January 4

January 4 is the fourth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 361 days remain until the end of the year (362 in leap years).

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January 4 in recent years
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Events

Pre-1600
  • 46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.[1]
  • 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.[2]

1601–1900

1901–present
  • 1903 – Topsy, an elephant, is electrocuted by the owners of Luna Park, Coney Island. The Edison film company records the film Electrocuting an Elephant of Topsy's death.[14]
  • 1909 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes.[15]
  • 1912 – The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Empire by royal charter.[16]
  • 1918 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.[17]
  • 1944 – World War II: Operation Carpetbagger, involving the dropping of arms and supplies to resistance fighters in Europe, begins.[18]
  • 1948 – Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent republic.[19]
  • 1951 – Korean War: Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time.[20]
  • 1956 – The Greek National Radical Union is formed by Konstantinos Karamanlis.[21]
  • 1958 – Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, falls to Earth from orbit.[22]
  • 1959 – Luna 1 becomes the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon.[23]
  • 1972 – Rose Heilbron becomes the first female judge to sit at the Old Bailey in London, UK.[24]
  • 1975 – This date overflowed the 12-bit field that had been used in the Decsystem 10 operating systems. There were numerous problems and crashes related to this bug while an alternative format was developed.[25]
  • 1976 – The Troubles: The Ulster Volunteer Force shoots dead six Irish Catholic civilians in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The next day, gunmen would shoot dead ten Protestant civilians nearby in retaliation.[26]
  • 1987 – The Maryland train collision: An Amtrak train en route to Boston from Washington, D.C., collides with Conrail engines in Chase, Maryland, United States, killing 16 people.[27]
  • 1989 – Second Gulf of Sidra incident: A pair of Libyan MiG-23 "Floggers" are shot down by a pair of US Navy F-14 Tomcats during an air-to-air confrontation.[28]
  • 1990 – In Pakistan's deadliest train accident an overloaded passenger train collides with an empty freight train, resulting in 307 deaths and 700 injuries.[29]
  • 1998 – A massive ice storm hits eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, continuing through January 10 and causing widespread destruction.[30]
  • 1999 – Former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura is sworn in as governor of Minnesota, United States.[31]
  • 2000 – A Norwegian passenger train departing from Trondheim, collides with a local train coming from Hamar in Åsta, Åmot; 19 people are killed and 68 injured in the accident.[32]
  • 2004 – Spirit, a NASA Mars rover, lands successfully on Mars at 04:35 UTC.[33]
  • 2004 – Mikheil Saakashvili is elected President of Georgia following the November 2003 Rose Revolution.[34]
  • 2006 – Ehud Olmert becomes acting Prime Minister of Israel after the incumbent, Ariel Sharon, suffers a second, apparently more serious stroke.[35]
  • 2007 – The 110th United States Congress convenes, electing Nancy Pelosi as the first female Speaker of the House in U.S. history.[36]
  • 2008 – A Let L-410 Turbolet crashes in the Los Roques Archipelago in Venezuela, killing 14 people.[37]
  • 2010 – The Burj Khalifa, the current tallest building in the world, officially opens in Dubai.[38]
  • 2013 – A gunman kills eight people in a house-to-house rampage in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines.[39]
  • 2018 – Hennenman–Kroonstad train crash: A passenger train operated by Shosholoza Meyl collides with a truck on a level crossing at Geneva Station between Hennenman and Kroonstad, Free State, South Africa. Twenty people are killed and 260 injured.[40]

