1290s

The 1290s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1290, and ended on December 31, 1299.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
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Events

1290

By place
Europe
  • July 10 – King Ladislaus IV (the Cuman) is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg (modern Romania). He is succeeded by Andrew III (the Venetian), after an election by Hungarian nobles, and is crowned by Archbishop Lodomer as new ruler of Hungary and Croatia in Székesfehérvár on July 23.[1][2]
  • December 18 – King Magnus III (Birgersson) dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Birger (Magnusson). Although, Sweden is an elective monarchy, Birger had already been appointed heir to the throne in 1284.
England
  • July 18 – Edict of Expulsion: King Edward I (Longshanks) orders all Jews (at this time probably numbering around 2,000) to leave the country by November 1 (All Saints' Day);[3] on the Hebrew Calendar this is Tisha B'Av, a day that commemorates many calamities.
  • Quia Emptores, a statute passed by Edward I (Longshanks), puts an end to the practice of subinfeudations. The statute allows land to be sold according to royal approval, as long as the new owner answers directly to his lord or the king.
  • September – The 7-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway), queen-designate and heir to the crown of Scotland, dies en route to the British Isles in Orkney – leading to a succession crisis known as Competitors for the crown of Scotland.
  • November 28 – Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I (Longshanks), dies while traveling in the North. She has been suffering from illness for some time, and the cold and dampness of the winter months probably aggravate her condition.
  • December – Edward I (Longshanks) travels with the body of Eleanor of Castile from Lincoln to London. Remembering his wife, Edward erects a series of crosses at each location that the body rests over night. These are known as the twelve Eleanor crosses.
  • Winter – The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed during the reign of Edward I (Longshanks), which prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.
Levant
  • June – Genoa concludes a new commercial treaty with the Mamluks; five galleys sent by King James II (the Just) join the Venetian Crusader fleet (some 20 ships) on its way to Acre. On board of the fleet are Italian urban militias and mercenary forces under Seneschal Jean I de Grailly, who have fought for the Papal States in the so-called Italian Crusades.[4]
  • August – Italian Crusaders massacre Muslim merchants and peasants, and some local Christians in Acre. Some claim it began at a drunken party – others that a European husband found his wife making love to a Muslim. The barons and local knights try to rescue a few Muslims and take them to the safety of the castle, while some ringleaders are arrested.[5]
  • August 30 – Survivors and relatives of the massacre at Acre take bloodstained clothing to Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) in Cairo, who demands that the leaders of the riot be handed over for trial. But the nobles refuse to send the ringleaders, Qalawun now got legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with Crusader states.[6]
  • October – Qalawun (the Victorious) orders a general mobilization of the Mamluk forces. In a council, is decided that a peace delegation is sent to Cairo under Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. But Qalawun demands huge compensation for those killed in Acre, and sends a Syrian army to the coast of Palestine, near Caesarea.[7]
  • November 10 – Qalawun (the Victorious) dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Kahlil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.[8]
Asia
  • June 13 – Shamsuddin II, Mamluk ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, is murdered and succeeded by Jalal ud-Din Khalji (or Firuz Shah I), founder of the Khalji Dynasty. Ending Mamluk rule and instigating the Khalji Revolution.[9]
  • September 27 – The 6.8 Ms  Chihli earthquake affects the province of Hebei in China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 7,270–100,000 people.

By topic
Art and Culture
  • June 8 – Beatrice Portinari, muse of the Italian poet Dante Alighieri, dies. In his Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia), he transforms his memory of Beatrice into an allegory of divine love.[10]
Climate and Weather
  • Year without winter – An exceptionally rare instance of uninterrupted transition, from autumn to the following spring, in England and the mainland of Western Europe.[11]
Education
Literature
  • Dnyaneshwari is written in India. This holy book is a commentary on Bhagvad Gita and is narrated by St. Dnyaneshwar.

1291

By place
Europe
  • August 1 – Federal Charter of 1291: The "three forest cantons" (Waldstätte) of Switzerland (Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden) form a defensive alliance to protect themselves from the House of Habsburg, this is a starting point for growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy. This year is also the traditional date of the Rütlischwur, the swearing of an oath by the three cantonal representatives at Rütli meadow.[12]
  • August 6 – A combined Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria wins a victory over 27 Marinid galleys at Alcácer Seguir –12 galleys are taken and the rest put to flight. The following day, Benedetto drags the captured vessels along the coast in view of Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr, Marinid ruler of Morocco, who, "defeated and dishonored", withdraws his fleet to Fez.[13]
  • Late September – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr crosses the Strait of Gibraltar from Alcácer Seguir to Tarifa. During the next three months, Marinid forces besiege Vejer de la Frontera, and carry out daily raids around Ferez. In the meantime, other Marinid raiding parties devastate the countryside as far north as Alcalá del Río, near Seville.[14]
  • November–December – The kings Sancho IV (the Brave) and James II (the Just) agree to join the war against the Marinids and conclude a treaty of friendship. Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, gives his support to Sancho to take Tarifa from the Marinids. In the agreement, Castile and Aragon will respect their own boundaries.[15]
  • Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia near the town of Klatovy (modern Czech Republic) as part of a frontier defense system.
  • Venetian glass manufacture is concentrated on the island of Murano (located in the Venetian Lagoon), to prevent fires in Venice itself.
  • King Andrew III (the Venetian) gives royal town privileges to Bratislava, modern-day capital of Slovakia.
England
  • Spring – Several nobles unsuccessful claimed the Scottish throne (a process known as the Great Cause), including John Balliol, Robert V (de Bruse), John Hastings, and William de Vesci. Fearing civil war, the Guardians of Scotland ask King Edward I (Longshanks) to arbitrate. Before agreeing, he obtains concessions to revive English overlordship over the Scots.
  • May 10 – Edward I (Longshanks) meets the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham Castle and informs them that he will judge the various claims to the throne. But they must acknowledge him as overlord of Scotland and, to ensure peace, surrender the Royal Castles of the kingdom into his keeping.[16]
  • June 13 – Guardians and the Scottish nobles recognize Edward I (Longshanks) as overlord of Scotland. They agree that the kingdom will be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir has been found.[17]
Levant
  • May 18 – Siege of Acre: Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil capture Acre after a six-week siege. The Mamluks take the outer wall of the city after fierce fighting. The Military Orders drive them back temporarily, but three days later the inner wall is breached. King Henry II escapes, but the bulk of the defenders and most of the citizens perish in the fighting or are sold into slavery. The surviving knights fall back to the fortified towers and resist for ten days until the Mamluks breakthrough on May 28.[18] The fall of Acre signals the end of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. No effective Crusade is raised to recapture the Holy Land afterward.[19]
  • June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards – which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.[20]
  • July – Thibaud Gaudin arrives with the surviving knights, with the treasure of the Order, in Sidon. There, he is elected as Grand Master of the Knights Templar, to succeed William of Beaujeu (who is deadly wounded during the siege of Acre). Shortly after, Mamluk forces attack Sidon and Gaudin (who has not had enough knights to defend) evacuates the city and moves to the Castle of the Sea on July 14.[21]
  • August – Mamluk forces conquer the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of Atlit south of Acre on August 14. All that now is left to the Knights Templar is the island fortress of Ruad. Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Cairo in triumph as the "victor in the long struggle against the Crusader states".[22]
Asia
  • In Japan the temple of Nanzen-ji at Kyoto is established by Emperor Kameyama. The temple becomes one of the most important religious schools within the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism and includes multiple sub-temples.
  • Guo Shoujing, Chinese engineer and astronomer, constructs the artificial Kunming Lake, which is developed into a reservoir with summer gardens for Khanbaliq (or Dadu of Yuan), Mongol capital of Emperor Kublai Khan.

