August 14

August 14 is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 139 days remain until the end of the year.

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August 14 in recent years
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Events

Pre-1600
  • 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating the 1,127 offences (sexual debauchery, fiscal negligence, cronyism, etc.) that the ministers found the new emperor to have committed over the course of his 27-day rule, result in the unprecedented impeachment — and summary deposition on the same day — of the emperor by the bureaucracy.[1]
  • 29 BC – Octavian holds the second of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes.[2]
  • 1040 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as King of Scotland.[3]
  • 1183 – Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the Minamoto clan.[4][5]
  • 1264 – After tricking the Venetian galley fleet into sailing east to the Levant, the Genoese capture an entire Venetian trade convoy at the Battle of Saseno.[6]
  • 1352 – War of the Breton Succession: Anglo-Bretons defeat the French in the Battle of Mauron.[7]
  • 1370 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, grants city privileges to Karlovy Vary.[8]
  • 1385 – Portuguese Crisis of 1383–85: Battle of Aljubarrota: Portuguese forces commanded by John I of Portugal defeat the Castilian army of John I of Castile.[9]
  • 1592 – The first sighting of the Falkland Islands by John Davis.[10]
  • 1598 – Nine Years' War: Battle of the Yellow Ford: Irish forces under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, defeat an English expeditionary force under Henry Bagenal.[11]

1601–1900
  • 1720 – The Spanish military Villasur expedition is defeated by Pawnee and Otoe warriors near present-day Columbus, Nebraska.[12]
  • 1784 – Russian colonization of North America: Awa’uq Massacre: The Russian fur trader Grigory Shelikhov storms a Kodiak Island Alutiit refuge rock on Sitkalidak Island, killing 500+ Alutiit. The consequent subjugation of the Alutiiq on Kodiak Island allows Shelikhov to establish the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska at Three Saints Bay.[13]
  • 1790 – The Treaty of Wereloe ended the 1788–1790 Russo-Swedish War.[14]
  • 1791 – Slaves from plantations in Saint-Domingue hold a Vodou ceremony led by houngan Dutty Boukman at Bois Caïman, marking the start of the Haitian Revolution.[15]
  • 1814 – A cease fire agreement, called the Convention of Moss, ended the Swedish–Norwegian War.[16]
  • 1816 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, administering the islands from the Cape Colony in South Africa.[17]
  • 1842 – American Indian Wars: Second Seminole War ends, with the Seminoles forced from Florida.[18]
  • 1848 – Oregon Territory is organized by act of Congress.[19]
  • 1880 – Construction of Cologne Cathedral, the most famous landmark in Cologne, Germany, is completed.[20]
  • 1885 – Japan's first patent is issued to the inventor of a rust-proof paint.[21]
  • 1893 – France becomes the first country to introduce motor vehicle registration.[22]
  • 1900 – The Eight-Nation Alliance occupies Beijing, China, in a campaign to end the bloody Boxer Rebellion in China.[23]

1901–present

Births

Pre-1600
  • 1479 – Catherine of York (d. 1527)[53]
  • 1499 – John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, English politician (d. 1526)[54]
  • 1502 – Pieter Coecke van Aelst, Flemish painter (d. 1550)[55]
  • 1530 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590)[56]
  • 1552 – Paolo Sarpi, Italian writer (d. 1623)[57]
  • 1599 – Méric Casaubon, Swiss-English scholar and author (d. 1671)[58]

