1895

1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1895th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 895th year of the 2nd millennium, the 95th year of the 19th century, and the 6th year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1895, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1895 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1895 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1895
MDCCCXCV
Ab urbe condita2648
Armenian calendar1344
ԹՎ ՌՅԽԴ
Assyrian calendar6645
Baháʼí calendar51–52
Balinese saka calendar1816–1817
Bengali calendar1302
Berber calendar2845
British Regnal year58 Vict. 1 – 59 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2439
Burmese calendar1257
Byzantine calendar7403–7404
Chinese calendar甲午年 (Wood Horse)
4591 or 4531
    — to —
乙未年 (Wood Goat)
4592 or 4532
Coptic calendar1611–1612
Discordian calendar3061
Ethiopian calendar1887–1888
Hebrew calendar5655–5656
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1951–1952
 - Shaka Samvat1816–1817
 - Kali Yuga4995–4996
Holocene calendar11895
Igbo calendar895–896
Iranian calendar1273–1274
Islamic calendar1312–1313
Japanese calendarMeiji 28
(明治２８年)
Javanese calendar1824–1825
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4228
Minguo calendar17 before ROC
民前17年
Nanakshahi calendar427
Thai solar calendar2437–2438
Tibetan calendar阳木马年
(male Wood-Horse)
2021 or 1640 or 868
    — to —
阴木羊年
(female Wood-Goat)
2022 or 1641 or 869
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1895.

Events

January–March
The first internal combustion bus, 1895 (Siegen to Netphen in Germany)
  • January 5 – Dreyfus affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.[1]
  • January 12 – The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty is founded in England by Octavia Hill, Robert Hunter and Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley.
  • January 13 – First Italo-Ethiopian War: Battle of Coatit – Italian forces defeat the Ethiopians.
  • January 17 – Félix Faure is elected President of the French Republic, after the resignation of Jean Casimir-Perier.
  • February 9 – Mintonette, later known as volleyball, is created by William G. Morgan at Holyoke, Massachusetts.
  • February 11 – The lowest ever UK temperature of −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) is recorded at Braemar, in Aberdeenshire. This record is equalled in 1982, and again in 1995.
  • February 14 – Oscar Wilde's last play, the comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, is first shown at St James's Theatre in London.
  • February 20
    • The gold reserve of the U.S. Treasury is saved, when J. P. Morgan and the Rothschilds loan $65 million worth of gold to the United States government. The offering of syndicate bonds sells out only 22 minutes after the New York market opens, and just two hours after going on sale in London.[2]
    • Venezuelan crisis of 1895: U.S. President Grover Cleveland signs into law a bill resulting from the proposition of House Resolution 252, by William Lindsay Scruggs and Congressman Leonidas Livingston, to the third session of the 53rd Congress of the United States of America. The bill recommends that Venezuela and Great Britain settle their dispute by arbitration.
  • February 25 – The first rebellions of the Cuban War of Independence break out.
  • March 1 – William Lyne Wilson is appointed United States Postmaster General.
  • March 3 – In Munich, Germany, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates.
  • March 4 – Japanese troops capture Liaoyang, and land in Taiwan.
  • March 15
    • Bridget Cleary is killed and her body burned in County Tipperary, Ireland, by her husband, Michael; he is subsequently convicted and imprisoned for manslaughter, his defence being a belief that he had killed a changeling left in his wife's place after she had been abducted by fairies.[3]
    • Heian Shrine is completed in Kyoto, Japan.[4]
  • March 18 – The first worldwide gasoline bus route is started in Germany, between Siegen and Netphen.
  • March 30 – Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine in Germany.
January 5: Dreyfus affair
April 17: Shimonoseki treaty: Qing China renounces claim on Korea
May 24: Republic of Formosa