By topic
Exploration
  • Spring – The brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Italian explorers and merchants from Genoa, embark with two galleys intending to reach India and establish a trade route to Italy. They sail along the coast of present-day Morocco after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. They may have followed the African coast as far as Cape Non before being lost at sea.[23]
Markets
  • Four towns of the County of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the County of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) agree collectively to secure a loan by their sovereign, Count Floris V. This gives important securities to the lenders, and allows Floris to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.[24]
Religion

1292

By place
Europe
  • June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV (the Brave) begin the siege of Tarifa, eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aid the blockade in the Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts, and his forces seize Estepona on the coast to the west of Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on October 13.[25]
  • December – Muhammad II sends ambassadors to the Castilian court to ask Sancho IV (the Brave) to surrender Tarifa. Sancho refuses to yield the city to Granada and Muhammad, feeling betrayed, switches sides to form an alliance with the Marinids.[26][27]
England
  • November 17 – John Balliol is selected by King Edward I (Longshanks) as ruler of Scotland at Berwick, from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone, on November 30, on St. Andrew's Day. Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.[28][29]
  • December – John Balliol is summoned by Edward I (Longshanks) to Westminster to answer an appeal by Macduff of Fife against a judgment imposed on him by the Scottish Parliament. John refuses to answer MacDuff's appeal, 'without consulting the people of his realm'. Edward asks for compensation for the violation of English law and demands to hand him over three Scottish castles as repayment for the crime committed.[30]
Levant
  • Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Qal'at ar-Rum ("Castle of the Romans"), which is the official seat of Stephen IV, patriarch of Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.[31]
  • Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Damascus and assembles an army to attack Sis, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. An Armenian embassy arrives in Damascus, and reaches a settlement with Khalil. The cities of Til Hemdun, Marash and Behesni are given to the Mamluks in order to maintain peace.
  • November – Michael II becomes Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (until 1312).[32]
Asia
  • Kublai Khan sends a Mongol expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) to Java. He collects an invasion fleet with some 500–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year from Fujian, Jiangxi and Huguang in southern China. The fleet travels past Champa (modern Vietnam) and the Karimata Islands. The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital of Kediri, but it proves impossible to hold.[33]
  • King Mangrai (the Great) of Ngoenyang conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, creating a political union in the form of the Lanna Kingdom.
  • The Vaghela Dynasty in Gujarat (located along the western coast of India) is subjugated by the Deccan Yadava Dynasty of Daulatabad.

By topic
Religion
  • Spring – The Taxatio Ecclesiastica, compiled in 1291–1292, is completed under the order of Pope Nicholas IV. The Taxatio is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh and Irish churches.
  • April 4 – Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Rome. The cardinals assemble at Perugia to elect a new pope (1292–1294 papal election).

1293

By area
Africa
  • December – Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate, before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.[34]
Asia
  • May 26 – An earthquake in Kamakura, Japan kills an estimated 23,000.[35]
  • May 31 – The forces of Raden Wijaya win a major victory in the Mongol invasion of Java, which is considered to be the founding date of the city of Surabaya.
  • The Japanese era Shōō ends, and the Einin era begins.[36]
  • Kublai Khan sends a fleet to the islands of Southeast Asia, including Java.[37]
  • The Hindu Majapahit Empire is founded by Kertarajasa in Java. It benefits from internal conflict and Mongol intervention, to defeat the Singhasari Kingdom and establish the empire.[38]
Europe
  • Torkel Knutsson leads Sweden in beginning the Third Swedish Crusade, against unchristianized Finnish Karelia.[39] In the same year, the construction of Vyborg Castle begins, by orders of Knutsson.[40]
  • The Ordinances of Justice are enacted, in the Commune of Florence.[41]
  • The Isle of Wight is sold to King Edward I of England by Isabella de Forz, Countess of Devon, for 6,000 marks.[42]

By topic
Arts and culture
Education
  • May 20 – King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Studium General, forerunner to the modern Complutense University of Madrid.[44]
Religion