1601–1900
  • 1642 – Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1723)[59]
  • 1653 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English colonel and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica (d. 1688)[60]
  • 1688 – Frederick William I of Prussia (d. 1740)[61]
  • 1714 – Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (d. 1789)[62]
  • 1738 – Leopold Hofmann, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1793)[63]
  • 1742 – Pope Pius VII (d. 1823)[64]
  • 1758 – Carle Vernet, French painter and lithographer (d. 1836)[65]
  • 1777 – Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish physicist and chemist (d. 1851)[66]
  • 1802 – Letitia Elizabeth Landon, English poet and novelist (d. 1838)[67]
  • 1814 – Charlotte Fowler Wells, American phrenologist and publisher (d. 1901)[68]
  • 1817 – Alexander H. Bailey, American lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1874)[69]
  • 1840 – Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German-Austrian psychologist and author (d. 1902)[70]
  • 1847 – Robert Comtesse, Swiss lawyer and politician (d. 1922)[71]
  • 1848 – Margaret Lindsay Huggins, Anglo-Irish astronomer and author (d. 1915)[72]
  • 1851 – Doc Holliday, American dentist and gambler (d. 1887)[73]
  • 1860 – Ernest Thompson Seton, American author, artist, and naturalist (d. 1946)[74]
  • 1863 – Ernest Thayer, American poet and author (d. 1940)[75]
  • 1865 – Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician and academic (d. 1952)[76]
  • 1866 – Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin, Belgian mathematician and academic (d. 1962)[77]
  • 1867 – Cupid Childs, American baseball player (d. 1912)[78]
  • 1867 – John Galsworthy, English novelist and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1933)[79]
  • 1871 – Guangxu Emperor of China (d. 1908)[80]
  • 1875 – Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, Russian-Lithuanian painter and illustrator (d. 1957)[81]
  • 1876 – Alexander I of Serbia (d. 1903)[82]
  • 1881 – Francis Ford, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1953)[83]
  • 1883 – Ernest Everett Just, American biologist and academic (d. 1941)[84]
  • 1886 – Arthur Jeffrey Dempster, Canadian-American physicist and academic (d. 1950)[85]
  • 1889 – Otto Tief, Estonian lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1976)[86]
  • 1890 – Bruno Tesch, German chemist and businessman (d. 1946)[87]
  • 1892 – Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji, English pianist, composer, and critic (d. 1988)[88]
  • 1894 – Frank Burge, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 1958)[89]
  • 1895 – Jack Gregory, Australian cricketer (d. 1973)[90]
  • 1895 – Amaza Lee Meredith, American architect (d. 1984)[91]
  • 1896 – Albert Ball, English fighter pilot (d. 1917)[92]
  • 1896 – Theodor Luts, Estonian director and cinematographer (d. 1980)[93]
  • 1900 – Margret Boveri, German journalist (d. 1975)[94]

