1896

1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1896th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 896th year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th year of the 19th century, and the 7th year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1896, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1896 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1896 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1896
MDCCCXCVI
Ab urbe condita2649
Armenian calendar1345
ԹՎ ՌՅԽԵ
Assyrian calendar6646
Baháʼí calendar52–53
Balinese saka calendar1817–1818
Bengali calendar1303
Berber calendar2846
British Regnal year59 Vict. 1 – 60 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2440
Burmese calendar1258
Byzantine calendar7404–7405
Chinese calendar乙未年 (Wood Goat)
4592 or 4532
    — to —
丙申年 (Fire Monkey)
4593 or 4533
Coptic calendar1612–1613
Discordian calendar3062
Ethiopian calendar1888–1889
Hebrew calendar5656–5657
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1952–1953
 - Shaka Samvat1817–1818
 - Kali Yuga4996–4997
Holocene calendar11896
Igbo calendar896–897
Iranian calendar1274–1275
Islamic calendar1313–1314
Japanese calendarMeiji 29
(明治２９年)
Javanese calendar1825–1826
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4229
Minguo calendar16 before ROC
民前16年
Nanakshahi calendar428
Thai solar calendar2438–2439
Tibetan calendar阴木羊年
(female Wood-Goat)
2022 or 1641 or 869
    — to —
阳火猴年
(male Fire-Monkey)
2023 or 1642 or 870
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1896.

Events

January–March
January 5: Röntgen rays.
January 5: Röntgen X-ray.

April–June
  • April – The first study of the sensitivity of global climate to atmospheric carbon dioxide is published. Svante Arrhenius presents his findings in his paper, "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground", the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, as an extract of a paper that had been presented to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on December 11, 1895.
  • April 3 – The first edition of the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is published.
  • April 4 – The first known women's basketball game between two colleges is played between Stanford and California.
  • April 6 – The opening ceremonies of the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern Olympic Games, are held in Athens, Greece.
  • April 9 – The National Farm School (later Delaware Valley College) is chartered in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.
  • May 8 – Cricket: Against Warwickshire, Yorkshire sets a still-standing County Championship record, when they accumulate an innings total of 887.
  • May 13 – The Franchise Bill is passed by the Colony of Natal's Legislative Assembly, disfranchising natives of other countries.
  • May 18 – Plessy v. Ferguson: The U.S. Supreme Court introduces the separate but equal doctrine, and upholds racial segregation.
  • May 26 – Eleven years after its foundation, a group of 12 purely industrial stocks were chosen to form the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The index is composed entirely of industrial shares for the first time.[5]
  • May 27 – St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado: The costliest and third deadliest tornado in U.S. history levels a mile wide swath of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, incurring US$2.9 billion (1997 USD) in normalized damages, killing more than 255 and injuring over 1,000 people.
  • June 4 – The Ford Quadricycle, the first vehicle Henry Ford developed, is completed, eventually leading Ford to build the empire that "put America on wheels".
  • June 7 – Mahdist War – Battle of Ferkeh: British and Egyptian troops are victorious.
  • June 12 – J.T. Hearne sets a record for the earliest date of taking 100 wickets in cricket (it is equalled by Charlie Parker in 1931).
  • June 15 – The 8.5 Mw Sanriku earthquake and tsunami kills 22,000 in northeastern Japan.[6]
A picture of the restored Panathenaic Stadium, the site of the 1896 Summer Olympics
  • June 18 – The New York Telephone Company is formed, succeeding the Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company, to control telephone service within New York City.[7]
  • June 23 – Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier defeats Charles Tupper during Canadian federal elections for the 8th Canadian Parliament, to become the first Francophone Prime Minister of Canada.
  • June 28 – Twin Shaft disaster: An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pittston, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave-in that kills 58 miners.[8][9][10]