1294

Asia

Europe
  • July 5 – Following the Papal election, 1292–94, Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV, becoming the 192nd pope.[47]
  • Autumn – In response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales, Madog ap Llywelyn leads a revolt against his English overlords.[48]
  • December 24 – Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V, becoming the 193rd pope, after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.[49]
  • John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the Auld Alliance with France and Norway in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, which begin in 1296.[50][51]
  • Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier, during King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.[52]
  • Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs Florence Cathedral (Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, better known simply as Il Duomo); he also begins work on the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence.[53][54]
  • England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.[55]
  • Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII insists that kings gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy, and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.[56]

1295

By place
Europe
  • April 25 – King Sancho IV (the Brave) dies of a fatal illness (possibly tuberculosis), after a 11-year reign at Toledo. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Ferdinand IV (the Summoned) as ruler of Castile and León. In the Cortes at Valladolid, Henry of Castile (the Senator) is appointed guardian of Ferdinand, while Queen María de Molina becomes his regent. During the summer, Ferdinand is betrothed to the 5-year-old Princess Constance of Portugal. Hostilities between Castile and King Denis I (the Poet King) are ended by a peace agreement.[57]
  • June 20 – Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV (the Fair), Charles II (the Lame), and James II. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain.[58] Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.[59]
  • June 26 – Przemysł II is crowned king of Poland at Gniezno, the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years. Przemysł travels to Pomerelia where he confirms the privileges of the monasteries in Oliwa and Żarnowiec. He also visits other major cities: Gdańsk, Tczew and Świecie. In August, Przemysł returns to Greater Poland but in October he travels again to Gdańsk.[60]
  • July 22 – War of Curzola: Genoese raids on the Venetian quarter in Constantinople leads to a formal declaration of war with the Republic of Venice. A Venetian fleet (some 40 war galleys) attacks Galata, the quarter of the Genoese merchants. Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos) arrests surviving Venetians in the capital and joins the war with the Republic of Genoa.[61]
  • Marco Polo returns to Venice after 24 years of travel in China. When the Polo's arrive, Venice is engaged in a naval war with the rival city of Genoa. Marco joins the war and arms a galley equipped with a trebuchet.[62]
  • October 23 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance ("Old Alliance"), between Scotland and France against England, is signed in Paris. The treaty is signed by King John Balliol and Philip IV (the Fair).[63]
England
  • March 5 – Battle of Maes Moydog: English forces led by William de Beauchamp defeat the Welsh rebels (some 700 men), near the modern-day town of Llanfair Caereinion, in Wales. In a night attack on the Welsh infantry, William uses cavalry to drive them into compact formations, which are then shot up by his archers. Madog ap Llywelyn, proclaimed "Prince of Wales", and the remnants of his army are routed and retreat across the Banwy River, in which many drown.[64]
  • November 13 – King Edward I (Longshanks) summons the Model Parliament to Westminster, the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. The parliament agrees that a tax can be raised to allow him to launch campaigns against France and the rebellious Scots for the forthcoming year.[65]
  • Construction begins on Beaumaris Castle in Anglesey under the direction of James of St. George. It is built as part of the conquest of Wales by Edward I.[66]
Asia
  • October 4 – Mongol leader Baydu Khan is executed after a 7-month reign at Tabriz. He is succeeded by Ghazan Khan, who becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate. He converts to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders.
  • King Jayavarman VIII is overthrown after a 52-year reign. He is succeeded by his son-in-law Indravarman III as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia).

1296

January–December
  • March 30 – Capture of Berwick: King Edward I of England storms and captures Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking what is at this time a Scottish border town, with much bloodshed. He slaughters most of the residents, including those who flee to the churches.[67]
  • April 12 – King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang establishes a new capital by founding Chiangmai, and founds the Mangrai Dynasty, that will rule the Lanna Kingdom of Chiangmai from 1296 to 1578 (the 700th Anniversary Stadium will be built in remembrance of this foundation).[68]
  • April 27 – Battle of Dunbar: John Balliol's Scottish army is defeated by an English army commanded by John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey.[69][70]
  • July 20 – Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji dies, and his nephew and son-in-law Ala-Ud-Din-Khalji comes to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in Hindustan, becoming the most powerful ruler of his dynasty.[71]

Date unknown
  • Boniface of Verona expels the Byzantines from their last remaining strongholds on Euboea.[72]
  • Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan spends a year at the court of Khmer King Indravarman III at Angkor, and pens a journal setting forth his observations.[73]
  • approximate date – Tarabya, self-proclaimed king of Pegu, is defeated in single combat on war elephants by Wareru.[74]

1297

By place
Europe
  • January 8 – Guelph forces led by the Genoese leader François Grimaldi (Malizia) storm and capture the Rock of Monaco. François disguised as a Franciscan friar gains entry to the city and opens the gates for his soldiers. He seizes the castle with his stepson Rainier I; an event that is commemorated on the Monegasque coat of arms. Rainier becomes the first sovereign ruler of the House of Grimaldi in Monaco (until 1301).
  • Treaty of Alcañices: Kings Denis I (the Poet King) and the 11-year-old Ferdinand IV (the Summoned) (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent Maria de Molina) sign a treaty between Portugal and Castile, which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.[75]
  • August 20 – Battle of Furnes: French forces under Robert II defeat the Flemings at Veurne. During the battle, Robert's son Philip of Artois is gravely wounded and dies a year later of his wounds.[76]
England
  • April 14 – King Edward I (Longshanks) makes an appeal outside Westminster Hall for support for the war against France. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince Edward of Caernarfon. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.
  • May – William Wallace, Scottish rebel leader, leads an uprising against the English at Lanark and kills Sheriff William Hesselrig. He joins with William Douglas the Hardy, the first Scottish nobleman in rebellion – combining forces at Sanquhar, Durisdeer and Scone Abbey (known as the Raid on Scone) in June. Later, Wallace captures the English treasury at Scone to finance the rebellion against Edward I (Longshanks).[77]
  • Summer – Edward I (Longshanks) orders a punitive expedition against the rebellious Scots. At Roxburgh, an army of some 9,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) led by John de Warenne is assembled. Meanwhile, William Wallace leaves the forest of Selkirk with reinforcements and turns his attention north of the Forth River.[78]
  • July – In Scotland, a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by Robert Wishart, bishop of Glasgow), but are defeated by English troops at Irvine. An agreement of submission to Edward I (Longshanks) is signed by the future Scottish king Robert I (the Bruce) and other Scottish leaders.
  • August 22 – Edward I (Longshanks) leads an expedition to Flanders. He moves with an army (some 8,000 men) supported by 800 knights to Ghent and makes the city his base of operations in Flanders.
  • September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scottish forces (some 6,000 men) led by Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat an English army under John de Warenne at Stirling, on the Forth River.[79]
  • October–November – Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in Northumberland and Cumberland. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed Guardian of Scotland.[80]
  • Winter – Edward I (Longshanks) accepts a truce proposed by King Philip IV (the Fair) and leaves Flanders. He returns to London and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.