Births

Pre-1600

1601–1900
  • 1643 (NS) – Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist (d. 1726/27)[47]
  • 1654 – Lars Roberg, Swedish physician and academic (d. 1742)[48]
  • 1672 – Hugh Boulter, English-Irish archbishop (d. 1742)[49]
  • 1710 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer, violinist, and organist (d. 1736)[50]
  • 1720 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, German organist and composer (d. 1774)[51]
  • 1785 – Jacob Grimm, German philologist and mythologist (d. 1863)[52]
  • 1809 – Louis Braille, French educator, invented Braille (d. 1852)[53]
  • 1813 – Isaac Pitman, English linguist and educator (d. 1897)[54]
  • 1832 – George Tryon, English admiral (d. 1893)[55]
  • 1838 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer (d. 1883)[56]
  • 1839 – Carl Humann, German archaeologist, architect, and engineer (d. 1896)[57]
  • 1848 – Katsura Tarō, Japanese general and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1913)[58]
  • 1858 – Carter Glass, American publisher and politician, 47th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1946)[59]
  • 1864 – Clara Emilia Smitt, Swedish doctor and author (d. 1928)[60]
  • 1869 – Tommy Corcoran, American baseball player and umpire (d. 1960)[61]
  • 1874 – Josef Suk, Czech violinist and composer (d. 1935)[62]
  • 1877 – Marsden Hartley, American painter and poet (d. 1943)[63]
  • 1878 – A. E. Coppard, English poet and short story writer (d. 1957)[64]
  • 1878 – Augustus John, Welsh painter and illustrator (d. 1961)[65]
  • 1881 – Wilhelm Lehmbruck, German sculptor (d. 1919)[66]
  • 1883 – Max Eastman, American author and poet (d. 1969)[67]
  • 1883 – Johanna Westerdijk, Dutch pathologist and academic (d. 1961)[68]
  • 1884 – Guy Pène du Bois, American painter, critic, and educator (d. 1958)[69]
  • 1889 – M. Patanjali Sastri, Indian lawyer and jurist, 2nd Chief Justice of India (d. 1963)[70]
  • 1891 – Edward Brooker, English-Australian sergeant and politician, 31st Premier of Tasmania (d. 1948)[71]
  • 1895 – Leroy Grumman, American engineer and businessman, co-founded Grumman Aeronautical Engineering Co. (d. 1982)[72]
  • 1896 – Everett Dirksen, American politician (d. 1969)[73]
  • 1896 – André Masson, French painter and illustrator (d. 1987)[74]
  • 1897 – Chen Cheng, Chinese politician, Vice President of the Republic of China (d. 1965)[75]
  • 1900 – James Bond, American ornithologist and zoologist (d. 1989)[76]