April–June
  • April 6 – Oscar Wilde is arrested in London for "gross indecency", after losing a criminal libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry.
  • April 7 – Nansen's Fram expedition to the Arctic reaches 86°13.6'N, almost 3° beyond the previous Farthest North attained.
  • April 14 – A major earthquake severely damages Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola.
  • April 16 – The town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, is incorporated.
  • April 17 – The Treaty of Shimonoseki is signed between China and Japan. This marks the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea, and to concede the southern portion of Fengtien province, Taiwan, and the Pescadores Islands to Japan.[5] The huge indemnity exacted from China is used to establish the Yawata Iron and Steel Works in Japan.
  • April 22 – Gongche Shangshu movement: 603 candidates sign a 10,000-word petition against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
  • April 27 – The historic Spiral Bridge is constructed to carry U.S. 61 over the Mississippi River, at Hastings, Minnesota. The picturesque bridge is one-of-a-kind, and serves the citizens of Hastings for 56 years, until it is demolished in 1951.
  • May 1 – Dundela Football, Sports & Association Club is formed in Belfast.
  • May 2 – Gongche Shangshu movement: Thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protest against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
  • May 9 – Thirteen workers are killed by soldiers of the Russian Empire during the Yaroslavl Great Manufacture strike.
  • May 18 – The first motor race in Italy is held. It runs on a course from Turin to Asti and back, a total of 93 km (58 mi). Five entrants start the event; only three complete it. It is won by Simone Federman in a four-seat Daimler Omnibus, at an average speed of 15.5 km/h (9.6 mph).[6]
  • May 24 – Anti-Japanese officials, led by Tang Jingsong in Taiwan, declare independence from the Qing Dynasty, forming the short-lived Republic of Formosa.
  • May 25 – R. v. Wilde: Oscar Wilde is convicted in London of "unlawfully committing acts of gross indecency with certain male persons" (under the Labouchere Amendment) and given a two years' sentence of hard labour, during which he will write De Profundis.
  • May 27 – In re Debs: The Supreme Court of the United States decides that the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce, legalizing the military suppression of the Pullman Strike.
  • June 5 – The Liberal Revolution begins in Ecuador, making the civil war more intense in this country.
  • June 11
    • Britain annexes Tongaland, between Zululand and Mozambique.
    • The Paris–Bordeaux–Paris race is held, sometimes called the first automobile race in history.
  • June 20
  • June 28 – The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules that James Reavis's claim to the Barony of Arizona is "wholly fictitious and fraudulent".

July–September
July 31: Sabino Arana founds the Basque Nationalist Party
October: The Cosmopolitan
October 22: Montparnasse derailment
  • July 10–11 – The Doukhobors' pacifist protests culminate in the "burning of the arms" in the South Caucasus.
  • July 15 – Archie MacLaren scores an English County Championship cricket record innings of 424 for Lancashire, against Somerset, at Taunton. This record lasted until 1994.
  • July 31 – The Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) is founded by Sabino Arana.
  • August 7 – The Aljaž Tower, a symbol of the Slovenes, is erected on Mount Triglav.
  • August 10 – The first ever indoor promenade concert, origin of The Proms, is held at the Queen's Hall in London, opening a series conducted by Henry Wood.[7]
  • August 19 – American frontier murderer and outlaw John Wesley Hardin is killed by an off-duty policeman, in a saloon in El Paso, Texas.
  • August 29
    • The Northern Rugby Football Union (the modern-day Rugby Football League) is formed at a meeting of 21 rugby clubs at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, in the north of England,[8] leading to the creation of the sport of rugby league football.
    • The Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo is incited.
  • September – Shelbourne F.C. is founded in Dublin, Ireland.
  • September 3 – The first professional American football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club (Latrobe wins 12–0).
  • September 7 – The first game of what will become known as rugby league football is played in England, starting the 1895–96 Northern Rugby Football Union season.
  • September 18
    • Booker T. Washington delivers the Atlanta Compromise speech.[9]
    • Daniel David Palmer performs the first chiropractic spinal adjustment, on Harvey Lillard, whose complaint was partial deafness after an injury.
  • September 24–October 3 – the Automobile Club de France sponsors the longest race to date, a 1,710 km (1,060 mi) event, from Bordeaux to Agen and back.[6] Because it is held in ten stages, it can be considered the first rally. The first three places are taken by two Panhards and a three-wheeler De Dion-Bouton.[6]

