1913
1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1913th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 913th year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th year of the 20th century, and the 4th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| 1913 by topic |
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| Subject |
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| By country |
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| Lists of leaders |
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| Birth and death categories |
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| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
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| Works category |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1913 MCMXIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2666 |
| Armenian calendar | 1362 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6663 |
| Baháʼí calendar | 69–70 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1834–1835 |
| Bengali calendar | 1320 |
| Berber calendar | 2863 |
| British Regnal year | 3 Geo. 5 – 4 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2457 |
| Burmese calendar | 1275 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7421–7422 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬子年 (Water Rat) 4609 or 4549 — to — 癸丑年 (Water Ox) 4610 or 4550 |
| Coptic calendar | 1629–1630 |
| Discordian calendar | 3079 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1905–1906 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5673–5674 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1969–1970 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1834–1835 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5013–5014 |
| Holocene calendar | 11913 |
| Igbo calendar | 913–914 |
| Iranian calendar | 1291–1292 |
| Islamic calendar | 1331–1332 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 2 (大正２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1842–1843 |
| Juche calendar | 2 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4246 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 2 民國2年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 445 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2455–2456 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳水鼠年 (male Water-Rat) 2039 or 1658 or 886 — to — 阴水牛年 (female Water-Ox) 2040 or 1659 or 887 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1913.
Events
January
- January 5 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.
- January 13 – Edward Carson founds the (first) Ulster Volunteer Force, by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.[1]
- January 23 – 1913 Ottoman coup d'état: Ismail Enver comes to power.
- January – Stalin (whose first article using this name is published this month) travels to Vienna to carry out research.[2][3][4] Until he leaves on February 16 the city is home simultaneously to him, Hitler, Trotsky and Tito alongside Berg, Freud and Jung and Ludwig and Paul Wittgenstein.[5]
February
- February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.
- February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income, not just some.
- February 5 – Claudio Monteverdi's last opera L'incoronazione di Poppea is performed theatrically for the first time in more than 250 years, in Paris.[6]
- February 9 – Mexican Revolution: "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero, begins.[7]
- February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.
- February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as president for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office.[7]
- February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez are assassinated.[7]
- February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd, and exiled to Siberia.[8]
March
- March
- The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.
- Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament, and rules as a dictator.
- c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara, with 200 on board.[9][10]
- March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Procession takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.
- March 4
- Woodrow Wilson is sworn in, as the 28th President of the United States.
- The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.
- March 4–6 – First Balkan War – Battle of Bizani: Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.
- March 7 – British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbour.[11]
- March 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra.
- March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico, from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
- March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952 (the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) will grow from this foundation).
- March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son Constantine I.
- March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later.
- The city of Canberra, the center of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia.
- March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.
- March 25 – The Great Dayton Flood, after four days of rain in the Miami Valley, kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in Dayton, Ohio).
- March 26
- Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government, as head of the Constitutionals.
- Balkan Wars: The Siege of Adrianople ends, when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans.
April
- April – Bernhard Kellermann's novel Der Tunnel is published.
- April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed.
- April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
- April 10 – Albrecht Grocery Shop, predecessor of the Aldi discount store chain globally, is founded in Essen, Germany.>Weymouth, Lauren. "Secrets of the German supermarkets conquering America (24 slides)". MSN: Money. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.</ref>
- April 13 Boca Juniors' debut in Primera was on April 13 v Estudiantil Porteño, a 4–2 win as visitor with 3 goals scored by Arnulfo Leal.
- April 21 – Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.
- April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world on this date, and for more than a decade after.[12]
May
- May – The Muscat rebellion begins in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in Tanuf, a village just north of the city of Nizwa.
- May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film, is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
- May 9–July 11 – A major industrial strike occurs in the Black Country of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
- May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
- May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich.[13]
- May 24 – Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.
- May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.
- May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring (music by Igor Stravinsky, conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich) is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernist style provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history.[14] The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel.[5]
- May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised.
May 29: The Rite of Spring is premiered in Paris.