1901–present
  • 1901 – C. L. R. James, Trinidadian journalist and theorist (d. 1989)[77]
  • 1902 – John A. McCone, American businessman and politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1991)[78]
  • 1905 – Sterling Holloway, American actor (d. 1992)[79]
  • 1913 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan ruler (d. 2007)[80]
  • 1916 – Lionel Newman, American pianist and composer (d. 1989)[81]
  • 1916 – Robert Parrish, American actor and director (d. 1995)[82]
  • 1920 – William Colby, American intelligence officer, 10th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1996)[83]
  • 1924 – Marianne Werner, German shot putter[84]
  • 1925 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish skier and technician (d. 2003)[85]
  • 1927 – Paul Desmarais, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013)[86]
  • 1927 – Barbara Rush, American actress[87]
  • 1929 – Günter Schabowski, German journalist and politician (d. 2015)[88]
  • 1930 – Sorrell Booke, American actor and director (d. 1994)[89]
  • 1930 – Don Shula, American football player and coach (d. 2020)[90]
  • 1931 – William Deane, Australian judge and politician, 22nd Governor-General of Australia[91]
  • 1931 – Nora Iuga, Romanian poet, writer and translator[92]
  • 1932 – Carlos Saura, Spanish director and screenwriter[93]
  • 1934 – Rudolf Schuster, Slovak politician, 2nd President of Slovakia[94]
  • 1935 – Floyd Patterson, American boxer (d. 2006)[95]
  • 1937 – Grace Bumbry, American operatic soprano[96]
  • 1937 – Dyan Cannon, American actress, director, producer, and screenwriter[97]
  • 1940 – Gao Xingjian, Chinese novelist, playwright, and critic, Nobel Prize laureate[98]
  • 1940 – Brian Josephson, Welsh physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate[99]
  • 1941 – George P. Cosmatos, Italian-Canadian director and screenwriter (d. 2005)[100]
  • 1941 – Kalpnath Rai, Indian politician (d. 1999)[101]
  • 1942 – Bolaji Akinyemi, Nigerian political scientist, academic, and politician[102]
  • 1942 – Jim Downing, American race car driver and inventor[103]
  • 1942 – John McLaughlin, English guitarist and songwriter[104]
  • 1943 – Doris Kearns Goodwin, American historian and author[105]
  • 1943 – Hwang Sok-yong, South Korean author and educator[106]
  • 1944 – Gary Stevens, Australian rugby league player[107]
  • 1944 – Alan Sutherland, New Zealand rugby player[108] (d. 2020)
  • 1945 – Vesa-Matti Loiri, Finnish actor, musician and comedian (d. 2022)[109]
  • 1945 – Richard R. Schrock, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate[110]
  • 1946 – Arthur Conley, American singer-songwriter (d. 2003)[111]
  • 1947 – Chris Cutler, English percussionist, lyricist and music theorist[112]
  • 1947 – Marie-Thérèse Letablier, French sociologist and academic[113]
  • 1948 – Kostas Davourlis, Greek footballer (d. 1992)[114]
  • 1948 – Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé, Malian civil servant and politician, Prime Minister of Mali[115]
  • 1949 – Mick Mills, English footballer and manager[116]
  • 1950 – Khondakar Ashraf Hossain, Bangladesh poet and academic (d. 2013)[117]
  • 1953 – Norberto Alonso, Argentinian footballer[118]
  • 1954 – Rob Kerin, Australian politician, 43rd Premier of South Australia[119]
  • 1954 – Tina Knowles, American fashion designer, founded House of Deréon[120]
  • 1956 – Ann Magnuson, American actress and performance artist[121]
  • 1956 – Zehava Gal-On, Israeli politician[122]
  • 1956 – Bernard Sumner, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer[123]
  • 1957 – Patty Loveless, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[124]
  • 1958 – Matt Frewer, American-Canadian actor[125]
  • 1960 – Gavin Miller, Australian rugby league player[126]
  • 1960 – Michael Stipe, American singer-songwriter and producer[127]
  • 1961 – Sidney Green, American basketball player and coach[128]
  • 1963 – Dave Foley, Canadian comedian, actor, director, and producer[129]
  • 1963 – Martina Proeber, German diver[130]
  • 1964 – Susan Devoy, New Zealand squash player[131]
  • 1964 – Adrian Shelford, New Zealand rugby league player (d. 2003)[132]
  • 1965 – Guy Forget, French tennis player[133]
  • 1965 – Craig Revel Horwood, Australian-English dancer, choreographer, and director[134]
  • 1965 – Julia Ormond, English actress and producer[135]
  • 1966 – Deana Carter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[136]
  • 1967 – Johnny Nelson, English boxer and sportscaster[137]
  • 1967 – David Toms, American golfer and philanthropist[138]
  • 1967 – David Wilson, Australian rugby player[139]
  • 1969 – Kees van Wonderen, Dutch footballer and manager[140]
  • 1971 – Shane Walker, Australian rugby league player[141]
  • 1971 – Colin Ward, Australian rugby league player[142]
  • 1973 – Frank Høj, Danish cyclist[143]
  • 1974 – Danilo Hondo, German cyclist[144]
  • 1975 – Shane Carwin, American mixed martial artist and wrestler[145]
  • 1975 – Paul Watson, English footballer and physiotherapist[146]
  • 1976 – Ted Lilly, American baseball player[147]
  • 1978 – Dominik Hrbatý, Slovak tennis player[148]
  • 1979 – Shergo Biran, German footballer[149]
  • 1979 – Tristan Gommendy, French race car driver[150]
  • 1980 – Miguel Monteiro, Portuguese footballer[151]
  • 1980 – Justin Ontong, South African cricketer[152]
  • 1982 – Richard Logan, English footballer[153]
  • 1982 – Danny Sullivan, Australian rugby league player[154]
  • 1984 – Kho Jabing, Malaysian and convicted murderer executed in Singapore (d. 2016).[155][156][157]
  • 1985 – Kari Aalvik Grimsbø, Norwegian handball player[158]
  • 1985 – Gökhan Gönül, Turkish footballer[159]
  • 1985 – Al Jefferson, American basketball player[160]
  • 1986 – Younès Kaboul, French footballer[161]
  • 1986 – Andrei Krauchanka, Belarusian decathlete[162]
  • 1986 – James Milner, English footballer[163]
  • 1987 – Kay Voser, Swiss footballer[164]
  • 1988 – Anestis Argyriou, Greek footballer[165]
  • 1988 – Maximilian Riedmüller, German footballer[166]
  • 1989 – Graham Rahal, American race car driver[167]
  • 1990 – Iago Falque, Spanish footballer[168]
  • 1990 – Toni Kroos, German footballer[169]
  • 1990 – Alberto Paloschi, Italian footballer[170]
  • 1992 – Kris Bryant, American baseball player[171]
  • 1994 – Derrick Henry, American football player[172]
  • 1996 – Jackson Hastings, Australian rugby league player[173]
  • 1996 – Jasmine Paolini, Italian tennis player[174]
  • 1997 – Ante Žižić, Croatian basketball player[175]
  • 1998 – Liza Soberano, Filipina actress[176]
  • 1999 – Nico Hischier, Swiss ice hockey player[177]
  • 1999 – Jaeman Salmon, Australian rugby league player[178]