July–September
  • July 9 – William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of Gold speech at the Democratic National Convention, which nominates him for president of the United States.
  • July 11 – Wilfrid Laurier becomes Canada's seventh prime minister, and the first French-speaker to hold that office.
  • July 21 – In Washington, D.C., in response to a "call to confer" issued by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin to all women of color, the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs is organized.
  • July 26 – The International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress opens in London.
  • July 27 – A causeway is opened between the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu in Estonia.
  • July 30 – Atlantic City rail crash: Shortly after 6:30 pm, at a crossing just west of Atlantic City, New Jersey, two trains collide, crushing five loaded passenger coaches, killing 50 and seriously injuring approximately sixty.
  • August – The 1896 Eastern North America heat wave kills 1,500 people from Chicago, Illinois to Boston, Massachusetts.
  • August 1 – The Park Seung-jik Shop, as predecessor of South Korean conglomerate enterprises, Doosan Group founded in former Kingdom of Korea.
  • August 14 – The Uganda Railway Act, 1896, is approved in the United Kingdom, for construction of a railway in Africa, from Mombasa to Lake Victoria.[11][12]
  • August 16 – Skookum Jim Mason, George Carmack and Dawson Charlie discover gold in the Klondike, Yukon.
  • August 17 – Bridget Driscoll is run over by a Benz car on the grounds of The Crystal Palace, London (the world's first motoring fatality).
  • August 23 – The Cry of Pugad Lawin initiates the Philippine Revolution.
  • August 27
    • The shortest war in recorded history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War, starts at 9:00 in the morning, and lasts for 45 minutes of shelling.
    • Britain establishes a Protectorate over the Ashanti concluding the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War.
  • September 2 – Clarkson University holds its first classes, with 17 students attending in Potsdam, New York.[13]
  • September 15 – The Crash at Crush train wreck stunt is held in Texas.
  • September 22 – Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history.
  • September 28 – Pathé or Pathé Frères a French film company and one of the oldest film companies is founded by the brothers Charles Pathé, Théophile Pathé, Émile Pathé and Jacques Pathé.
  • September 30 – Italy and France sign a treaty, whereby Italy virtually recognizes Tunisia as a French dependency.[14]

October–December

Date unknown
  • The Pontifical University of Maynooth is established by decree of the Vatican.
  • France establishes an administrative post in Abengourou, Ivory Coast.
  • Sperry & Hutchinson begin offering S&H Green Stamps to U.S. retailers.
  • Devonport High School for Boys is founded (in Plymouth, UK)
  • Blackpool Pleasure Beach, a popular English theme park (Britain's Biggest Tourist Attraction), is founded by Alderman William George Bean.
  • A school of mines opens in Kimberley and will later form the core of the University of the Witwatersrand.
  • Racing Club de Lyon, a football club in France, is officially founded and becomes a predecessor for Olympique Lyonnais.
  • A pharmaceutical and healthcare brand Hoffmann-La Roche was founded in Switzerland.

Births

January–February
George Burns

March–April
Ira C. Eaker
Nikolay Semyonov
  • March 1 – Dimitri Mitropoulos, Greek conductor, pianist and composer (d. 1960)
  • March 13 – Field Eugene Kindley, American World War I fighter pilot (d. 1920)
  • March 20 – Wop May, Canadian World War I pilot (d. 1952)
  • March 22 – Joseph Schildkraut, Austrian-American actor (d. 1964)
  • March 29 – Wilhelm Ackermann, German mathematician (d. 1962)
  • April 13 – Ira C. Eaker, World War II United States Army Air Forces general (d. 1987)
  • April 15
    • Gerhard Fieseler, German World War I flying ace, aerobatics champion, aircraft designer and manufacturer (d. 1987)
    • Nikolay Semyonov, Russian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
  • April 16 – Árpád Weisz, Hungarian footballer (d. 1944)
  • April 17 – Señor Wences, Spanish ventriloquist (d. 1999)
  • April 21
    • Ralph Hungerford, 33rd Governor of American Samoa (d. 1977)
    • Geertruida Wijsmuller-Meijer, Dutch war hero, resistance fighter and humanitarian (d. 1978)
  • April 26 – Ernst Udet, German World War I fighter ace, Nazi Luftwaffe official (d. 1941)
  • April 27 – Rogers Hornsby, American baseball player (d. 1963)
  • April 30
    • Hans List, Austrian founder of the AVL List (d. 1996)
    • Gary Davis, American musician (d. 1972)