June
- June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.
- June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.[15]
- June 5 – Muscat rebellion: Rebels take Nizwa.
- June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics (later to be cancelled as the result of World War I).
- June 11
- Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway.
- Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.
- June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.
- June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
- June 13 – The predecessor of the Aldi store chain opens in Essen, Germany.
- June 24 – Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
- June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins.
July
- July 10
- Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
- Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of 54.4 °C (129.9 °F) was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest verified air temperature, subject to confirmation).[16]
- July 13 – The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts.[17]
- July 27 – The town of San Javier, Uruguay is founded[18] by Russian settlers.
- July 29 Agreement reached at the Anglo-Ottoman Convention which defined the limits of Ottoman jurisdiction in the area of the Persian Gulf with respect to Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain.
August
- August 2 – The first known ascent of Mount Olympus in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos.
- August 4 – Republic of China: The province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
- August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.
- August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield.[19]
- August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely.[20]
- August 23 – The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark.
- August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman.[21]
- August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.[1][21]
September
The Balkan boundaries after 1913
- September 7–8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich.
- September 9
- In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population.
- Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, Russia.
- Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 (naval designation L 1) is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board.
- September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté.
- September 13 – The Bell of Chersonesos is returned by France to Russia after having been seized during the Crimean War.
- September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.
- September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
- September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
October
- October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
Nearly-completed Ford Model Ts at the Highland Park Plant
- October 7 – The Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan, near Detroit, becomes the first automobile production facility in the world to implement the moving assembly line, significantly speeding up production of the Model T.
- October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner SS Volturno (1906), carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene.
- October 10
- U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.
- Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China.
- October 11 – The Philadelphia Athletics win the deciding game of the 1913 World Series, over baseball's New York Giants, winning 3–1 to take the series in five games.
- October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.[19]
- October 16 – The British Royal Navy's HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.[22]
Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
- October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished.
- October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
- October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico.
- October 28–December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire.
- October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
November
- November 5 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.
- November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
- November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.
December
- December 1
- The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12+1⁄2 hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production.
- Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.
- Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens.
- December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested.
- December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.
- December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.
- December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.
Date unknown
- The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh).
- French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.
- The Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes).
- Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother.
- Astra, as predecessor of AstraZeneca, a healthcare and pharmaceutical brand worldwide, founded in Södertälje, Sweden.
- The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion.
Births
| Births |
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| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January–February
Edward Gierek
Gustáv Husák
Lloyd Bridges
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Kazimierz Sabbat
- January 1 – Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009)
- January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004)
- January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007)
- January 6
- Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001)
- Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
- January 7 – Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2008)
- January 9
- Eric Berry, British actor (d. 1993)
- Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
- January 10
- January 11
- January 15
- January 17 – Everett Parker, American civil rights activist (d. 2015)
- January 18 – George Unwin, British World War II fighter ace (d. 2006)
- January 22
- January 23
- January 25
- Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d. 2010)
- Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994)
- January 29
- February 2 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
- February 4
- Frank P. Keller, American film editor (d. 1977)
- Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)[23]
- Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (d. 1939)
- February 6 – Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996)
- February 8
- February 10
- February 14
- Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)
- Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987)
- Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975)
- February 19 – Frank Tashlin, American animation director (d. 1972)
- February 20 – Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d. 2009)
- February 23 – P. C. Sorcar, Indian stage magician (d. 1971)
- February 25
- February 26 – George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
- February 27
- T. B. Ilangaratne, Sri Lankan author, dramatist, actor and politician (d. 1992)
- Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (d. 2005)
- Kazimierz Sabbat, leader of Polish government-in-exile (d. 1989)
- Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)
March–April
William J. Casey
René Clément
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- March 1 – R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
- March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971)
- March 4 – John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
- March 12 – Loulie Jean Norman, American singer (d. 2005)
- March 13
- March 15 – Rosita Contreras, Argentine actress (d. 1962)
- March 18
- René Clément, French film director (d. 1996)
- Reinhard Hardegen, German U-boat commander (d. 2018)
- Werner Mölders, German fighter pilot (d. 1941)
- March 19 – Smoky Dawson, Australian singer (d. 2008)
- March 21 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)
- March 22 – Tom McCall, American politician and journalist (d. 1983)
- March 26
- Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)
- Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist (d. 2010)
- March 28 – Toko Shinoda, Japanese painter (d. 2021)
- March 29 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
- March 30
- Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002)
- Frankie Laine, American singer (d. 2007)
- Ċensu Tabone, Maltese politician (d. 2012)
- March 31 – Etta Baker, American musician (d. 2006)
- April 3 – Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
- April 4
- Cecil Gant, American blues singer, songwriter and pianist (d. 1951)
- Rosemary Lane, American singer (d. 1974)
- Frances Langford, American singer, actress (d. 2005)
- Muddy Waters, African-American musician (d. 1983)
- April 7
- April 8
- April 9 – Aleksanteri Saarvala, Finnish artistic gymnast (d. 1989)
- April 10 – Stefan Heym, German writer (d. 2001)
- April 11 – Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d. 2006)
- April 11 – Winifred Drinkwater, Scottish aviator, first woman to hold a commercial pilot's license (d. 1996)
- April 14 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (d. 2008)
- April 16 – Les Tremayne, British-born American actor (d. 2003)
- April 18 – Jack Pope, American judge, attorney, and author (d. 2017)
- April 19
- April 21 – Richard Beeching, chairman of British Rail (d. 1985)
- April 27 – Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)
- April 29 – Eugene Vielle, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2015)
May–June
Stewart Granger
Woody Herman
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Elton Britt
Alfonso López Michelsen
- May 1
- May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009)
- May 5 – Fred J. Doocy, American politician, banker (d. 2017)
- May 6 – Stewart Granger, Anglo-American actor (d. 1993)