Deaths

Pre-1600
  • 871 – Æthelwulf, Saxon ealdorman[2]
  • 874 – Hasan al-Askari, eleventh of the Twelve Imams (probable;[179] b. 846)
  • 1248 – Sancho II of Portugal (b. 1209)[180]
  • 1344 – Robert de Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle, English peer (b. 1288)[181]
  • 1399 – Nicholas Eymerich, Catalan theologian and inquisitor[182]
  • 1424 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero[183]
  • 1428 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1370)[184]
  • 1584 – Tobias Stimmer, Swiss painter and illustrator (b. 1539)[185]

1601–1900
  • 1604 – Ferenc Nádasdy, Hungarian noble (b. 1555)[186]
  • 1695 – François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, French general (b. 1628)[187]
  • 1761 – Stephen Hales, English clergyman and physiologist (b. 1677)[188]
  • 1782 – Ange-Jacques Gabriel, French architect, designed École Militaire (b. 1698)[189]
  • 1786 – Moses Mendelssohn, German philosopher and theologian (b. 1729)[190]
  • 1804 – Charlotte Lennox, English author and poet (b. 1730)[191]
  • 1821 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American nun and saint (b. 1774)[192]
  • 1825 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (b. 1751)[193]
  • 1863 – Roger Hanson, American general (b. 1827)[194]
  • 1874 – Thomas Gregson, English-Australian lawyer and politician, 2nd Premier of Tasmania (b. 1798)[195]
  • 1877 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1794)[196]
  • 1880 – Anselm Feuerbach, German painter and educator (b. 1829)[197]
  • 1880 – Edward William Cooke, English painter and illustrator (b. 1811)[198]
  • 1882 – John William Draper, English-American physician, chemist, and photographer (b. 1811)[199]
  • 1883 – Antoine Chanzy, French general (b. 1823)[200]
  • 1891 – Antoine Labelle, Canadian priest (b. 1833)[201]
  • 1896 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German bishop and academic (b. 1821)[202]
  • 1900 – Stanisław Mieroszewski, Polish-born politician, writer, historian and member of the Imperial Council of Austria (b. 1827)[203]

