1254

Year 1254 (MCCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1254 by topic
Leaders
  • Political entities
  • State leaders
  • Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1254 in poetry
1254 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1254
MCCLIV
Ab urbe condita2007
Armenian calendar703
ԹՎ ՉԳ
Assyrian calendar6004
Balinese saka calendar1175–1176
Bengali calendar661
Berber calendar2204
English Regnal year38 Hen. 3 – 39 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar1798
Burmese calendar616
Byzantine calendar6762–6763
Chinese calendar癸丑年 (Water Ox)
3950 or 3890
    — to —
甲寅年 (Wood Tiger)
3951 or 3891
Coptic calendar970–971
Discordian calendar2420
Ethiopian calendar1246–1247
Hebrew calendar5014–5015
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1310–1311
 - Shaka Samvat1175–1176
 - Kali Yuga4354–4355
Holocene calendar11254
Igbo calendar254–255
Iranian calendar632–633
Islamic calendar651–652
Japanese calendarKenchō 6
(建長６年)
Javanese calendar1163–1164
Julian calendar1254
MCCLIV
Korean calendar3587
Minguo calendar658 before ROC
民前658年
Nanakshahi calendar−214
Thai solar calendar1796–1797
Tibetan calendar阴水牛年
(female Water-Ox)
1380 or 999 or 227
    — to —
阳木虎年
(male Wood-Tiger)
1381 or 1000 or 228
Theodore II (Laskaris) (r. 1254–1258)

Events

Byzantine Empire
  • Battle of Adrianople: Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II (Laskaris) defeat the invading Bulgarians near Andrianople. The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen (also mentioned Michael I Asen) is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses. Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest.[1]

Europe
  • May 21 – King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello (southern Italy). With Conrad's death a interregnum begins which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV, and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin (the Younger).
  • November 2 – German forces under Manfred start an anti-papal revolt against Innocent IV and seize Lucera in the Tavoliere Plains. He defeats the papal army at Foggia and gains the loyalty of Apulia, on December 2.[2]
  • King Afonso III (the Boulonnais) holds the first session of the Cortes (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class and representatives from all municipalities), in Leiria.
  • William II, anti-king of Germany, holds a diet (princely convention) at Worms, in which the German cities are represented for the first time. He give orders to build strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem.
  • Doge Reniero Zeno sends the Horses of Saint Mark, looted from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, to Venice, where they are installed on the terrace of the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.

England
  • King Henry III grants his eldest son Edward (the Lord Edward) areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.[3]
  • Summer – Edward (the Lord Edward) travels from Portsmouth with his mother, Queen Eleanor of Provence, and Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, to marry the 13-year-old Eleanor of Castile. She is the half-sister of King Alfonso X (the Wise). In August, they arrive in Burgos, capital of Castile, where the marriage is due to take place.
  • November 1 – Edward marries Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian monastery Las Huelgas at Burgos. Henry III has demanded the marriage, in exchange for ending the war with half-brother Alfonso X.

Levant
  • February 21 – King Louis IX (the Saint) signs a multi-year truce with An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, who is well aware of a Mongol threat and has no wish for war with the Crusader States.
  • April 24 – Louis IX and his family sails from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.[4]

Asia
  • January 4 – William of Rubruck, Flemish missionary and explorer, is received courteously with an embassy at Karakorum. He is given an audience with Möngke Khan, who is loaded with gifts and letters from Louis IX.[5]

Cities and Towns
  • June 12 – The Dutch city of Alkmaar obtains city rights from William II, anti-king of Germany.[6]
  • The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter from Bishop Jacob Erlandsen.

Commerce
  • The Rhenish League, a confederation of trading cities, is established in the Rhineland, Western Germany. The league (or Städtebund) comprises 59 cities.

Literature
  • The Japanese classic text Kokon Chomonjū is completed during the Kamakura Period under the reign of the 11-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

Markets
  • As part of an offensive against usury in north-western Europe, Innocent IV relieves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors.[7]

Religion
  • December 7 – Innocent IV dies after a pontificate of 11-year. He is succeeded by Alexander IV as the 181st pope of the Catholic Church.
  • The construction of the Cathedral of Saint Martin is initiated by Henry I van Vianden, bishop of Utrecht.
  • The Catholic dogma of purgatory is clarified and named by the Catholic Church (approximate date).

Births
  • March 27 – Hkun Law, Burmese ruler of Martaban (d. 1311)
  • May 4 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun and mystic (d. 1292)
  • May 13 – Marie of Brabant, queen of France (d. 1322)
  • June 24 – Floris V, count of Holland and Zeeland (d. 1296)
  • September 15 – Marco Polo, Venetian explorer (d. 1324)
  • Beatrice of Castile, marchioness of Montferrat (d. 1286)
  • Benedict, Swedish prince, nobleman and knight (d. 1291)
  • Bonacossa Borri (or Bonaca), Italian noblewoman (d. 1321)
  • Charles II (the Lame), son of Charles I of Anjou (d. 1309)
  • Fujiwara no Tamekane, Japanese official and poet (d. 1332)
  • Gerhard II (the Blind), German nobleman and knight (d. 1312)
  • Nijō Morotada, Japanese nobleman and official (d. 1341)
  • Osman I, founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)
  • Ren Renfa (or Ziming), Chinese artist and politician (d. 1327)
  • Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman and knight (d. 1297)
  • Tetsugyū Enshin, Japanese monk and scholar (d. 1326)
  • Zhao Mengfu, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 1322)

Deaths

References
  1. Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 BC to the Present, p. 5. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-24913-1.
  2. Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 142. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  3. Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I, pp. 11–14. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07209-9.
  4. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 235. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  5. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 248. ISBN 978-0-24129877-0.
  6. Vis, G. N. M. (1994). Oud en Arm: Hervormde bejaardenzorg in Alkmaar, 1744-1994. Hilversum: Verloren. p. 16. ISBN 90-6550-502-4.
  7. Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
  8. "Conrad IV | king of Germany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
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