- May 8
- Bob Clampett, American director (Looney Tunes) (d. 1984)
- Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937)
- Sid James, South African-born British actor, comedian (d. 1976)
- Charles Scorsese, American actor, father of Martin Scorsese (d. 1993)
- May 11 – Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994)
- May 13
- Liu Xuyi, Chinese historian (d. 2018)
- William Tolbert, President of Liberia (d. 1980)
- May 16
- May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d. 1996)
- May 20
- May 22 – Benedict Garmisa, American politician (d. 1985)
- May 24
- May 25 – Benjamin Melniker, American producer (d. 2018)
- May 26
- Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994)
- Pierre Daninos, French writer, humorist (d. 2005)
- Josef Manger, German weightlifter (d. 1991)
- May 29 – Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)
- May 31 – Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian, radio and television personality (d. 1979)
- June 2 – Elsie Tu, English-born Hong Kong social activist (d. 2015)
- June 3 – Yitzhak Berman, Israeli politician (d. 2013)
- June 6 – Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991)
- June 10 – Benjamin Shapira, German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1993)
- June 11
- Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970)
- Risë Stevens, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2013)
- June 13
- June 18
- June 20 – Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish royal, Count of Barcelona (d. 1993)
- June 21
- June 22 – Álvaro Alsogaray, Argentine politician and businessman (d. 2005)
- June 23
- June 24 – Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian road racing cyclist (d. 2002)
- June 25 – Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005)
- June 26
- June 27
- June 28
- June 30
July
Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller
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Coral Browne
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- July 1
- Lee Guttero, American basketball player (d. 2004)
- Noel Miller, Australian cricketer (d. 2007)
- Frederick Malkus, American politician (d. 1999)
- André Tollet, French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist (d. 2001)
- Frank Barrett, American relief pitcher (d. 1998)
- Mario Acerbi, Italian football player (d. 2010)
- Joana Raspall i Juanola, Spanish writer and librarian (d. 2013)
- Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam, Indian Army Chief (d. 2000)
- July 3 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1965)
- July 4 – Barbara Weeks, American actress (d. 2003)
- July 5
- July 6 – Vance Trimble, American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, author (d. 2021)
- July 7
- July 8 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician and schoolteacher (d. 2017)
- July 9
- July 10
- July 11 – Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ghanese nationalist leader, 2nd Prime Minister of Ghana (d. 1978)
- July 12
- July 13
- July 14
- Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
- René Llense, French football goalkeeper (d. 2014)
- Princess Urraca of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, (d. 1999)
- July 15
- July 16
- July 17
- July 18
- N. Krishnaswami Reddy, Indian lawyer (d. 2002)
- Du Runsheng, Chinese military officer, politician, and economist (d. 2015)
- Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)
- July 19
- July 20
- July 22
- July 23
- Coral Browne, Australian actress (d. 1991)
- Michael Foot, British politician (d. 2010)
- July 24 – Robert Emhardt, American actor (d. 1994)
- July 26 – Kan Yuet-keung, Hong Kong banker, politician and lawyer (d. 2012)
- July 28 – Hedley Kett, British naval officer (d. 2014)
- July 29 – Erich Priebke, German war criminal, leader of the 1944 Ardeatine massacre (d. 2013)
- July 30 – Lou Darvas, American artist, cartoonist (d. 1987)
August
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- August 8 – Robert Stafford, Governor of Vermont, U.S Representative and U.S. Senator (d. 2006)[25]
- August 9 – Tadeusz Kotz, Polish World War II fighter ace (d. 2008)
- August 10
- August 13
- Fred Davis, English snooker, billiards player (d. 1998)
- Makarios III, Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (d. 1977)[27]
- August 16
- Menachem Begin, 6th Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
- Helen F. Holt, American politician (d. 2015)
- August 17
- W. Mark Felt, American FBI Associate Director, Deep Throat Watergate informant (d. 2008)
- Rudy York, American baseball player (d. 1970)
- August 18 – Nils Löfgren, Swedish chemist (d. 1967)
- August 20 – Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)[28]
- August 22 – James W. Downing, American naval officer and author (d. 2018)
- August 26 – Boris Pahor, Slovenian writer (d. 2022)
- August 27 – Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, German wife of freedom fighter Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (d. 2006)
- August 28
- August 29
- August 30 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- August 31
