1875

1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1875th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 875th year of the 2nd millennium, the 75th year of the 19th century, and the 6th year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1875, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1875 in topic
Humanities
Archaeology – Architecture – Art
Film - Literature – Music - (jazz)
By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
1875 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1875
MDCCCLXXV
Ab urbe condita2628
Armenian calendar1324
ԹՎ ՌՅԻԴ
Assyrian calendar6625
Baháʼí calendar31–32
Balinese saka calendar1796–1797
Bengali calendar1282
Berber calendar2825
British Regnal year38 Vict. 1 – 39 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2419
Burmese calendar1237
Byzantine calendar7383–7384
Chinese calendar甲戌年 (Wood Dog)
4571 or 4511
    — to —
乙亥年 (Wood Pig)
4572 or 4512
Coptic calendar1591–1592
Discordian calendar3041
Ethiopian calendar1867–1868
Hebrew calendar5635–5636
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1931–1932
 - Shaka Samvat1796–1797
 - Kali Yuga4975–4976
Holocene calendar11875
Igbo calendar875–876
Iranian calendar1253–1254
Islamic calendar1291–1292
Japanese calendarMeiji 8
(明治８年)
Javanese calendar1803–1804
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4208
Minguo calendar37 before ROC
民前37年
Nanakshahi calendar407
Thai solar calendar2417–2418
Tibetan calendar阳木狗年
(male Wood-Dog)
2001 or 1620 or 848
    — to —
阴木猪年
(female Wood-Pig)
2002 or 1621 or 849
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1875.

Events

January–March
  • January 1 – The Midland Railway of England abolishes the Second Class passenger category, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of the year (Third Class is renamed Second Class in 1956).
  • January 5 - The Palais Garnier, one of the most famous opera houses in the world, is inaugurated in Paris.
  • January 12 – Guangxu becomes the 11th Qing Dynasty Emperor of China at the age of 3, in succession to his cousin.
  • January 14 – The newly proclaimed King Alfonso XII of Spain (Queen Isabella II's son) arrives in Spain to restore the monarchy during the Third Carlist War.
  • February 3 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Lácar: Carlist commander Torcuato Mendíri secures a brilliant victory, when he surprises and routs a Government force under General Enrique Bargés at Lácar, east of Estella, nearly capturing newly crowned King Alfonso XII. The Carlists take several pieces of artillery, more than 2,000 rifles, and 300 prisoners. 800 men of both sides are killed (mostly government troops).
  • February 18 – The Mason County War begins, as a German-American mob breaks into a prison, and lynches cattle rustlers in central Texas.
  • February 24 – The SS Gothenburg sinks off Australia's east coast with the loss of approximately 102 lives, including a number of high-profile civil servants and dignitaries.
  • February 25 – The majority of the Yavapai (Wipukyipai) and Tonto Apache (Dil Zhéé) tribes are forced by the United States Cavalry, under command of Brigadier General George Crook, to walk at gunpoint from Arizona's Verde Valley, to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, 180 miles to the southeast. The two tribes are not allowed to return to the Verde Valley until 1900.
  • February 27 – Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California, resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor of California Romualdo Pacheco becomes acting Governor. He is later replaced by elected governor William Irwin.
  • March 1 – The United States Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits racial discrimination in public accommodations and jury duty.
  • March 3
    • Bizet’s Carmen is first performed at the Opéra-Comique, Paris, France.
    • The first indoor ice hockey game is played at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
  • March 15 – Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York John McCloskey is named the first cardinal in the United States.

April–June

July–September
  • Summer – Third Carlist War in Spain: Two government armies under General Quesada and Martínez Campos start encroaching on Carlist territory. Both they and their Carlist opponent (Mendiri) drive opposing sympathisers from their homes, and burn crops in areas they can not hold. Several Carlist generals (Dorregaray, Savalls, and others) are unjustly put on trial for disloyalty. Mendiri is also removed from his command, and replaced by the Count of Caserta. Despite having 48 infantry battalions, 3 cavalry regiments, 2 engineer battalions, and 100 pieces of artillery at his disposal, Caserta is heavily outnumbered by the government forces opposing him.
  • July 1 – The General Postal Union is established.
  • July 1–7 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Treviño: Advancing on the key city of Vitoria, in Navarre, Spanish Republican commander General Jenardo de Quesada sends General Tello to attack the Carlist lines just to the southwest, at Treviño. The newly appointed Carlist commander General José Pérula is heavily defeated and withdraws, and soon afterwards Quesada enters Vitoria in triumph.
  • July 28 – Joe Borden throws the first no-hitter in baseball history versus Mike Golden and the Chicago White Stockings in his third start as a replacement for Cherokee Fisher as a member of the Philadelphia White Stockings
  • August 6 – Hibernian F.C. is founded by Irishmen, in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland.[3]
  • August 25 – Captain Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim the English Channel.
  • September 1 – A murder conviction begins to break the power of the violent Irish-American anti-owner coal miners, the "Molly Maguires".
  • September 7 – Battle of Agurdat: An Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia fails, when Emperor Yohannes IV defeats an army led by Werner Munzinger.
  • September 11 – Egypt adopts the Gregorian calendar, having previously used the Alexandrian calendar.
  • September – English Association football team Birmingham City F.C. is founded as Small Heath Alliance in Birmingham by a group of cricketers from Holy Trinity Church, Bordesley, playing its first match in November.[4]

