13th century

The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

For the real-time tactics video game of this name, see XIII Century (series).
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Timelines:
State leaders:
  • 12th century
  • 13th century
  • 14th century
Decades:
Categories: Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history

The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of the House of Wisdom and the weakening of the Mamluks and Rums which, according to historians, caused the decline of the Islamic Golden Age. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji.

The Southern Song dynasty would begin the century as a prosperous kingdom but would eventually be invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan would be invaded by the Mongols. Goryeo resisted an invasion by the Mongols but eventually sued for peace and would eventually be a client state of the Yuan dynasty.[1]

One of the earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia would form during this century, most notably the Samudera Pasai.[2] The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.[3]

In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to being equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century London.[4] In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco begins. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reaches its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom are founded. In the history of Maya civilizations, the 13th century marks the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. In the periodization of Precolumbian Peru, the 13th century is part of the Late Intermediate Period.

Events
Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD

1201–1209

1210s
A page of the Italian Fibonacci's Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.

1220s

1230s
Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238, Song dynasty.
  • 1232: The Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty, capturing it in the following year.
  • 1233: Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom[5] Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty.
  • 1235: The Mandinka tribes unite to form the Mali Empire which leads to the downfall of Takrur in the 1280s.
  • 1239–1250: Third conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy.
  • 1237–1240: Mongol Empire conquers Kievan Rus.
  • 1238: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of Sukhothai Kingdom.

1240s

1250s
  • Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan's death
    By 1250, Pensacola culture, through trade, begins influencing Coastal Coles Creek culture.[6]
  • 1250: The Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt.
  • 1257: Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku.
  • 1258: Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.
  • 1258: Pandayan Emperor Jatavarman Sundara I invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka.
  • 1259: Treaty of Paris is signed between Louis IX and Henry III

1260s

1270s
The opening page of one of Ibn al-Nafis' medical works. This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century.
  • 1270: Goryeo dynasty swears allegiance to the Yuan dynasty.
  • 1270: The Zagwe dynasty is displaced by the Solomonic dynasty.
  • 1271: Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars.
  • 1272–1274: Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the Eastern Roman Empire with the Church of Rome.
  • 1274: The Mongols launched their first invasion of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
  • 1274: The Tepanec give the Mexica permission to settle at an islet which was named Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds)
  • 1275: Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote Dnyaneshwari (a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Amrutanubhav was born.
  • 1275: King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra (ended in 1292).
  • 1277: Passage of the last and most important of the Paris Condemnations by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of Aristotelian propositions
  • 1279: The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols.
  • 1279: The Chola Dynasty in Southern India officially comes to an end.

1280s
  • 1281: The Mongols launched their second invasion of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
  • 1282: Aragon acquires Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers.
  • 1284: Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.
  • 1284: King Kertanegara launched the Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
  • 1285: Second Mongol raid against Hungary, led by Nogai Khan.
  • 1289: The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun.
  • 1289: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.[7][8]

1290–1300
Hommage of Edward I (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king.
  • The Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the Khalji dynasty.
  • 1290: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England.
  • 1291: The Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms.
  • 1291: Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades).
  • 1292: Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom.
  • 1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.[9]
  • 1292: King Mangrai founds the Lanna kingdom.
  • 1293: Mongol invasion of Java,[10] Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, repelling Mongol forces.
  • 1293: On 10 November, the coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
  • 1296: First War of Scottish Independence begins.
  • 1297: Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
  • 1299: Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I.
  • 1300: Islam is thought to have become established in the Aceh region.
  • 1300: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama.
  • 1300: The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku.[11]
  • 1300: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Alai Gate and Qutub Minar were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.[12]
  • Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut, during the Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
  • The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
  • Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
  • Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
  • Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298.
  • The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
  • The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.
  • Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London.
  • 1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex[13]
  • 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy.
  • Late 13th century – Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
  • Late 13th century – Descent of the Amida Trinity, raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago.
  • The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.

See also
  • Christianity in the 13th century

References
  1. Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275958237.
  2. "Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site". Republika Online. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  3. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  4. Greater London, Inner London & Outer London Population & Density History, quoting from The London Encyclopedia, Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010, ISBN 1405049251
  5. "Ken Angrok". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  6. Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008). "The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico" (PDF). Southeastern Archaeology. 27 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
  7. Grousset, Rene (1988), Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 288, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  8. page 243
  9. History of Aceh Archived August 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  10. Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis khan and the making of the modern world. New York: Random House. p. 239. ISBN 0-609-80964-4.
  11. YLE: Kenelle kellot soivat? (in Finnish)
  12. Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi UNESCO
  13. Berlo and Phillips, 275
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