By topic
Religion
  • May 3 – Stefano Colonna, Italian chief magistrate and papal official, captures the treasure of the Tomb of Caecilia Metella near Rome, which is sent by the rival Caetani family to Pope Boniface VIII.[81]
  • July 11 – Late king Louis IX (the Saint) is canonized by Boniface VIII. Louis a devout Christian of the Catholic Church, banned during his reign prostitution, gambling, blasphemy and judicial duels.[82]
  • Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between Genoa and Pisa over the Tyrrhenian islands of Sardinia and Corsica, naming King James II (the Just) as regent of the islands.
  • A Portuguese Water Dog is first described in a monk's report of a drowning sailor, who has been pulled from the sea by a dog.[83]

1298

By place
Europe
  • April 20 – Rindfleisch massacres: The Jews of Röttingen are burned en masse. The Colmar Dominican Rudolph (refers to him in Latin as a carnifex, i.e. butcher or executioner) goes from town to town and kills all the Jews that fall under his control. He destroys the Jewish communities at Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Würzburg, Bamberg, Dinkelsbühl, Nördlingen and Forchheim. In the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg, the Jews thought to seek refuge in the Nuremberg Castle, which are assisted by Christian citizens. But Rindfleisch overcomes the defenders and massacres the Jews, on August 1. Spreading from Franconia to Bavaria and Austria, Rindfleisch and his persecutors destroy 146 communities, and some 20,000 Jews are killed.[84]
  • June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI (Menved) threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.[85]
  • July 2 – Battle of Göllheim: German forces of Duke Albert I defeat King Adolf of Nassau at Göllheim over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of Germany at Frankfurt, on July 27. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.[86]
  • September 9 – Battle of Curzola: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral Lamba Doria defeats the Venetian fleet at Curzola. The disaster is almost complete for Venice: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle, Marco Polo, commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.[87]
  • After a year's siege, the revolting Italian commune of Palestrina near Rome surrenders to the Papal forces, razed to the ground and salted by order of Boniface VIII, in an act of debellatio.[88]
England
  • Summer – King Edward I (Longshanks) marches from Newcastle with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.[89]
  • July 22 – Battle of Falkirk: English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I (Longshanks) defeat a Scottish army led by William Wallace at Falkirk. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as schiltron) but are destroyed by English longbow archers.[86]
Asia
  • Mongol invasion of India: Mongol forces led by Qutlugh Khwaja invade the Sindh region of the Delhi Sultanate and occupy the castle of Sivistan (modern Pakistan). Sultan Alauddin Khalji sends an army under Zafar Khan, who defeats the Mongols, on February 6. Some 20,000 Mongols are killed in the ensuing battle. The survivors are put into chains and brought to Delhi, where they are trampled to death by elephants.[90]
  • August 30 – Emperor Fushimi abdicates the throne after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Go-Fushimi as the 93rd emperor of Japan (until 1301).

By topic
Cities and Towns
  • August 1 – The "ideal city" of Marciac in southern France is founded by King Philip IV (the Fair) and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).[91]
Markets
  • The foreign creditors of the Sienese Gran Tavola Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.[92]
Religion
Technology

1299

By place
Europe
  • July 4 – Battle of Cape Orlando: A Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet near Sicily. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a lee shore, but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King Frederick II onboard, pulls back after he collapsed from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.[93]
  • July 31 – Pisa and Genoa agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in Corsica.[94]
  • November 10 – John I, count of Holland, dies and is succeeded by his uncle John II. He establishes a personal union with the County of Hainaut.
  • December 1 – Battle of Falconaria: Sicilian forces under King Frederick II defeat Philip I of Taranto. During the battle, Philip is taken prisoner.
England
  • Early evidence is uncovered of King Edward I (Longshanks) borrowing from the Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the Frescobaldi Firm in London.[95]
  • William Wallace accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to France on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of John Balliol.[96]
  • September 8 – Edward I (Longshanks) marries the 19-year-old Margaret of France, the half-sister of King Philip IV (the Fair).
  • Southampton Old Bowling Green is established in Southampton. It is the oldest surviving bowling green.[97][98]
  • Autumn – First War of Scottish Independence: Scottish forces besiege Stirling Castle unsuccessfully.
Levant
  • December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by Ghazan Khan cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria. They continue south, and successfully take Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of Cilician Armenia. King Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes Templar and Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which has previously been lost to the Mamluks.[99]
  • December 22–23 – Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of Homs. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.[100]
Asia
  • Spring – Mongol invasion of India: Duwa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate, sends his sons Qutlugh Khwaja and Duwa Temür with a army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at Delhi itself. At the Jumna River, Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated Zafar Khan, and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols.[101]
  • February 25 – Sultan Alauddin Khalji orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to Gujarat. One part of the army under Nusrat Khan starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by Ulugh Khan, marches from Sindh and attacks Jaisalmer along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of khums (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.[102][103]
  • Battle of Kili: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey.[104]
  • May 10 – King Kyawswa of Pagan and his son, Crown Prince Theingapati, are executed at Myinsaing, by the three brothers of the Myinsaing Kingdom (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (since 1297).
  • July 27 – Osman I (or Othman) declares the Anatolian beylik (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, originating the Ottoman Empire. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with Söğüt as the capital, which will last until the 1920s.
  • The Kingdom of Singapura is founded by Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title Sri Tri Buana (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").[105]