September–October
Paul "Bear" Bryant
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Claude Simon
Tito Gobbi
- September 1 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter, graphic artist (d. 1979)
- September 2
- Alex Lovy, American animator (d. 1992)
- Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician (d. 2009)
- Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (d. 1981)
- September 3 – Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964)
- September 4
- Mickey Cohen, American gangster (d. 1976)
- Boone Guyton, American test pilot (d. 1996)
- Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
- Kenzō Tange, Japanese architect (d. 2005)
- September 6 – Julie Gibson, American singer and actress (d. 2019)
- September 10
- September 11
- September 12
- Jesse Owens, African-American athlete (d. 1980)
- Eiji Toyoda, Japanese industrialist (d. 2013)
- September 13
- September 14
- Jacobo Árbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971)
- Annalisa Ericson, Swedish actress (d. 2011)
- September 15 – John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General, convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
- September 17
- September 19 – Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
- September 22 – Lillian Chestney, American painter (d. 2000)
- September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d. 2007)
- September 24
- September 25
- September 27 – Alexandru Drăghici, Romanian communist activist and politician (d. 1993)
- September 28 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist, illustrator (d. 2007)
- September 29
- Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)
- Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d. 2001)
- Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996)
- September 30
- October 2 – Roma Mitchell, Australian lawyer, Governor of South Australia (d. 2000)
- October 4 – Martial Célestin, 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (d. 2011)
- October 10
- October 11 – Joe Simon, American comic book artist, writer (d. 2011)
- October 18 – Evelyn Venable, American actress (d. 1993)
- October 19 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian poet, lyricist, and diplomat (d. 1980)
- October 20
- October 22
- Boots Mallory, American actress, dancer, and model (d. 1958)
- Robert Capa, Hungarian-born American photojournalist (d. 1954)
- Tamara Desni, German-born British actress (d. 2008)
- Hans-Peter Tschudi, 2-time President of Switzerland (d. 2002)
- October 24
- October 27
- Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian and anthropologist (d. 2016)
- Otto Wichterle, Czech inventor of the modern contact lens (d. 1998)
- October 28 – Don Lusk, American animator (d. 2018)
November
Lon Nol
- November 2 – Burt Lancaster, American actor, best known for his role in Elmer Gantry (d. 1994)
- November 3
- November 5 – Vivien Leigh, British actress, best known for her role in Gone With The Wind (d. 1967)
- November 6 – Aisha Abd al-Rahman, Egyptian writer (d. 1998)
- November 7
- Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)
- Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor (d. 2009)
- Tahira Tahirova, Azerbaijani politician (d. 1991)
- November 8 – Max Desfor, American photographer (d. 2018)
- November 10
- November 11 – Rosemary Inyama, educator, politician, businesswoman and community developer[29] (d. unknown)
- November 13
- November 15 – Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d. 2005)
- November 16 – Ellen Albertini Dow, American actress (d. 2015)
- November 18 – Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1999)
- November 21
- November 22
- November 23 – William Krehm, Canadian author, journalist and political activist (d. 2019)
- November 24 – Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress (d. 2005)
- November 25 – Lewis Thomas, American physician, essayist (d. 1993)
December
Jean Marais
- December 1 – Mary Martin, American actress (d. 1990)
- December 2 – Jerry Sohl, American scriptwriter (d. 2002)
- December 6
- December 9 – Cynthia Chalk, American photographer (d. 2018)
- December 10 – Morton Gould, American composer (d. 1996)[31]
- December 11 – Jean Marais, French actor (d. 1998)
- December 13 – Arnold Brown, Salvation Army general (d. 2002)
- December 15 – Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (d. 1980)
- December 16 – George Ignatieff, Canadian diplomat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace (d. 1989)
- December 18
- Lynn Bari, American actress (d. 1989)
- Alfred Bester, American author (d. 1987)
- Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)[32]
- December 21 – Arnold Friberg, American artist (d. 2010)[33]
- December 23 – Frank Pierpoint Appleby, Canadian politician (d. 2015)
- December 25
- December 26 – Frank Swift, English footballer (d. 1958)
- December 28
- December 29 – Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 2002)
- December 30 – Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (d. 2002)
Deaths
January
- January 2