1901–present
  • 1904 – Anna Winlock, American astronomer and academic (b. 1857)[204]
  • 1910 – Léon Delagrange, French pilot and sculptor (b. 1873)[205]
  • 1912 – Clarence Dutton, American geologist and soldier (b. 1841)[206]
  • 1919 – Georg von Hertling, German academic and politician, 7th Chancellor of the German Empire (b. 1843)[207]
  • 1920 – Benito Pérez Galdós, Spanish author and playwright (b. 1843)[208]
  • 1924 – Alfred Grünfeld, Austrian pianist and composer (b. 1852)[209]
  • 1925 – Nellie Cashman, American nurse, restaurateur, entrepreneur, and gold prospector (b. 1845)[210]
  • 1927 – Süleyman Nazif, Turkish poet and civil servant (b. 1870)[211]
  • 1931 – Art Acord, American actor and stuntman (b. 1890)[212]
  • 1931 – Louise, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)[213]
  • 1941 – Henri Bergson, French philosopher and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)[214]
  • 1943 – Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz, Greek-Polish swimmer and water polo player (b. 1911)[215]
  • 1943 – Marina Raskova, Russian pilot and navigator (b. 1912)[216]
  • 1944 – Kaj Munk, Danish playwright and pastor (b. 1898)[217]
  • 1960 – Albert Camus, French novelist, philosopher, and journalist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)[218]
  • 1961 – Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)[219]
  • 1965 – T. S. Eliot, American-English poet, playwright, and critic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)[220]
  • 1967 – Donald Campbell, English racing driver and world speed record holder (b. 1921)[221]
  • 1969 – Paul Chambers, American bassist and composer (b. 1935)[222]
  • 1975 – Carlo Levi, Italian painter, author, and activist (b. 1902)[223]
  • 1985 – Brian Horrocks, Indian-English general (b. 1895)[224]
  • 1986 – Christopher Isherwood, English-American author and academic (b. 1904)[225]
  • 1986 – Phil Lynott, Irish singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (b. 1949)[226]
  • 1988 – Lily Laskine, French harp player (b. 1893)[227]
  • 1990 – Harold Eugene Edgerton, American engineer and academic (b. 1903)[228]
  • 1990 – Henry Bolte, Australian politician, 38th Premier of Victoria (b. 1908)[229]
  • 1994 – R. D. Burman, Indian film composer and music director (b. 1939)[230]
  • 1995 – Eduardo Mata, Mexican conductor and composer (b. 1942)[231]
  • 1995 – Sol Tax, American anthropologist and academic (b. 1907)[232]
  • 1997 – Harry Helmsley, American businessman (b. 1909)[233]
  • 1998 – Mae Questel, American actress (b. 1908)[234]
  • 1999 – Iron Eyes Cody, American actor and stuntman (b. 1904)[235]
  • 2001 – Les Brown, American bandleader and composer (b. 1912)[236]
  • 2004 – Brian Gibson, English director and screenwriter (b. 1944)[237]
  • 2004 – Joan Aiken, English author (b. 1924)[238]
  • 2004 – John Toland, American historian and author (b. 1912)[239]
  • 2005 – Bud Poile, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (b. 1924)[240]
  • 2005 – Frank Harary, American mathematician and academic (b. 1921)[241]
  • 2005 – Humphrey Carpenter, English radio host and author (b. 1946)[242]
  • 2005 – Robert Heilbroner, American economist and historian (b. 1919)[243]
  • 2006 – Irving Layton, Romanian-Canadian poet and academic (b. 1912)[244]
  • 2006 – Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Emirati politician, 1st Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (b. 1946)[245]
  • 2006 – Milton Himmelfarb, American sociographer, author, and academic (b. 1918)[246]
  • 2007 – Helen Hill, American director and producer (b. 1970)[247]
  • 2007 – Marais Viljoen, South African politician, 5th State President of South Africa (b. 1915)[248]
  • 2008 – Xavier Chamorro Cardenal, Nicaraguan journalist (b. 1932)[249]
  • 2009 – Gert Jonke, Austrian poet, playwright, and author (b. 1946)[250]
  • 2010 – Johan Ferrier, Surinamese educator and politician, 1st President of Suriname (b. 1910)[251]
  • 2010 – Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese engineer (b. 1916)[252]
  • 2011 – Coen Moulijn, Dutch footballer (b. 1937)[253]
  • 2011 – Gerry Rafferty, Scottish singer-songwriter (b. 1947)[254]
  • 2011 – Salmaan Taseer, Pakistani businessman and politician, 26th Governor of Punjab, Pakistan (b. 1944)[255]
  • 2012 – Eve Arnold, American photographer and journalist (b. 1912)[256]
  • 2012 – Rod Robbie, English-Canadian architect, designed the Canadian Pavilion and Rogers Centre (b. 1928)[257]
  • 2013 – Anwar Shamim, Pakistani general (b. 1931)[258]
  • 2013 – Zoran Žižić, Montenegrin politician, 4th Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (b. 1951)[259]
  • 2015 – Pino Daniele, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1955)[260]
  • 2016 – S. H. Kapadia, Indian lawyer, judge, and politician, 38th Chief Justice of India (b. 1947)[261]
  • 2016 – Stephen W. Bosworth, American academic and diplomat, United States Ambassador to South Korea (b. 1939)[262]
  • 2017 – Milt Schmidt, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and general manager (b. 1918)[263]
  • 2017 – Georges Prêtre, French orchestral and opera conductor (b. 1924)[264]
  • 2019 – Harold Brown, 14th United States Secretary of Defense (b. 1927)[265]
  • 2020 – Tom Long, Australian actor (b. 1968)[266]
  • 2021 – Tanya Roberts, American actress (b. 1955)[267]