By topic
Cities and Towns
Religion
Science and Technology
  • The spinning wheel (see 1280) is now in widespread use in England for manufacturing woolen yarn.[107]

Significant people

Births

1290

  • January 3 – Constance of Portugal, queen consort of Castile (d. 1313)
  • January 6 – Otto Bodrugan, English landowner and politician (d. 1331)
  • June 23 – Jakushitsu Genkō, Japanese Rinzai master and poet (d. 1367)
  • August 4 – Leopold I (the Glorious), German nobleman (d. 1326)
  • October 15 – Anne of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1313)
  • December 24 – Khwaju Kermani, Persian poet and mystic (d. 1349)
  • Agnes Haakonsdatter, Norwegian noblewoman and princess (d. 1319)
  • Andrea Pisano (or Pontedera), Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1348)
  • Barlaam of Seminara, Italian cleric, scholar and theologian (d. 1348)
  • Beatrice of Silesia, queen of Germany (House of Piast) (d. 1322)
  • Buton Rinchen Drub, Tibetan Buddhist religious leader (d. 1364)
  • Daichi Sokei, Japanese Buddhist monk, disciple and poet (d. 1366)
  • Giovanni Visconti, Italian cardinal, archbishop and co-ruler (d. 1354)
  • Guido Gonzaga, Italian nobleman and knight (condottiero) (d. 1369)
  • Hugues Quiéret, French nobleman, admiral and advisor (d. 1340)
  • Jacob van Artevelde, Flemish merchant and statesman (d. 1345)
  • Jacopo Dondi dell'Orologio, Italian doctor and polymath (d. 1359)
  • Johannes de Muris, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1344)
  • John Maltravers, English nobleman, knight and governor (d. 1364)
  • John Parricida, German nobleman (House of Habsburg) (d. 1312)
  • Jyotirishwar Thakur, Indian playwright, poet and writer (d. 1350)
  • Ke Jiusi, Chinese landscape painter and calligrapher (d. 1343)
  • Kitabatake Tomoyuki, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1332)
  • Kujō Fusazane, Japanese nobleman, official and regent (d. 1327)
  • Peter of Castile, Spanish nobleman and prince (infante) (d. 1319)
  • Pierre Bercheure, French translator and encyclopaedist (d. 1362)
  • Rabbenu Yerucham, French rabbi and scholar (posek) (d. 1350)
  • Richard de Willoughby, English landowner and politician (d. 1362)
  • Rudolf Hesso, German nobleman (House of Zähringen) (d. 1335)
  • Sesson Yūbai, Japanese Buddhist monk, priest and poet (d. 1347)
  • Theodore I (Palaiologos), Byzantine nobleman and writer (d. 1338)
  • Willem van Duvenvoorde, Dutch nobleman and knight (d. 1353)

1291

  • February 8 – Afonso IV (the Brave), king of Portugal (d. 1357)[108]
  • March 9 – Cangrande I della Scala, Italian nobleman (d. 1329)
  • May 10 – Gilbert de Clare, English nobleman and knight (d. 1314)
  • August 12 – Ichijō Uchitsune, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1325)
  • September 23 – Bolesław III, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1352)
  • October 31 – Philippe de Vitry, French musician and poet (d. 1361)
  • December 15 – Aymon (the Peaceful), Savoyan nobleman (d. 1343)
  • December 20 – Margareta Ebner, German nun and mystic (d. 1351)
  • Hugh de Audley, English nobleman, knight and diplomat (d. 1347)
  • Luis de la Cerda, French nobleman, prince and admiral (d. 1348)
  • Luitgard of Wittichen, German nun, abbess and mystic (d. 1348)
  • Marie of Artois, French noblewoman (House of Artois) (d. 1365)
  • Shah Kamal Quhafah, Arab philanthropist and mystic (d. 1385)
  • Tōin Kinkata, Japanese official, historian and writer (d. 1360)

1292

  • January 20 – Elizabeth of Bohemia, queen of Bohemia (d. 1330)
  • January 29 – Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Syrian polymath (d. 1350)
  • May 28 – Philip of Castile, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1327)
  • June 24 – Otto the Mild, German nobleman and knight (d. 1344)
  • October 3 – Eleanor de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1337)
  • Chu Văn An, Vietnamese physician and mandarin (d. 1370)
  • Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Tibetan religious leader (d. 1361)
  • Elisenda of Montcada, queen and regent of Aragon (d. 1364)
  • Evrard d'Orleans, French Gothic sculptor and painter (d. 1357)
  • Gerhard III (the Great), German nobleman and prince (d. 1340)
  • Henry IV (the Faithful), Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1342)
  • Henry Burghersh, English bishop and statesman (d. 1340)
  • John VI (Kantakouzenos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1383)
  • John Grandisson, English chaplain and bishop (d. 1369)
  • John Marmion, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1335)
  • Richard of Wallingford, English mathematician (d. 1336)
  • Robert de Stratford, English bishop and chancellor (d. 1362)
  • Saionji Neishi (or Yasuko), Japanese court lady (d. 1337)
  • Siemowit of Bytom, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1342)