- January 3 – Jeff Davis, American politician, 20th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1862)
- January 4 – Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (b. 1833)
- January 6 – Gyula Juhász, Hungarian sculptor (b. 1876)
- January 8 - Xavier Mertz, Swiss explorer, mountaineer and skier (b. 1882)
- January 16
- January 18 – George Alexander Gibson, Scottish physician (b. 1854)
- January 20
- January 21 – Aluísio Azevedo, Brazilian novelist (b. 1857)
- January 27 – Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1832)
- January 28
- Julius Heinrich Franz, German astronomer (b. 1847)
- Segismundo Moret, Spanish politician and writer, 3-time Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1833)
February
Gustaf de Laval
Yohan Kazimir Ernrot
- February 2 – Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and inventor (b. 1845)
- February 4 – Sir Gordon Sprigg, British Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (b. 1830)
- February 5
- February 8 – Morten Eskesen, Danish author (b. 1826)
- February 9
- February 15 – Florence Barker, American actress (b. 1891)
- February 17 – Edward Stanley Gibbons, English philatelist, founder of Stanley Gibbons Ltd (b. 1840)
- February 20 – Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (b. 1878)[34]
- February 22
- Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist and semiotician (b. 1857)
- Empress Dowager Longyu, Chinese empress (b. 1868)
- Francisco I. Madero, 33rd President of Mexico, assassinated (b. 1873)[7]
- February 23 – Dénes Andrássy, Hungarian nobleman (b. 1835)
- February 26 – Felix Draeseke, German composer (b. 1835)
- February 27 – Riccardo Cessi, Italian painter (b. 1840)
- February 28 – George Finnegan, American Olympic boxer (b. 1881)
March
King George I of Greece
- March 7 – E. Pauline Johnson, Canadian writer (b. 1861)
- March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (b. c. 1822)
- March 11 – John Shaw Billings, American military, medical leader (b. 1838)
- March 12 – Francisco Pereira Passos, Brazilian engineer politician, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1836)
- March 13 – Felix Hidalgo, Filipino artist (b. 1855)
- March 14 – Auguste Desgodins, French missionary (b. 1826)
- March 17 – Soledad Acosta, Colombian journalist and writer (b. 1833)
- March 18 – King George I of Greece (b. 1845)
- March 19 – Géza Allaga, Hungarian composer (b. 1841)
- March 21 – Manuel Bonilla, 2-time President of Honduras (b. 1849)
- March 22
- March 25 – Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (b. 1833)
- March 31 – J. P. Morgan, American financier (b. 1837)
April
- April 7 – Carl von Lemcke, German mathematician (b. 1867)
- April 8 – Gyula Kőnig, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1849)
- April 15 – Kareemullah Shah, Indian Sufi scholar and saint
- April 18 – Lester Frank Ward, American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist (b. 1841)
- April 19
- April 20 – Vilhelm Bissen, Danish sculptor (b. 1836)
- April 24 – Vsevolod Abramovich, Russian aviator (b. 1890)
- April 25
- April 27 – Gabriel von Seidl, German architect (b. 1848)
- April 28 – Andreas Flocken, German entrepreneur and inventor (b. 1845)
- April 29 – Václav Hladík, Austro-Hungarian novelist (b. 1868)
May
Tancrède Auguste
Elena Guro
- May 1 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshal (b. 1850)
- May 2
- May 6 – Elena Guro, Russian painter and writer (b. 1877)
- May 8 – Louis Adolphus Duhring, American physician (b. 1845)
- May 16 – Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1849)
- May 19 – Gabriel Loppé, French painter and photographer (b. 1825)
- May 25 – Alfred Redl, Austrian military intelligence officer, double agent (honorable suicide) (b. 1864)
- May 27 – Catherine Amanda Coburn, American journalist, newspaper editor (b. 1834)
- May 28 – John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, British politician and scientist (b. 1839)
June
Emily Davison
Nicolás de Piérola
- June 2 – Alfred Austin, English Poet Laureate (b. 1835)
- June 5 – Chris von der Ahe, German-born American brewer, baseball owner (b. 1851)
- June 8 – Emily Davison, English suffragette (b. 1872)
- June 22
- June 23
- June 28 – Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Brazilian lawyer, politician and 4th President of Brazil (b. 1841)
July
Prince Arisugawa Takehito
Climaco Calderon
- July 1 – Emanuel M. Abrahams, American politician (b. 1866)
- July 3 – Horatio Nelson Young, American Civil War naval hero (b. 1845)
- July 5 – Prince Arisugawa Takehito (b. 1862)
- July 7 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Union Army officer, diplomat and politician (b. 1841)
- July 10
- Mikoláš Aleš, Austro-Hungarian painter (b. 1835)
- John Valentine Ellis, Canadian journalist (b. 1835)
- July 11 – Charles Lavigne, Ceylonese Roman Catholic and Syro Malabar Catholic bishop and Servant of God (b. 1840)
- July 13 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (b. 1841)
- July 16 – Sigismund Bachrich, Hungarian composer (b. 1841)
- July 17 – Esther Saville Allen, American author (b. 1837)