October–December

Date unknown
  • The world's first portable handheld electric drill is developed, by brothers Wilhelm and Carl Fein in Germany.
  • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposes a space elevator.
  • Grace Chisholm Young becomes the first woman awarded a doctorate at a German university.
  • W. E. B. Du Bois becomes the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.
  • The Swarovski Company is founded by Armand Kosman, Franz Weis and Daniel Swarovski in the Austrian Tyrol, for the production of crystal glass.
  • The name HP Sauce is first registered in the United Kingdom for a brown sauce.
  • The Duck Reach Power Station opens in Tasmania (the first publicly owned hydroelectric plant in the Southern Hemisphere).
  • The first Boxer dog show is held at Munich, Germany.
  • A huge crowd at the first Welsh Grand National at Ely Racecourse, Cardiff, breaks down barriers and almost overwhelms police trying to keep out gatecrashers.[17]
  • German trade unions have c. 270,000 members.
  • The Raiffeisen model of Cooperative Credit and Saving Bank, as predecessor of Rabo Bank, a multiple financial service on worldwide, founded in Netherlands.[18]

Births

January
J. Edgar Hoover
Leo Aryeh Mayer
  • January 1
    • Bert Acosta, American aviator (d. 1954)
    • J. Edgar Hoover, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 1972)
  • January 4 – Leroy Grumman, American aeronautical engineer, test pilot and industrialist (d. 1982)
  • January 5 – A. Edward Sutherland, English film director and actor (d. 1973)
  • January 9 – Lucian Truscott, American general (d. 1965)
  • January 11 – Graciela Amaya de García, Mexican feminist, organizer (d. 1995)
  • January 15
    • Leo Aryeh Mayer, Israeli professor, scholar of Islamic art (d. 1959)
    • Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
  • January 19
    • Isamu Chō, Japanese general (d. 1945)
    • Arthur Coningham, British air force air marshal (d. 1948)
  • January 21
    • Cristóbal Balenciaga, Spanish-French couturier (d. 1972)
    • Davíð Stefánsson, Icelandic poet (d. 1964)
  • January 23 – Raymond Griffith, American actor (d. 1957)
  • January 30
    • Marianne Golz, Austrian-born opera singer and World War II resistance member (d. 1943)
    • Wilhelm Gustloff, German-born Swiss Nazi party leader (d. 1936)

February
Babe Ruth
Louise Lovely

March
Robert Benoist
James McCudden

April
Stanley Rous

May
Rudolph Valentino

June
Louise Fazenda
Ruben Rausing
  • June 3 – K. M. Panikkar, Indian scholar, diplomat and journalist (d. 1963)
  • June 4 – Dino Grandi, Italian Fascist politician (d. 1988)
    • Russell Hicks, American actor (d. 1957)
  • June 5 – William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972)
  • June 10 – Hattie McDaniel, actress, first African-American woman to win an Academy Award (in 1939) (d. 1952)
  • June 12
    • Eugénie Brazier, French cook (d. 1977)
    • Wilfrid Kent Hughes, Australian Olympian and politician (d. 1970)
  • June 15 – Irina Odoyevtseva, Russian poet, novelist and memoirist (d. 1990)
  • June 17
    • Louise Fazenda, American actress (d. 1962)
    • Ruben Rausing, Swedish entrepreneur, founder of Tetra Pak (d. 1983)
  • June 21 – John Wesley Snyder, American businessman and Cabinet Secretary (d. 1985)
  • June 23 – Joseph Vogt, German classical historian (d. 1986)
  • June 24
  • June 28 – Kazimierz Sikorski, Polish composer (d. 1986)
  • June 29
    • Dorothy Stuart Russell, Australian-British pathologist (d. 1983)
  • June 30 – Heinz Warneke, American sculptor (d. 1983)