1293

1294

1295

  • March 21 – Henry Suso, German priest, mystic and writer (d. 1366)
  • September 16 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1360)
  • Catherine of Austria, German noblewoman and princess (d. 1323)
  • Egill Eyjólfsson, Icelandic deacon, scholar and bishop (d. 1341)
  • Giovanni Colonna, Italian cardinal (House of Colonna) (d. 1348)
  • Hōjō Moritoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (shikken) (d. 1333)
  • Joanna of Flanders, Flemish noblewoman and regent (d. 1374)
  • John III, French nobleman and knight (House of Dreux) (d. 1331)
  • John of Montfort, French nobleman (House of Montfort) (d. 1345)
  • Juan Alfonso de la Cerda, French nobleman and knight (d. 1347)
  • Margaret of Valois, French noblewoman and princess (d. 1342)
  • Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian and writer (d. 1360)
  • Nijō Tameakira, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1364)
  • Odo IV (or Eudes IV), French nobleman and knight (d. 1349)
  • Reginald II (the Black), Dutch nobleman and regent (d. 1343)
  • Reynold Cobham, English nobleman and diplomat (d. 1361)
  • Robert de Eglesfield, English nobleman and chaplain (d. 1349)
  • Takatsukasa Fuyunori, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1337)
  • Vitalis of Assisi, Italian Benedictine monk and hermit (d. 1370)

1296

1297

  • March 25
    • Andronikos III (Palaiologos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1341)
    • Arnošt of Pardubice, Czech archbishop and advisor (d. 1364)
  • July 8 – Tarabya I, Burmese ruler (House of Myinsaing) (d. 1339)
  • August 14 – Hanazono, Japanese emperor and poet (d. 1348)
  • Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Marinid ruler of Morocco (d. 1351)
  • Bernardo Canaccio, Italian nobleman, poet and writer (d. 1360)
  • Charles II (Magnanimous), French nobleman and knight (d. 1346)
  • Ernest I, German nobleman and prince (House of Welf) (d. 1361)
  • Ingeborg Eriksdottir, Norwegian princess and co-regent (d. 1357)
  • Isabella of Sabran, Spanish noblewoman and princess (d. 1315)
  • Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (House of Gediminids) (d. 1382)
  • Mary de Monthermer (or MacDuff), English noblewoman (d. 1371)
  • Thomas Wake, English nobleman, governor and knight (d. 1349)
  • Yanagiwara Sukeakira, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1353)

1298

  • August 9 – Robert Ufford, English nobleman and admiral (d. 1369)
  • August 25 – Gongwon, Korean queen consort of Goryeo (d. 1380)
  • December 12 – Albert II (the Lame), German nobleman (d. 1358)
  • Andrew Murray, Scottish nobleman, knight and politician (d. 1338)
  • Angelo Acciaioli, Italian nobleman, cleric, friar and bishop (d. 1357)
  • Bernat II de Cabrera, Aragonese nobleman and diplomat (d. 1364)
  • Charles of Calabria, Italian nobleman and Vicar-General (d. 1328)
  • Edmond de Burgh, Norman nobleman (House of Burgh) (d. 1338)
  • Elizabeth of Carinthia, Sicilian queen consort and regent (d. 1352)
  • Everhard II of Limburg, German nobleman and co-ruler (d. 1344)
  • Kunigunde of Poland, Polish princess (House of Piast) (d. 1331)
  • Peter I of Dreux, French nobleman (House of Dreux) (d. 1345)
  • Qvarqvare I, Georgian nobleman and prince (mtavari) (d. 1361)
  • Zhou Boqi, Chinese magistrate, calligrapher and poet (d. 1369)

1299

  • May 15 – Henry the Friendly, German nobleman and knight (d. 1327)
  • June 24 – John de Verdon, English nobleman and knight (d. 1376)
  • August 15 – Ralph de Greystoke, English landowner (d. 1323)
  • November 1 – Elizabeth de Comyn, English noblewoman (d. 1372)
  • November 2 – Alfonso IV (the Gentle), king of Aragon (d. 1336)
  • Akashi Kakuichi, Japanese Buddhist monk and musician (d. 1371)
  • Dmitri of Tver, Russian nobleman and Grand Prince (d. 1326)
  • Galeotto I, Italian nobleman and knight (condottiero) (d. 1385)
  • Henry II (the Iron), German nobleman and regent (d. 1376)
  • Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen, Tibetan Imperial Preceptor (d. 1327)
  • Kyawswa I, Burmese ruler of the Myinsaing Kingdom (d. 1350)
  • Maria of Aragon, Spanish noblewoman and princess (d. 1347)
  • Nicholas of Autrecourt, French philosopher and theologian (d. 1369)
  • Peter Tilliol, English landowner, High Sheriff and politician (d. 1348)
  • Pierre Bertrand de Colombier, French cardinal and diplomat (d. 1361)
  • William V, German nobleman and knight (House of Jülich) (d. 1361)
  • William Zouche, English Lord Treasurer and archbishop (d. 1352)