1901–present
  • 1910 – Nüzhet Gökdoğan, Turkish astronomer and mathematician (d. 2003)[95]
  • 1910 – Willy Ronis, French photographer (d. 2009)[96]
  • 1910 – Pierre Schaeffer, French composer and producer (d. 1995)[97]
  • 1912 – Frank Oppenheimer, American physicist and academic (d. 1985)[98]
  • 1913 – Hector Crawford, Australian director and producer (d. 1991)[99]
  • 1913 – Paul Dean, American baseball player (d. 1981)[100]
  • 1914 – Herman Branson, American physicist, chemist, and academic (d. 1995)[101]
  • 1915 – B. A. Santamaria, Australian political activist and publisher (d. 1998)[102]
  • 1916 – Frank and John Craighead, American naturalists (twins, Frank d. 2001, John d. 2016)[103]
  • 1916 – Wellington Mara, American businessman (d. 2005)[104]
  • 1923 – Alice Ghostley, American actress (d. 2007)[105]
  • 1924 – Sverre Fehn, Norwegian architect, designed the Hedmark Museum (d. 2009)[106]
  • 1924 – Georges Prêtre, French conductor (d. 2017)[107]
  • 1925 – Russell Baker, American critic and essayist (d. 2019)[108]
  • 1926 – René Goscinny, French author and illustrator (d. 1977)[109]
  • 1926 – Buddy Greco, American singer and pianist (d. 2017)[110]
  • 1928 – Lina Wertmüller, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 2021)[111]
  • 1929 – Giacomo Capuzzi, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodi from 1989 to 2005 (d. 2021).[112]
  • 1929 – Dick Tiger, Nigerian boxer (d. 1971)[113]
  • 1930 – Arthur Latham, British politician and Member of Parliament (d. 2016)[114]
  • 1930 – Earl Weaver, American baseball player and manager (d. 2013)[115]
  • 1931 – Frederic Raphael, American journalist, author, and screenwriter[116]
  • 1932 – Lee Hoffman, American author (d. 2007)[117]
  • 1933 – Richard R. Ernst, Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021)[118]
  • 1935 – John Brodie, American football player[119]
  • 1938 – Bennie Muller, Dutch footballer[120]
  • 1941 – David Crosby, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[121]
  • 1941 – Connie Smith, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist[122]
  • 1942 – Willie Dunn, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2013)[123]
  • 1943 – Ronnie Campbell, English miner and politician[124]
  • 1943 – Ben Sidran, American jazz and rock keyboardist[125]
  • 1945 – Steve Martin, American actor, comedian, musician, producer, and screenwriter[126]
  • 1945 – Wim Wenders, German director, producer, and screenwriter[127]
  • 1946 – Larry Graham, American soul/funk bass player and singer-songwriter[128]
  • 1946 – Susan Saint James, American actress[129]
  • 1946 – Tom Walkinshaw, Scottish race car driver and businessman (d. 2010)[130]
  • 1947 – Maddy Prior, English folk singer[131]
  • 1947 – Danielle Steel, American author[132]
  • 1947 – Joop van Daele, Dutch footballer[133]
  • 1949 – Morten Olsen, Danish footballer[134]
  • 1950 – Gary Larson, American cartoonist[129]
  • 1951 – Slim Dunlap, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[135]: 1894 
  • 1952 – Debbie Meyer, American swimmer[136]
  • 1953 – James Horner, American composer and conductor (d. 2015)[137]
  • 1954 – Mark Fidrych, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2009)[138]
  • 1954 – Stanley A. McChrystal, American general[139]
  • 1956 – Jackée Harry, American actress and television personality[140]
  • 1956 – Andy King, English footballer and manager (d. 2015)[141]
  • 1956 – Rusty Wallace, American race car driver[129]
  • 1957 – Peter Costello, Australian lawyer and politician[142]
  • 1959 – Frank Brickowski, American basketball player[143]
  • 1959 – Marcia Gay Harden, American actress[144]
  • 1959 – Magic Johnson, American basketball player and coach[145]
  • 1960 – Sarah Brightman, English singer and actress[146]
  • 1960 – Fred Roberts, American basketball player[147]
  • 1962 – Mark Gubicza, American baseball player[148]
  • 1963 – José Cóceres, Argentinian golfer[149]
  • 1964 – Neal Anderson, American football player and coach[150]
  • 1964 – Jason Dunstall, Australian footballer[151]
  • 1965 – Paul Broadhurst, English golfer[152]
  • 1966 – Halle Berry, American model, actress, and producer[153]
  • 1966 – Karl Petter Løken, Swedish-Norwegian footballer[154]
  • 1968 – Catherine Bell, English-American actress and producer[129]
  • 1968 – Darren Clarke, Northern Irish golfer[155]
  • 1968 – Jason Leonard, English rugby player[156]
  • 1969 – Tracy Caldwell Dyson, American chemist and astronaut[157]
  • 1969 – Stig Tøfting, Danish footballer[158]
  • 1970 – Kevin Cadogan, American rock guitarist[135]: 2005 
  • 1971 – Raoul Bova, Italian actor, producer, and screenwriter[159]
  • 1971 – Benito Carbone, Italian footballer[160]
  • 1971 – Peter Franzén, Finnish actor[161][162]
  • 1971 – Mark Loretta, American baseball player[163]
  • 1972 – Laurent Lamothe, Haitian businessman and politician, Prime Minister of Haiti[164]
  • 1973 – Jared Borgetti, Mexican footballer[165]
  • 1973 – Kieren Perkins, Australian swimmer[166]
  • 1974 – Chucky Atkins, American basketball player[167]
  • 1975 – Mike Vrabel, American football player[168]
  • 1976 – Fabrizio Donato, Italian triple jumper[169]
  • 1977 – Juan Pierre, American baseball player[170]
  • 1978 – Anastasios Kyriakos, Greek footballer[171]
  • 1978 – Greg Rawlinson, New Zealand rugby player[172]
  • 1979 – Paul Burgess, Australian pole vaulter[173]
  • 1981 – Earl Barron, American basketball player[174]
  • 1981 – Julius Jones, American football player[175]
  • 1981 – Scott Lipsky, American tennis player[176]
  • 1983 – Elena Baltacha, Ukrainian-Scottish tennis player (d. 2014)[177]
  • 1983 – Mila Kunis, Ukrainian-American actress[129]
  • 1984 – Eva Birnerová, Czech tennis player[178]
  • 1984 – Clay Buchholz, American baseball player[179]
  • 1984 – Giorgio Chiellini, Italian footballer[180]
  • 1984 – Josh Gorges, Canadian ice hockey player[181]
  • 1984 – Nick Grimshaw, English radio and television host[182]
  • 1984 – Nicola Slater, Scottish tennis player[183]
  • 1984 – Robin Söderling, Swedish tennis player[184]
  • 1985 – Christian Gentner, German footballer[185]
  • 1985 – Shea Weber, Canadian ice hockey player[186]
  • 1986 – Braian Rodríguez, Uruguayan footballer[187]
  • 1987 – Tim Tebow, American football and baseball player and sportscaster[188]
  • 1989 – Ander Herrera, Spanish footballer[189]
  • 1989 – Kyle Turris, Canadian ice hockey player[190]
  • 1991 – Richard Freitag, German ski jumper[191]
  • 1995 – Léolia Jeanjean, French tennis player[192]
  • 1997 – Greet Minnen, Belgian tennis player[193]