October–December

Date unknown
  • Widespread nationalist rebellion in the Ottoman Empire results in Turkish repression, Russian intervention and Great Power tensions.
  • Asia's first stock exchange is established as The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association (the modern-day Bombay Stock Exchange).
  • Wimbledon: Henry Cavendish Jones convinces the All England Croquet Club to replace a croquet court with a lawn tennis court.
  • The Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 is passed in the United Kingdom, to permit slum clearance.
  • Convent Scandal: During the winter in Montreal, typhoid fever strikes at a convent school. The corpses of the victims are filched by body-snatchers before relatives arrive from America, causing much furor.[8] Eventually the Anatomy Act of Quebec is changed over it.[9]
  • The opening of Flushing High School, the oldest public high school in New York City.
  • Tanaka Manufacturing, a telecommunications factory in Ginza, Tokyo, a predecessor of Toshiba, a Japanese giant electromechanics is founded.[10]
  • World's first electric tram line operated in Sestroretsk near Saint Petersburg, Russia, invented and tested by Fyodor Pirotsky.[11][12]

Births

January–February
Thomas Hicks
King Ibn Saud
Albert Schweitzer

March–April
Maurice Ravel
Syngman Rhee

May–June
Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya
Thomas Mann
  • May 2 – Owen Roberts, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1955)
  • May 6 – William D. Leahy, American admiral (d. 1959)
  • May 11 – Harriet Quimby, American pilot (d. 1912)
  • May 12
    • Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (d. 1949)
    • Charles Holden, British architect (d. 1960)
  • May 23 – Alfred P. Sloan, American automobile industrialist (d. 1966)
  • June 4 – Albert E. Smith, English stage magician, film director and producer (d. 1958)
  • June 6
  • June 9 – Henry Hallett Dale, English pharmacologist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
  • June 12 – Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (d. 1953)
  • June 15 – Herman Smith-Johannsen, Norwegian supercentenarian (d. 1987)
  • June 24 – Diedrich Westermann, German linguist (d. 1956)
  • June 28 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (d. 1941)

July–August
Carl Jung
Katharine McCormick

September–October
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis

November–December
Gregorio del Pilar
Theodor Innitzer

Deaths

January–June
Tongzhi Emperor
Jean-François Millet
Georges Bizet

July–December
Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy

References
  1. Lockwood, Jeffrey A. (2004). Locust: the Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect that Shaped the American Frontier. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0738208949.
  2. Smith, Ronald A. (1988). Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  3. "The Origins of Hibernian - Part 1". Hibernian FC: The Official Website. August 11, 2009. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  4. "The Early Years 1875-1904" (PDF). When Football Was Football. Haynes. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  5. "1875–1884: The early years". Blackburn Rovers F.C. July 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  6. "The Purpose of the Foundation of Doshisha University | About Doshisha | Doshisha University". www.doshisha.ac.jp. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  7. This inspires Gerard Manley Hopkins' poem The Wreck of the Deutschland, not published until 1918.
  8. Gordon, Richard (1994). The Alarming History of Medicine. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-312-10411-1.
  9. History of Medicine Days Archived June 15, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, p. 132.
  10. ja:田中久重/田中製造所の設立と晩年 (Japanese language edition) Retribute date 4 December 2018.
  11. C. N. Pyrgidis. Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation. CRC Press, 2016. P. 156
  12. Ye. N. Petrova. St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg. Palace Ed., 2003. P. 12
  13. "Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)". National Records of Scotland. May 31, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2021.

Further reading and year books
  • 1875 Annual Cyclopedia (1876) highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1875; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 801pp

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