May–June
Mark W. Clark
Jorge Alessandri
  • May 1
    • Mark W. Clark, American general (d. 1984)
    • J. Lawton Collins, American general (d. 1987)
  • May 2 – Helen of Greece and Denmark, Queen Mother of Romania (d. 1982)
  • May 3 – Karl Allmenröder, German World War I fighter pilot (d. 1917)
  • May 5 – Kaju Sugiura, Japanese admiral (d. 1945)
  • May 6 – Rolf Maximilian Sievert, Swedish medical physicist (d. 1966)
  • May 19 – Jorge Alessandri, 27th President of Chile (d. 1986)
  • May 24 – Fernando Soler, Mexican actor, director, screenwriter, and producer (d. 1979)
  • May 30 – Howard Hawks, American director (d. 1977)
  • June 2 – Nubar Gulbenkian, Ottoman-born Armenian-British oil trader, socialite and intelligence operative (d. 1972)
  • June 6
  • June 7
    • Robert S. Mulliken, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
    • Imre Nagy, 3-time prime minister of Hungary (d. 1958)
    • Douglas Campbell, American World War I flying ace (d. 1990)
    • Hope Summers, American actress (d. 1979)
  • June 19 – Wallis Simpson, American-born Duchess of Windsor (d. 1986)
  • June 23 – Francisco Malabo Beosá, Equatoguinean royalty (d. 2001)
  • June 25
    • Alfred Anderson, Scottish joiner and veteran of the First World War (d. 2005)
    • Keizō Komura, Japanese admiral (d. 1978)
  • June 28 – Constance Binney, American actress (d. 1989)
  • June 29 – Boris Podolsky, Russian-American physicist (d. 1966)

July–August
Thomas Playford IV
Trygve Lie
Jean Piaget
Gerty Cori
Arthur Calwell
  • July 2 – Quirino Cristiani, Argentine animated film director (d. 1984)
  • July 4 – Mao Dun, Chinese novelist, cultural critic, and Minister of Culture (d. 1981)[19]
  • July 5 – Thomas Playford IV, South Australian politician (d. 1981)
  • July 7 – Harold Beamish, New Zealand World War I flying ace (d. 1986)
  • July 10
    • Stefan Askenase, Polish-Belgian classical pianist and pedagogue (d. 1985)
    • Maurice Zbriger, Canadian violinist, composer and conductor (d. 1981)
  • July 13
    • Mordecai Ardon, Israeli painter (d. 1992)
    • John Henry Cates, American businessman, political figure (d. 1986)
  • July 14 – Grigore Bălan, Romanian general (d. 1944)
  • July 15 – Gladys Edgerly Bates, American sculptor (d. 2003)
  • July 16
    • Léon Weil, French veteran of World War I (d. 2006)
    • Gertrude Welcker, German actress (d. 1988)
    • Trygve Lie, Norway-born United Nations Secretary General (d. 1968)
  • July 17 – Dumitru Dămăceanu, Romanian general and politician (d. 1978)
  • July 18
    • Thelma Payne, American diver (d. 1988)
    • Patrick O'Boyle, American prelate (d. 1987)
  • July 19 – Stafford L. Warren, American physician and radiologist; inventor of the mammogram (d. 1981)
  • July 20 – Ellen Louise Mertz, Denmark's first female geologist (d. 1987)
  • July 27 – Henri Longchambon, French politician (d. 1969)
  • July 28 – Vasile Chițu, Romanian general (d. 1968)
  • August 9
    • Erich Hückel, German physicist, physical chemist (d. 1980)
    • Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (d. 1980)
    • Léonide Massine, Russian ballet dancer, choreographer (d. 1979)
  • August 12 – Ejner Federspiel, Danish actor (d. 1981)
  • August 13 – Rudolf Schmundt, German general (d. 1944)
  • August 14 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1917)
  • August 15
  • August 18 – Jack Pickford, Canadian-born American actor, film director, and producer (d. 1933)
  • August 27 – Léon Theremin, Russian inventor (d. 1993)
  • August 28
    • Morris Ankrum, American actor (d. 1964)
    • Arthur Calwell, Australian politician (d. 1973)
  • August 30 – Raymond Massey, Canadian-born American actor (d. 1983)

September–October
Adele Astaire
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sandro Pertini
Earle Clements

November–December
Carlos P. Garcia
Jimmy Doolittle

Date unknown
  • Ion Constantinescu, Romanian general (death date unknown)
  • Lawrence Riley, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 1974)

Deaths

January–June
Clara Schumann

July–December
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Otto Lilienthal
Alfred Nobel
Jose Rizal
Margaret Eleanor Parker