Deaths

Pre-1600

1601–1900
  • 1691 – Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, Irish soldier and politician (b. 1630)[201]
  • 1716 – Madre María Rosa, Capuchin nun from Spain, to Peru (b. 1660)[202]
  • 1727 – William Croft, English organist and composer (b. 1678)[203]
  • 1774 – Johann Jakob Reiske, German physician and scholar (b. 1716)[204]
  • 1784 – Nathaniel Hone the Elder, Irish-born English painter and academic (b. 1718)[205]
  • 1852 – Margaret Taylor, First Lady of the United States (b. 1788)[206]
  • 1854 – Carl Carl, Polish-born actor and theatre director (b. 1787)[207]
  • 1860 – André Marie Constant Duméril, French zoologist and entomologist (b. 1774)[208]
  • 1870 – David Farragut, American admiral (b. 1801)[209]
  • 1890 – Michael J. McGivney, American priest, founded the Knights of Columbus (b. 1852)[210]
  • 1891 – Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (b. 1803)[211]

1901–present
  • 1905 – Simeon Solomon, English soldier and painter (b. 1840)[212]
  • 1909 – William Stanley, British engineer and author (b. 1829)[213]
  • 1922 – Rebecca Cole, American physician and social reformer (b. 1846)[214]
  • 1928 – Klabund, German author and poet (b. 1890)[215]
  • 1938 – Hugh Trumble, Australian cricketer and accountant (b. 1876)[216]
  • 1941 – Maximilian Kolbe, Polish martyr and saint (b. 1894)[217]
  • 1941 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)[218]
  • 1943 – Joe Kelley, American baseball player and manager (b. 1871)[219]
  • 1951 – William Randolph Hearst, American publisher and politician, founded the Hearst Corporation (b. 1863)[220]
  • 1954 – Hugo Eckener, German pilot and designer (b. 1868)[221]
  • 1955 – Herbert Putnam, American lawyer and publisher, Librarian of Congress (b. 1861)[222]
  • 1956 – Bertolt Brecht, German poet, playwright, and director (b. 1898)[223]
  • 1956 – Konstantin von Neurath, German lawyer and politician, Reich Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1873)[224]
  • 1958 – Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)[225]
  • 1963 – Clifford Odets, American director, playwright, and screenwriter (b. 1906)[226]
  • 1964 – Johnny Burnette, American singer-songwriter (b. 1934)[227]
  • 1965 – Vello Kaaristo, Estonian skier (b. 1911)[228]
  • 1967 – Bob Anderson, English motorcycle racer and race car driver (b. 1931)[229]
  • 1972 – Oscar Levant, American actor, pianist, and composer (b. 1906)[230]
  • 1972 – Jules Romains, French author and poet (b. 1885)[231]
  • 1973 – Fred Gipson, American journalist and author (b. 1908)[232]
  • 1978 – Nicolas Bentley, English author and illustrator (b. 1907)[233]
  • 1980 – Dorothy Stratten, Canadian-American model and actress (b. 1960)[234]
  • 1981 – Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor and director (b. 1894)[235]
  • 1981 – Dudley Nourse, South African cricketer (b. 1910)[236]
  • 1982 – Mahasi Sayadaw, Burmese monk and philosopher (b. 1904)[237]
  • 1984 – Spud Davis, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1904)[238]
  • 1984 – J. B. Priestley, English novelist and playwright (b. 1894)[239]
  • 1985 – Gale Sondergaard, American actress (b. 1899)[240]
  • 1988 – Roy Buchanan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1939)[241]
  • 1988 – Robert Calvert, South African-English singer-songwriter and playwright (b. 1945)[135]: 1712 
  • 1988 – Enzo Ferrari, Italian race car driver and businessman, founded Ferrari (b. 1898)[242]
  • 1991 – Alberto Crespo, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1920)[243]
  • 1992 – John Sirica, American lawyer and judge (b. 1904)[244]
  • 1994 – Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-Swiss author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)[245]
  • 1994 – Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and author (b. 1912)[246]
  • 1996 – Sergiu Celibidache, Romanian conductor and composer (b. 1912)[247]
  • 1999 – Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1918)[248]
  • 2002 – Larry Rivers, American painter and sculptor (b. 1923)[249]
  • 2003 – Helmut Rahn, German footballer (b. 1929)[250]
  • 2004 – Czesław Miłosz, Polish-born American novelist, essayist, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)[251]
  • 2004 – Trevor Skeet, New Zealand-English lawyer and politician (b. 1918)[252]
  • 2006 – Bruno Kirby, American actor (b. 1949)[253]
  • 2007 – Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian pianist and composer (b. 1913)[254]
  • 2010 – Herman Leonard, American photographer (b. 1923)[255]
  • 2012 – Vilasrao Deshmukh, Indian lawyer and politician, Chief Minister of Maharashtra (b. 1945)[256]
  • 2012 – Svetozar Gligorić, Serbian chess player (b. 1923)[257]
  • 2012 – Phyllis Thaxter, American actress (b. 1919)[258]
  • 2013 – Jack Germond, American journalist and author (b. 1928)[259]
  • 2014 – Leonard Fein, American journalist and academic, co-founded Moment Magazine (b. 1934)[260]
  • 2014 – George V. Hansen, American politician (b. 1930)[261]
  • 2015 – Bob Johnston, American songwriter and producer (b. 1932)[262]
  • 2016 – Fyvush Finkel, American actor (b. 1922)[263]
  • 2018 – Jill Janus, American singer (b. 1975)[264]
  • 2019 – Polly Farmer, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1935)[265]
  • 2020 – Julian Bream, English classical guitarist and lutenist (b. 1933)[266]
  • 2020 – Angela Buxton, British tennis player (b. 1934)[267]
  • 2020 – James R. Thompson, American politician, Governor of Illinois (1977–91) (b. 1936)[268]