July
Carl Orff
Kirsten Flagstad
Ken Maynard
  • July 1 – Lucy Somerville Howorth, American lawyer, feminist and politician (d. 1997)
  • July 2
    • Leslie Frise, British aerospace engineer and aircraft designer (d. 1979)
    • Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi, Russian aircraft engineer (d. 1975)
  • July 3 – Jean Paige, American actress (d. 1990)
  • July 4 – Irving Caesar, American lyricist, theater composer (d. 1996)[26]
  • July 5 – Frederic McGrand, Canadian physician and politician (d. 1988)
  • July 8
  • July 9
    • Joe Gleason, American pitcher (d. 1990)
    • Frederick Melrose Horowhenua Hanson, New Zealand soldier, engineer, military leader and public servant (d. 1979)
    • Gunnar Aaby, Danish soccer player (d. 1966)
  • July 10
    • Andrew Earl Weatherly, American philatelist (d. 1981)
    • Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)[27]
    • Nahum Goldmann, leading Zionist (d. 1982)
  • July 12
  • July 14
    • Jin Yuelin, Chinese philosopher (d. 1984)
    • LeRoy Prinz, American choreographer, director and producer (d. 1983)
  • July 18 – Olga Spessivtseva, Russian ballerina (d. 1991)
  • July 19
    • Snake Henry, American baseball player (d. 1987)
    • Tee Tee Luce, Burmese philanthropist (d. 1982)
    • Xu Beihong, Chinese painter (d. 1953)
  • July 20 – Chapman Revercomb, American politician and lawyer (d. 1979)
  • July 21
    • Adam Papée, Polish fencing star (d. 1990)
    • Henry Lynn, American film director, screenwriter, and producer (d. 1984)
    • Ken Maynard, American actor (d. 1973)
  • July 22 – León de Greiff, Colombian poet (d. 1976)
  • July 23 – Aileen Pringle, American actress (d. 1989)
  • July 24 – Robert Graves, English writer (d. 1985)[29]
  • July 25
    • Yvonne Printemps, French singer and actress (d. 1977)[30]
    • Ingeborg Spangsfeldt, Danish actress (d. 1968)
  • July 26
    • Gracie Allen, American actress, comedian (d. 1964)
    • Kenneth Harlan, American actor (d. 1967)
  • July 30 – Joseph DuMoe, American football coach (d. 1959)

August
Tuanku Abdul Rahman
  • August 6 – Ernesto Lecuona, Cuban pianist, composer (d. 1963)
  • August 8
    • Aimé Giral, French rugby player (d. 1915)
    • Jean Navarre, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1919)
  • August 10 – Harry Richman, American entertainer (d. 1972)
  • August 12 – Lynde D. McCormick, American admiral (d. 1956)
  • August 13 – István Barta, Hungarian water polo player (d. 1948)
  • August 16
    • Liane Haid, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
    • Lucien Littlefield, American actor (d. 1960)
  • August 18 – Sibyl Morrison, Australian barrister (d. 1961)
  • August 19 – François Demol, Belgian footballer (d. 1966)
  • August 24
    • Guido Masiero, Italian World War I flying ace, aviation pioneer (d. 1942)
    • Tuanku Abdul Rahman, King of Malaysia (d. 1960)

September
Sara García
John Diefenbaker

October
Buster Keaton
Juan Perón
Levi Eshkol
Gerhard Domagk

November
Paul Hindemith

December
Mamerto Urriolagoitía
George VI

Date unknown
  • Corneliu Carp, Romanian general (d. 1982)
  • Husayn Al-Khalidi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1966)