Deaths

1290

1291

  • March 5 – Sa'ad al-Dawla, Persian physician and vizier (b. 1240)
  • March 10 – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1258)
  • March 16 – Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, Indian Sufi preacher (b. 1196)
  • May 11 – Thomas Ingoldsthorpe, English archdeacon and bishop
  • May 18 – Matthew of Clermont, French nobleman and Marshal
  • May 25 – Benedict, Swedish nobleman, prince and knight (b. 1254)
  • June 5 – John I, German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. 1260)
  • June 18 – Alfonso III (or II) (the Liberal), king of Aragon (b. 1265)[128]
  • June 25 – Eleanor of Provence, queen consort of England (b. 1223)
  • June 27 – Tanhum of Jerusalem, Outremer lexicographer (b. 1220)
  • July 12 – Herman VII (the Rouser), German nobleman (b. 1266)
  • July 15 – Rudolf I, king of Germany (House of Habsburg) (b. 1218)
  • August 16 – Frederick Tuta, German nobleman and regent (b. 1269)
  • October 8 – Henry I, German nobleman, prince and knight (b. 1245)
  • December 11 – Francesco Lippi, Italian monk and hermit (b. 1211)
  • Alfonso of Castile, Spanish nobleman and prince (infante) (b. 1286)
  • Badr al-Din Solamish, Mamluk ruler of Egypt and Syria (b. 1272)
  • Guy de Montfort, English nobleman and Vicar-General (b. 1244)
  • Hong Dagu (or Jun-gi), Korean ruler and military leader (b. 1244)
  • Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj, Qutlughkhanid prince and co-ruler (b. 1247)
  • Niall Culanach O'Neill (or Culanagh), king of Tír Eoghain (b. 1231)
  • Nuño González II, Spanish nobleman and knight (House of Lara)
  • Philip Marmion, Norman King's Champion, High Sheriff and knight
  • William de Braose, Norman nobleman (House of Braose) (b. 1224)
  • William of Beaujeu, French nobleman and Grand Master (b. 1230)

1292

  • February 6 – William VII, Italian nobleman and knight (b. 1240)
  • February 10 – Maurice VI de Craon, French nobleman (b. 1255)
  • February 28 – Hugh de Courtenay, English nobleman (b. 1251)
  • April 4 – Nicholas IV, Italian pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1227)
  • April 16 – Thibaud Gaudin, French nobleman and Grand Master
  • May 2 – Conrad II, German nobleman (House of Teck) (b. 1235)
  • May 8 – Amato Ronconi, Italian monk, hermit and saint (b. 1226)
  • June 2 – Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman and prince (b. 1250)
  • July 24 – Kinga of Poland, Hungarian princess and abbess (b. 1224)
  • September 25 – Alice of Saluzzo, Savoyan noblewoman and co-ruler
  • September 30 – William I, German nobleman and co-ruler (b. 1270)
  • October 3 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun, mystic and saint (b. 1254)
  • October 14 – John of Flanders, Flemish nobleman and prince-bishop
  • October 20 – Saionji Kisshi (or Ōmiya-in), empress of Japan (b. 1225)
  • October 25 – Robert Burnell, English bishop and chancellor (b. 1239)
  • November 4 – Euphrosyne of Opole, Polish noblewoman and regent
  • December 8 – John Peckham, English archbishop and writer (b. 1230)
  • Abraham Abulafia, Spanish scholar, philosopher and writer (b. 1240)
  • As-Suwaydi, Syrian physician, pharmacologist and writer (b. 1204)
  • Beatrice of Savoy, Savoyan noblewoman (House of Savoy) (b. 1250)
  • Bernard of Trilia, French monk, theologian and philosopher (b. 1240)
  • Darmabala (Protector of the Law), Mongolian nobleman (b. 1264)
  • Gertrude of Hackeborn, German noblewoman and abbess (b. 1232)
  • Guiraut Riquier de Narbona, French troubadour and writer (b. 1230)
  • Ingeborg of Sweden, Swedish princess (House of Bjelbo) (b. 1263)
  • Marjorie (or Margaret), Scottish noblewoman (suo jure) (b. 1256)
  • Roger Bacon, English monk, philosopher and scientist (b. 1220)

1293

1294

Kublai Khan

1295

  • January 2 – Agnes of Baden, German noblewoman (b. 1250)
  • January 11 – Bayan of the Baarin, Mongol general (b. 1236)
  • March 21 – Gaykhatu, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1259)
  • March 31 – Robert V de Brus, Scottish nobleman (b. 1215)
  • April 10 – Baldwin of Avesnes, French nobleman (b. 1219)
  • April 25 – Sancho IV (the Brave), king of Castile (b. 1258)
  • May 28 – Barnim II, Polish nobleman and co-ruler (b. 1277)
  • August 1 – Pietro Peregrosso, Italian scholar and cardinal
  • August 8 – Ottone Visconti, Italian canon and archbishop
  • August 12 – Charles Martel, titular king of Hungary (b. 1271)
  • September 15 – Ruggieri degli Ubaldini, Italian archbishop
  • October 4 – Baydu, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1255)
  • November 10 – Nicholas Segrave, English nobleman (b. 1238)
  • December 7 – Gilbert de Clare, English nobleman (b. 1243)
  • December 16 – Roger de Meyland, English sheriff and bishop
  • December 20 – Margaret of Provence, queen of France (b. 1221)
  • Anna of Greater Poland, Polish princess and abbess (b. 1253)
  • Beatrice of Navarre, French noblewoman and regent (b. 1242)
  • Fenenna of Kuyavia (or Kujawska), queen of Hungary (b. 1276)
  • Nicholas of Gorran, French preacher and theologian (b. 1232)
  • Padishah Khatun, Mongol female ruler and writer (b. 1256)

1296

1297

  • January 23 – Florent of Hainaut, Latin prince of Achaea (b. 1255)
  • February 22 – Margaret of Cortona, Italian nun and saint (b. 1247)
  • April 7 – Siegfried II, German nobleman and archbishop (b. 1258)
  • May 21 – Judith of Habsburg, Bohemian queen consort (b. 1271)
  • June 11 – Jangmok, Korean princess and queen consort (b. 1259)
  • June 27 – Bérard de Goth, French cardinal, bishop and diplomat
  • August 13 – Gertrude of Aldenberg, German noblewoman (b. 1227)
  • August 14 – Frederick III, German nobleman and knight (b. 1220)
  • August 16 – John II, Byzantine emperor of Trebizond (b. 1262)
  • August 18 – Simon de Beaulieu, French nobleman and bishop
  • August 19 – Louis of Toulouse, Neapolitan archbishop (b. 1274)
  • August 20 – William Fraser, Scottish monk, chancellor and bishop
  • September 11 – Hugh de Cressingham, English advisor and knight
  • November 21 – Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman (b. 1254)
  • December 28 – Hugh Aycelin, French priest and cardinal (b. 1230)
  • Andrew Moray (or de Moray), Scottish nobleman and rebel leader
  • Hesso of Baden, German nobleman, co-ruler and knight (b. 1268)
  • Louis of Brienne, French nobleman and knight (House of Brienne)
  • Muktabai (or Mukta), Indian religious leader and mystic (b. 1279)
  • Nikephoros I (Komnenos Doukas), Latin ruler (despot) of Epirus
  • Radulphus de Canaberiis, French nobleman, teacher and canon
  • Richard FitzJohn, English nobleman, judge, constable and knight
  • Roger de Montalt, Norman nobleman and rebel leader (b. 1265)