References
  1. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 324–325. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  2. "Ashanti Expedition (1895-1896)", in The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History, by Harold E. Raugh (ABC-CLIO, 2004) p30
  3. Slee, Christopher (1994). The Guinness Book of Lasts. Enfield: Guinness Publishing. ISBN 0-85112-783-5.
  4. The Great Dynamite Explosion, report by Mr. J.G. Blumberg, Fairmount School, Johannesburg, excerpt from the autobiography of Dutch immigrant Jan de Veer who came to South Africa in 1893.
  5. Dow Record Book Adds Another First. Philly.com. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
  6. Walker, Brett L. (February 26, 2015). A Concise History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-107-00418-4.
  7. Documents of the Senate of the State of New York: One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Session, 1913, Volume 25, p255
  8. "Twin Shaft Disaster Marker".
  9. "100 MINERS ENTOMBED - Twin Shaft, Pittston, Caves In and Few Escape. RESCUERS WORK IN VAIN Three Men Saved, but Little Hope for the Others. FRENZIED CITY AT PIT'S MOUTH Startled from Slumber to Hopeless Activity by an Explosion in the Early Morning. BOSSES ARE AMONG THE MISSING All the Workmen Available Were Trying to Brace Up a Section That Was Considered Dangerous. ONE HUNDRED MINERS ENTOMBED - Front Page - NYTimes.com". June 29, 1896.
  10. "Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on November 21, 2008.
  11. The Law Journal Reports for the Year 1896 (Stevens and Sons, Ltd., 1896), Volume 65, p247
  12. Miller, Charles (1971). The Lunatic Express. New York: Macdonald. ISBN 978-0-02-584940-2.
  13. "Clarkson Estate". Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  14. Iiams, Thomas M. (1962). Dreyfus, Diplomatists and the Dual Alliance: Gabriel Hanotaux at the Quai D'Orsay (1894 – 1898), Geneva/Paris: Librairie Droz/Librairie Minard, p. 115
  15. Alois Anton Führer, Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's Birth-Place in the Nepalese Taral (Allahabad: The Government Press, 1897) p28
  16. "Umberto DE MORPURGO - Olympic Tennis | Italy". International Olympic Committee. June 13, 2016.
  17. Jay Parini (2004). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-19-515653-9.
  18. André Breton (October 2003). André Breton: Selections. University of California Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-520-23954-8.
  19. McDougall, Bonnie S. (December 1998). "Disappearing women and disappearing men in may fourth narrative: a post-feminist survey of short stories by Mao Dun, Bing Xin, Ling Shuhua and Shen Congwen". Asian Studies Review. 22 (4): 427–458. doi:10.1080/10357829808713209. ISSN 1035-7823.
  20. Antonin Artaud (1965). Artaud Anthology. City Lights Publishers. p. 83.
  21. "Uri Zvi Greenberg, 83; Hebrew and Yiddish Poet". The New York Times. May 10, 1981.
  22. Fitzgerald, F (1998). The beautiful and damned. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. xxxii. ISBN 9780191611056.
  23. "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  24. The New York Times – Obituaries. Harold C. Schonberg. February 28, 1981 p. 10119 Howard Hanson is Dead; Composer and Teacher
  25. Bernard A. Cook (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Garland. p. 766. ISBN 9780815340584.
  26. Hans Wagener (1995). Carl Zuckmayer Criticism: Tracing Endangered Fame. Camden House. p. ix. ISBN 9781571130648.
  27. "David Alfaro Siqueiros". Biography.com. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  28. John Flower (January 17, 2013). Historical Dictionary of French Literature. Scarecrow Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-8108-7945-4.
  29. John Arthur Garraty; Mark Christopher Carnes (1999). American National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 906. ISBN 978-0-19-512799-7.
  30. Massachusetts Historical Society (1897). Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The Society. p. xxii.
  31. Frank Northen Magill (1984). Critical Survey of Long Fiction: Foreign Language Series. Salem Press. p. 709. ISBN 978-0-89356-371-4.
  32. Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Aasen, Ivar" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5, see page 5. He died in Christiania on the 23rd of September 1896
  33. Derek W. Baker (1996). The Flowers of William Morris. Chicago Review Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-55652-307-6.
  34. T. Martin Wood (1954). George Du Maurier: The Satirist of the Victorians. Library of Alexandria. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4655-6655-3.
  35. [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Higuchi-Ichiyo Higuchi Ichiyō Japanese author[
  36. Alfred Henry Miles (1898). Charles Kingsley to James Thomson. pp. 132–134.
  37. The Georgia Review. University of Georgia. 1995. p. 12.
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