Holidays and observances
  • Christian feast day:
    • Angela of Foligno[268]
    • Elizabeth Ann Seton[269]
    • Ferréol of Uzès[270]
    • Mavilus[271]
    • Pharaildis of Ghent[272]
    • Rigobert[273]
    • January 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • The eleventh of the Twelve Days of Christmas. (Western Christianity)[274]
  • Independence Day (Myanmar), celebrates the independence of Myanmar from the United Kingdom in 1948.[275]
  • Colonial Martyrs Repression Day (Angola)[276]
  • Day of the Martyrs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)[277]
  • Ogoni Day (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People)[278]
  • Tokyo Dome Show: The annual Wrestle Kingdom event run by New Japan Pro-Wrestling[279]
  • World Braille Day[280]

Notes
  • Watkins, Basil (2015). The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 604. ISBN 978-0-567-66456-3.

References
  1. Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh (1902). A History of Rome to the Battle of Actium. Macmillan.
  2. Mark Grossman (2007). World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8160-7477-8.
  3. Corinne Weston (22 January 2010). English Constitutional Theory and the House of Lords 1556-1832 (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-136-97269-0.
  4. The Cambridge Modern History. CUP Archive. 1907. p. 27.
  5. Junius P. Rodriguez (2002). The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-57607-188-5.
  6. Anton Caragea, "Ceasul cel mare al lui Constantin Hangerli" ("Constantin Hangerli's Big Hour"), in Magazin Istoric, December 2000
  7. Joseph Stromberg (3 March 2014). "The New York Times' 1853 Coverage of Solomon Northup, the Hero of "12 Years A Slave"". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  8. William James Mills (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-57607-422-0.
  9. Teacher's Manual for Religious Instruction in the New Apostolic Church Vol 3., NAKI 2001
  10. Stanley Sandler (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 690. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5. Archived from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  11. A. M. McBriar (1962). Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884-1918. CUP Archive. p. 3.
  12. Lecomte, J., Lang-Son: combats, retraite et négociations (Paris, 1895). p. 169–71
  13. CHARLES MORRIS (1899). The Greater Republic: A History of the United States. Library of Alexandria. p. 814. ISBN 978-1-4655-0887-4.
  14. Daly, Michael (2013). Topsy: The Startling Story of the Crooked-tailed Elephant, P.T. Barnum, and the American Wizard, Thomas Edison, page 282
  15. Riffenburgh, Beau (2004). Nimrod. London: Bloomsbury Publications. p. 266. ISBN 0-7475-7253-4.
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  21. Political Handbook of the World. Center for Comparative Political Research of the State University of New York at Binghamton and for the Council on Foreign Relations. 1963. p. 89.
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  26. Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women, and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream. 1999. p. 610. ISBN 978-1-84018-227-9.
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    • Stanik, Joseph T. El Dorado Canyon: Reagan’s Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2003, page 228. ISBN 978-1-55750-983-3
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