1298

  • January 2 – Lodomer, Hungarian prelate and archbishop
  • March 14 – Peter John Olivi, French theologian (b. 1248)
  • March 25 – Siegfried I, German prince (House of Ascania)
  • March 27 – William of Louth (or de Luda), English bishop
  • April 8 – Andrew Moray, Scottish nobleman and justiciar
  • April 17
    • Albrecht II, German nobleman and governor (b. 1235)
    • Árni Þorláksson, Icelandic cleric and bishop (b. 1237)
  • May 4 – Frederick VI, German nobleman, knight and co-ruler
  • May 22 – Robert de Tiptoft, Norman landowner and governor
  • June 11 – Yolanda of Hungaria, Hungarian princess (b. 1235)
  • July 2 – Adolf of Nassau, king of Germany (House of Nassau)
  • July 13 or July 16 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian archbishop
  • July 22
    • John de Graham, Scottish nobleman (Clan Graham)
    • John Stewart, Scottish nobleman (Clan Stewart)
    • MacDuff of Fife, Scottish nobleman (Clan MacDuff)
  • July 23 – Thoros III (or Toros), king of Cilician Armenia (b. 1271)
  • August 1 – Mordechai ben Hillel, German Jewish rabbi (b. 1250)
  • August 25 – Albert II of Saxony, German nobleman and co-ruler
  • August 28 – William Houghton, English diplomat and archbishop
  • August 29 – Eleanor of England, daughter of Edward I (b. 1269)
  • September 9 – Andrea Dandolo, Venetian nobleman and admiral
  • September 29 – Guido I da Montefeltro, Italian military strategist
  • December 31 – Humphrey de Bohun, English nobleman (b. 1249)
  • Aimery IV of Narbonne, Italian nobleman and knight (condottiero)
  • Elisabeth of Wetzikon, Swiss noblewoman and abbess (b. 1235)
  • Euphrosyne of Greater Poland, Polish princess (House of Piast)
  • Ibn Wasil, Ayyubid scholar, judge, diplomat and writer (b. 1208)
  • Jacopo del Cassero, Italian nobleman and magistrate (b. 1260)
  • John of Genoa (or Balbus), Italian priest, grammarian and writer
  • John of Procida, Italian scholar, physician and diplomat (b. 1210)
  • Lourenço Soares de Valadares, Portuguese nobleman (b. 1230)
  • Mugai Nyodai, Japanese nun, abbess and Zen Master (b. 1223)
  • Otto V (the Tall), German nobleman, knight and regent (b. 1246)
  • Smilets of Bulgaria, Bulgarian emperor (tsar) (House of Smilets)
  • Thomas the Rhymer, Scottish nobleman (laird), knight and poet
  • Thomas Weyland, English landowner, lawyer and administrator
  • William de Beauchamp, English nobleman and knight (b. 1238)
  • William the Hardy (the Bold), Scottish nobleman and warlord
  • Yang Hui (or Qianguang), Chinese mathematician and writer
  • Yaqut al-Musta'simi, Abbasid eunuch, calligrapher and writer

1299

  • January 16 – Lajin, Egyptian ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate
  • April 10 – Malik ibn al-Murahhal, Moroccan poet (b. 1207)
  • May 10
    • Kyawswa, Burmese ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (b. 1260)
    • Theingapati, Burmese prince and heir (Pagan Kingdom)
  • May 17 – Daumantas of Pskov, Lithuanian prince (b. 1240)
  • July 15 – Eric II (Magnusson), king of Norway (b. 1268)
  • August 1
    • Conrad of Lichtenberg, German bishop (b. 1240)
    • Wolfert I van Borselen, Dutch nobleman and regent
  • August 15 – Henry of Newark, English clerk and archbishop
  • September 23 – Nicolas de Nonancourt, French chancellor
  • October 8 – Jakuen, Japanese disciple and scholar (b. 1207)
  • October 12 – John II, German nobleman, knight and regent
  • November 10 – John I of Holland, Dutch nobleman (b. 1284)
  • November 19 – Mechtilde, German noblewoman and mystic
  • December 9 – Bohemond I, German knight and archbishop
  • December 31
    • Margaret of Anjou, French noblewoman (b. 1272)
    • Ralph Basset, English nobleman and governor
  • Andrew II, Hungarian nobleman, knight and co-ruler
  • David de Offington, English official and High Sheriff
  • Gonzalo Pérez, Spanish cardinal-bishop and statesman
  • Gottfried Hagen, German cleric and chronicler (b. 1230)
  • Ivánka III, Hungarian nobleman, knight and rebel leader
  • John Giffard, English nobleman and rebel leader (b. 1232)
  • Julius III, Hungarian nobleman (ispán), knight and governor
  • Nicholas I, Hungarian nobleman and rebel leader (b. 1240)
  • Nijō Tamemichi, Japanese waka poet and writer (b. 1271)
  • William FitzWarin, English nobleman, knight and constable
  • Zafar Khan, Indian nobleman, governor and military leader

References
  1. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. p. 110. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
  2. Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo. p. 34. ISBN 0-86516-444-4.
  3. Mundill, Robin R. (2002). England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52026-6.
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