- July 19 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer, politician and 15th President of Colombia (b. 1852)
- July 20 – Vsevolod Rudnev, Russian admiral (b. 1855)
- July 22 – Adhémar Esmein, French jurist (b. 1848)
- Eduardo López Rivas, Venezuelan editor and journalist (b. 1850)
- July 29 – Tobias Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
- July 30
- Lady Alicia Blackwood, English painter (b. 1818)
- Warren F. Daniell, American politician, U.S. Representative from New Hampshire (b. 1826)
- Itō Sachio, Japanese poet and novelist (b. 1864)
August
Johannes Linnankoski
- August 3
- August 4 – Étienne Laspeyres, German economist (b. 1834)
- August 7 – Samuel Franklin Cody, American-born British aviation pioneer (b. 1867)
- August 9 – Wilhelm Albermann, German sculptor (b. 1835)
- August 10 – Jules Desbrochers des Loges, French entomologist (b. 1836)
- August 11
- August 13 – August Bebel, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1840)
- August 20 – Émile Ollivier, 24th Prime Minister of France (b. 1825)
- August 22 – Oscar de Négrier, French general (b. 1839)
- August 28 – Fyodor Kamensky, Russian sculptor (b. 1836)
- August 29 – Lars Havstad, Norwegian activist (b. 1851)
September
- September 1 – Patriarch and Metropolitan Lukijan Bogdanović (b. 1867)
- September 2 - Bill Miner, American bandito and stagecoach robber (b. 1847)
- September 4 – Henry Billings Brown, American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1836)
- September 9 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, 16th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843)
- September 13 – Arandzar, Armenian poet and writer (b. 1877)
- September 16 – Julius Lewkowitsch, German engineer (b. 1857)
- September 18 – Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky (b. 1872)
- September 20 – Ferdinand Blumentritt, Filipino author (b. 1853)
- September 29 – Rudolf Diesel, German engine inventor (b. 1858)
- September 30
- Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi, Siamese princess (b. 1876)
- Antoni Klawiter, Polish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1836)
October
Faisal bin Turki
Katsura Tarō
- October 4
- October 5 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856)
- October 7 – Ivan Banjavčić, Croatian politician and philanthropist (b. 1843)
- October 10
- Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1835)
- Katsura Tarō, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1848)
- October 12 – Elisabeth Leisinger, German soprano (b 1864)
- October 13 – Leonid Sobolev, 6th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1844)
- October 16 – Ralph Rose, American Olympic athlete (b. 1885)
- October 19 – Charles Tellier, French engineer, inventor of the chemical refrigerator (b. 1828)
- October 20 – Viktor Kirpichov, Russian engineer and physicist (b. 1845)
- October 21 – Theodor Kolde, German Protestant theologian (b. 1850)
- October 23 – Edwin Klebs, Swiss-German pathologist, discoverer of Diphtheria bacterium (b. 1834)
- October 29 – Darío de Regoyos, Spanish painter (b. 1857)
- October 31 – Sir William Evans-Gordon, British diplomat and politician (b. 1857)
November
Sava Grujić
- November 3 – Sava Grujić, Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1840)
- November 4 – Fredericus Anna Jentink, Dutch zoologist (b. 1844)
- November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823)
- November 6 – Cho Ki-chon, North Korean poet (d. 1951)[35]
- November 8 – Ferdinand Abell, American businessman (b. 1835)
- November 16 – Sir George Barham, English businessman, founder of Express County Milk Supply Company (b. 1836)
- November 21 – Francesco Acri, Italian philosopher (b. 1834)
- November 22 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1837)
- November 25 – Haviland Le Mesurier, Australian soldier (b. 1856)
- November 28 – George B. Post, American architect (b. 1837)
December
Emperor Menelik II
Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople
- December 1
- December 5 – Ferdinand Dugué, French playwright (b. 1816)
- December 7
- December 8 – František Koláček, Austro-Hungarian physicist (b. 1851)
- December 10 – Léon Letort, French aviator (b. 1889)
- December 11
- December 12 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844)
- December 13 – Birger Kildal, Norwegian businessman (b. 1849)
- December 15 – Miguel Lebrija, Mexican aviator (b. 1887)
- December 19 – Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople (b. 1827)
- December 25 – Alberto Aguilera, Spanish politician (b. 1842)
- December 26 – Ambrose Bierce, American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (b. 1842)
- December 27 – Infanta Antónia of Portugal (b. 1845)
- December 30 – Giovanni Maria Boccardo, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1848)
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
- Chemistry – Alfred Werner
- Medicine – Charles Richet
- Literature – Rabindranath Tagore
- Peace – Henri La Fontaine
References
- Cottrell, Peter (2009). The War for Ireland, 1913-1923. Oxford: Osprey. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84603-9966.
- Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. New York; London: Penguin. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-14-016953-9.
- Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-333-72627-3.
- Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2007). Young Stalin. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-297-85068-7.
- Illies, Florian (2013). 1913: The Year Before the Storm. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-61219-352-6.
- Ringer, Mark (2006). Opera's First Master: The Musical Dramas of Claudio Monteverdi. Newark N.J.: Amadeus Press. p. 132. ISBN 1-57467-110-3.
- Cisneros, Stefany (November 11, 2018). "Francisco I. Madero, ¿quién fue y cuál es su biografía?" [Francisco I. Madero, Who was he, and what is his biography?] (in Spanish). Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
- Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 90–91.
- "Over 200 Lost in Storm". The New York Times. March 8, 1913.
- "British Steamer Lost". The Sydney Morning Herald. March 10, 1913. p. 9. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- "Ship Blows Up" (PDF). The New York Times. March 8, 1913. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
- "Study for Woolworth Building, New York". World Digital Library. December 10, 1910. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
- Kershaw, Ian (2010). Hitler: A Biography. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 45.
- Radio Lab, Show 202: "Musical Language" Archived September 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, New York: WNYC (21 April 2006). Host/Producer: Jad Abumrad, Co-Host: Robert Krulwich, Producer: Ellen Horne, Production Executives: Dean Capello and Mikel Ellcessor.
- "BBC Radio 4 - Woman's Hour - Women's History Timeline: 1910 - 1919". Archived from the original on January 6, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
- Readfearn, Graham (August 17, 2020). "Death Valley temperature rises to 54.4C – possibly the hottest ever reliably recorded". The Guardian. London.
- Leașu, Florin; Nemeț, Codruța; Borzan, Cristina; Rogozea, Liliana (2015). "A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War - 1913". Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica. 13 (1): 159–170. PMID 26203545.
- "Statistics of urban localities (1908–2004)". INE. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
- Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. p. 94. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- "Airman Uses Parachute", New York Times, August 20, 1913.
- Yeates, Padraig (2009). "The Dublin 1913 Lockout". History Ireland. 9 (2). Retrieved October 19, 2012.
- Crowhurst, Richard (2005). "A History of Firsts: Portsmouth Historic Dockyard". TimeTravel-Britain.com. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- "Rosa Parks | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- Gribbin, John (2000). Q is for quantum : an encyclopedia of particle physics. New York: Touchstone. p. 203. ISBN 9780684863153.
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- United States Congress. "1913 (id: S000776)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- Bernard S. Schlessinger; June H. Schlessinger (1996). The Who's who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-1995. Oryx Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-89774-899-5.
- John E. Jessup (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-313-28112-9.
- Roger Sperry; Colwyn B. Trevarthern (January 26, 1990). Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-37874-1.
- Chuku, Gloria (2005). Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900-1960. New York & London: Routledge. p. 195. ISBN 0-415-97210-8. Retrieved November 17, 2021 – via Google Books.
- "Ex-champ Gardnar Mulloy becomes first Hall of Famer to turn 100". Fox Sports. November 22, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- Colin Larkin, ed. (2002). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music (Third ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 175/6. ISBN 1-85227-937-0.
- Jessup, John E. (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 89. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- Schwarz, Ted (1985). Arnold Friberg : the passion of a modern master. Flagstaff, Ariz: Northland Press. p. 1911. ISBN 9780873583466.
- "Lieben, Robert von". www.aeiou.at.
- Gabroussenko, Tatiana (2010). Soldiers on the Cultural Front: Developments in the Early History of North Korean Literature and Literary Policy. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 56, 58, 85. ISBN 978-0-8248-3396-1.
Further reading
- Charles Emmerson. 1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War (2013) excerpt and text search; covers 20 major world cities
- Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933 (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 269–96.
- Florian Illies (2013). 1913: The Year Before the Storm. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-61219-352-6.
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