across the River Foyle, to end the siege of Derry after 105 days.[7]
- August 2 – Boston Revolt: Edmund Andros, former governor of the Dominion of New England, escapes from Boston to Connecticut, but is recaptured.
- August 5 – Beaver Wars: Lachine massacre – A force of 1,500 Iroquois largely destroys the village of Lachine, New France.
- August 12 – Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi, b. 1611), Pope since 1676, dies. He played a major part in founding both the League of Augsburg, against Louis XIV, and the Holy League, against the Ottoman Empire.
- August 20 – A large Williamite force under Marshal Schomberg begins the siege of Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland, which surrenders on August 27.
- August 21 – First Jacobite rising: Battle of Dunkeld – Covenanters defeat the Jacobites in Scotland.[8]
- August 23 –
- Roman Catholic cardinals convene in Rome for a papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Innocent XI. The conclave lasts until October 6.
- Gravely ill, the Empress Xiaoyiren is proclaimed empress by her husband, China's Emperor Kangxi, after having been Imperial Noble Consort since 1682. She dies the next day.
- August 27 – China and Russia sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk.
- September 8 – The Siege of Mainz (in the modern-day Rheinland-Pfalz state of Germany), which had started on June 1, ends after almost three months, as French General Nicolas Chalon du Blé surrenders the walled city to the armies of Austria and the Dutch Republic.
- September 9 – King William brings England into a military alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a fight against France in the Nine Years War.
- September 24 – The Holy Roman Empire wins the Battle of Niš, fought against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Turkish War in modern-day Serbia.
October–December
- October 6 – The papal conclave in Rome unanimously elects Pietro Vito Ottoboni as the new Pope. Ottoboni takes the name Alexander VIII and succeeds Pope Innocent XI, to become the 241st pope, the first Venetian to hold the office in over 200 years.
- October 26 – Skopje fire of 1689 occurs, lasting for two days and burning much of the city.
- November 22 – Peter the Great decrees the construction of the Great Siberian Road to China.
- December 16 – Convention Parliament – The English Bill of Rights is officially declared in force.
Date unknown
- Peter the Great plots to overthrow his half-sister Sophia as regent of Russia.
- Supporters of William of Orange seize Liverpool Castle in the north west of England.[9]
- The English East India Company expands its influence, and a Committee of the House of Commons is formed to deal with the concerns of the Company.[10]
- Valvasor's The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola is printed in Nuremberg.
Births
- January 18 – Montesquieu, French writer (d. 1755)
- February 3 – Blas de Lezo, admiral of the Spanish Empire (d. 1741)
- c. February 23 – Samuel Bellamy, English pirate captain (d. 1717)
- April 2 – Arthur Dobbs, Irish politician and governor of the Province of North Carolina (d. 1765)
- May 24 – Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea, English politician (d. 1769)
- May 26 – Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, English writer (d. 1762)
- June 26 – Edward Holyoke, American President of Harvard University (d. 1769)
- July 9 – Alexis Piron, French writer (d. 1773)
- August 19 – Samuel Richardson, English writer (d. 1761)
- October 22 – King John V of Portugal (d. 1750)
- December 23 – Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, French composer (d. 1755)
Deaths
Thomas Sydenham
- January 6 – Bishop Seth Ward, English mathematician and astronomer (b. 1617)
- January 9 – Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 4th Baronet, English politician (b. 1632)
- January 18 – Ernest Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1609)
- January 27
- February 12 – Marie Louise of Orléans (b. 1662)
- February 13 – Carlo Pio di Savoia, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1622)
- February 22 – Willem Ogier, Flemish playwright (b. 1618)
- February 24 – Elsa Elisabeth Brahe, Swedish countess and duchess (b. 1632)
- March 10 – Philip Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (b. 1620)
- March 18 – John Dixwell, English judge (b. 1607)
- March 30 – Kazimierz Łyszczyński, Polish philosopher (b. 1634)
- April 14 – Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria, youngest surviving daughter of Ferdinand III (b. 1654)
- April 16 – Aphra Behn, English author (b. 1640)
- April 18 – George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, British Lord Chief Justice (b. 1648)
- April 19 – Christina, Queen of Sweden (b. 1626)
- April 22 – Thomas Proby, English politician (b. 1632)
- May 12 – Sir John Reresby, 2nd Baronet, English politician and diarist (b. 1634)
- May 14 – Sambhaji, High Protector of the Maratha Empire (b. 1657)
- May 15 – Jean Paul Médaille, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1618)
- June 8 – Decio Azzolino, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1623)
- June 20 – Richard Sherlock, English priest (b. 1612)
- June 25 – William Thomas, Welsh Anglican bishop (b. 1613)
- June 27 – Richard Waldron, colonial settler, acting President of the Province of New Hampshire (b. 1615)
- June 28 – Thomas Mainwaring, English politician (b. 1623)
- July 7 – Princess Louise of Savoy, Hereditary Princess of Baden-Baden (b. 1627)
- July 8 – Edward Wooster, English Connecticut pioneer (b. 1622)
- July 27 – John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (b. 1648)[6]
- August 6 – Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Prussian royal consort (b. 1636)
- August 9 – Dionisio Lazzari, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1617)
- August 12 – Pope Innocent XI (b. 1611)
- August 13 – Count Maximilian I, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1636)
- August 21 – William Cleland, Scottish poet and soldier (b. c. 1661)[8]
- August 28 – Claude-Jean Allouez, French Jesuit missionary and explorer of North America (b. 1622)
- September 10 – John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse of England (b. 1614)
- September 26 – August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (b. 1652)
- September 30 – Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Bohemian noble (b. 1641)
- October 4 – Quirinus Kuhlmann, German Baroque poet and mystic (b. 1651)
- October 13 – George Ent, English scientist (b. 1604)
- October 15 – Sir Edward Dering, 3rd Baronet, English politician (b. 1650)
- October 24 – Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Swedish prince (b. 1629)
- November 13 – Philipp von Zesen, German poet (b. 1619)
- November 20 – Samuel Peterson, American city founder (b. 1639)
- November 26 – Marquard Gude, German archaeologist (b. 1635)
- December 6 – Pjetër Bogdani, Albanian priest and writer (b. c. 1630)
- December 16 – Cornelis Geelvinck, Dutch mayor (b. 1621)
- December 29 – Thomas Sydenham, English physician (b. 1624)
References
- Kenyon, J. P. (1978). Stuart England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-022076-3.
- Miller, John (2000). James II. Yale English monarchs (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 222–227. ISBN 0-300-08728-4.
- Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- "The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant mythology". Cruithni. December 31, 2001. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
- Lynn, John A. (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Harlow: Longman. p. 203. ISBN 0-582-05629-2.
- Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Killiecrankie (BTL12)". Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- "Parades and Marches - Chronology 2: Historical Dates and Events". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Retrieved January 28, 2010.
- Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Dunkeld (BTL32)". Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- "Liverpool Castle". Mike Royden's Local History Pages. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
- Bohun, James (February 19, 2008). "Protecting Prerogative: William III and the East India Trade Debate, 1689-1698". Past Imperfect. 2: 66. doi:10.21971/P74S3M. ISSN 1718-4487.
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