Deaths

January–June
Frederick Douglass
Berthe Morisot
T. Muthuswamy Iyer

July–December
Friedrich Engels
Louis Pasteur

Date unknown
  • Adelia Cleopatra Graves, American educator (b. 1821)

References
  1. Derfler, Leslie (2002). The Dreyfus Affair. p. 2.
  2. Chernow, Ron (2010). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87113-338-0.
  3. McCullough, David Willis (October 8, 2000). "The Fairy Defense". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
  4. Carey, Otis (October 19, 2021). "Kyoto". britannica.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  5. Weale, Bertram Lenox Putnam (1905). The Re-shaping of the Far East. pp. 431–437.
  6. The Story of the Grand Prix. (retrieved 11 June 2017)
  7. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  8. "Key Dates & Anniversaries". Rugby Football League. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  9. Gottheimer, Josh; Bill Clinton, and Mary Frances Berry (2004). Ripples of Hope: Great American Civil Rights Speeches. p. 128.
  10. "History-Tianjin University". www.tju.edu.cn. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  11. "A Fundação". Flamengo's official site (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  12. Berger, Michael L. (2001). The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide. p. 278. ISBN 9780313245589.
  13. Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa. Hovannisian, Richard G. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers. 2006. ISBN 1568591535. OCLC 67361643.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science April 1896. p. 237.
  15. Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway, Statement No. 19, p. 183, ref. no. 200954-13
  16. Mick Walker's European Racing Motorcycles. Redline Books. 2000. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-9531311-3-6.
  17. "Youngsters are odds on to uncover history of racecourse". Wales Online. February 13, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  18. "About our history". Rabobank.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  19. Down Beat. Maher Publications. 1980. p. 22.
  20. Nicolas Slonimsky (1938). Music Since 1900. W.W. Norton, Incorporated. p. 446.
  21. Gaetana Marrone; Paolo Puppa (December 26, 2006). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-135-45530-9.
  22. Charles Reid (1968). Malcolm Sargent: A Biography. Hamilton. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-241-91316-1.
  23. Caryl Brahms; Ned Sherrin (1984). Song by Song: The Lives and Work of 14 Great Lyric Writers. R. Anderson Publications. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-86360-013-5.
  24. Williams, Christine V. (2004). Jiddu Krishnamurti: world philosopher (1895–1986): his life and thoughts. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2032-6. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  25. "Biografía de Lázaro Cárdenas" (in Spanish). Independencia de Mexico.com. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  26. David Ewen (1987). American Songwriters: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary. H.W. Wilson. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8242-0744-1.
  27. Mark Morris (1996). A Guide to 20th-century Composers. Methuen. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-413-45601-4.
  28. Dennis, James F. E. (1962). The Record Collector: A Magazine for Collectors of Recorded Vocal Art. p. 20.
  29. Alan Bold; Allen Freer (March 4, 1976). Cambridge Book of English Verse 1939-1975. CUP Archive. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-521-09840-3.
  30. Recorded Sound. British Institute of Recorded Sound. 1967. p. 309.
  31. "BBC Two - Russia's Lost Princesses - Beyond the portraits". BBC. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  32. Rochester (N.Y.). Council (1895). Proceedings ... p. 597.
  33. Twayne's World Authors Series. Twayne Publishers. 1972. p. 31.
  34. "Death of Emily Thornton Charles. Logansport Reporter. Logansport, Indiana. April 29, 1895, p 6". Logansport Reporter. April 29, 1895. p. 6. Retrieved October 4, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. Sigrid Leijonhufvud. "K Sophie Adlersparre (f. Leijonhuvud)". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  36. Radical Philosophy. Radical Philosophy Group. 1972. p. 51.
  37. Frank Northen Magill (1958). Masterplots: Cyclopedia of world authors; seven hundred fifty three novelists, poets, playwrights from the world's fine literature. Salem Press. p. 321.

Sources
  • Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1895: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry (1896); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. not online.
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