Holidays and observances
  • Christian feast day:
  • Falklands Day is the celebration of the first sighting of the Falkland Islands by John Davis in 1592.[274]
  • Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Pakistan from the United Kingdom in 1947.[34]
  • Partition Horrors Remembrance Day commemorates the victims and sufferings of people during the Partition of India in 1947.[275]

References
  1. Sima, Guang (1084). "卷 024". Zizhi Tongjian (in Chinese).
  2. William Michael Murray; Phōtios Michaēl Petsas (1989). Octavian's Campsite Memorial for the Actian War. American Philosophical Society. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-87169-794-3.
  3. Edward Peck (1981). North-east Scotland. J. Bartholomew & Son. p. 16. ISBN 9780702880216.
  4. Brinkley, Frank & Kikuchi (1912). A History of the Japanese People From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Library of Alexandria. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-4655-1304-5.
  5. "Antoku | emperor of Japan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  6. Dotson, John E. (1999). "Fleet Operations in the First Genoese-Venetian War, 1264-1266". Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 30: 165–180. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300833. ISSN 0083-5897.
  7. Wagner, John A. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-313-32736-0.
  8. Matoušek, Václav; Mautner, Pavel; Pavelka, Tomáš (25 August 2005). Text, Speech and Dialogue: 8th International Conference, TSD 2005, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, September 12-15, 2005, Proceedings. Springer. p. 9. ISBN 978-3-540-31817-0.
  9. "Battle of Aljubarrota | Portugal [1385]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  10. Purdy, John (1855). The New Sailing Directory for the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean ... Richard Holmes Laurie. p. 137.
  11. Grant, R. G. (24 October 2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. Book Sales. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-7858-3553-0.
  12. Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (30 September 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 559. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
  13. Richard A. Knecht, Sven Haakanson, and Shawn Dickson (2002). "Awa'uq: discovery and excavation of an 18th century Alutiiq refuge rock in the Kodiak Archipelago". In To the Aleutians and Beyond:, Bruno Frohlich, Albert S. Harper, and Rolf Gilberg, editors, Pp. 177-191. Publications of the National Museum Ethnographical Series, Vol. 20. Department of Ethnography, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. the Anthropology of William S. Laughlin.
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  16. "Sweden and Norway celebrate peace treaty". The Local. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
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  19. "Washington State Archives - Territorial Timeline". Office of the Secretary of State. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  20. Lenman, Robin (1997). Artists and Society in Germany, 1850-1914. Manchester University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7190-3636-1.
  21. Goel, Deepa; Parashar, Shomini (2013). IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics. Pearson Education India. p. 43. ISBN 978-93-325-1424-9.
  22. "When was the first driving licence issued?". The National Motor Museum Trust. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  23. "Boxer Rebellion | Significance, Combatants, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  24. Hussey, Kristin (17 April 2015). "First in Flight? Connecticut Stakes a Claim (Published 2015)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-01-01. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
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  26. LaFrague, Thomas E. (September 1936). "The Entrance of China into the World War". Pacific Historical Review. 5 (3): 222–223. doi:10.2307/3634027. JSTOR 3634027 – via JSTOR.
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  33. "Atlantic Charter | History & Definition". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  34. "In pictures: Pakistan marks Independence Day". BBC News. 14 August 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
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