List of contemporary ethnic groups
The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.
By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, which may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.
Ethnic groups
The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.
| Ethnicity | Language & Origin | Primary homeland | Subgroups, tribes & castes | Majority (plurality) religion and sect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| !Kung | Kxʼa → !Kung languages[note 1] | Kalahari Desert (Namibia) | Animism | |
| Abazins | Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza | Abazinia (Russia) | Significant populations in Turkey, Egypt and Ukraine | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Abenaki | Algic → Algonquian → Abenaki | Quebec (Canada), Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire (United States) | Abenaki religion | |
| Abkhazians | Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abkhaz | Abkhazia (Georgia) [note 2] | Sadz | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Acehnese | Austronesian → Chamic → Acehnese | Aceh (Indonesia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Acholi | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Acholi | Acholiland (Uganda, South Sudan) | Christianity | |
| Adjoukrou | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Adjukru | Dabou (Ivory Coast) | Christianity | |
| Afar | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Afar | Afaria (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea) | Islam | |
| Afemai | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Afenmai | Edo State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| African-Americans | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Louisiana Creole, Gullah, Afro-Seminole Creole, Francosign → ASLic → American Sign → Black American Sign | United States | Gullah, Creoles of color, Black Seminoles, Mascogos, Cherokee Freedmen, Sierra Leonean Americans, African-American Jews, with significant populations in France, the United Kingdom, Africa (including Ghana), and Israel | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Afrikaners | Indo-European → Germanic → Afrikaans | South Africa | Boers | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Afro-Brazilians | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Indo-European → Romance → Cafundó | Brazil | Zambo | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Caribbean | Indo-European → Germanic → English → English Creole, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Caribbean Spanish, Indo-European → Romance → French → French Creole, Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Surinamese Dutch, Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Papiamento, Niger–Congo → Yoruba, Niger–Congo → Igbo | Caribbean | Afro-Antiguan and Barbudan, Afro-Arubans, Afro-Bahamians, Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Bermudians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Costa Ricans, Afro-Cubans (including Ganga-Longoba), Afro-Curaçaoans, Afro-Dominicans (Dominica), Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic), Afro-Grenadians, Afro-Guatemalans, Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Hondurans, Afro-Jamaicans, Afro-Kittitians and Nevisians, Afro-Panamanian, Afro-Puerto Ricans, Afro-Saint Lucian, Afro-Salvadoran, Afro-Surinamese, Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians, Afro-Venezuelans, Afro-Vincentians, and Afro-Antiguans and Barbudans (including Afro-Antiquans and Afro-Barbudans) | Christianity, Islam, Rastafari, Obeah, Santería, Orisha, Trinidad Orisha, Yoruba, Vodou, Traditional African religion, Afro-American religion, Baháʼí |
| Agaw | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Agaw[note 1] | Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea)[note 3] | Bilen, Ximre, Awi, Qemant | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Ahom | Kra–Dai → Tai → Ahom[note 4] | Assam (India) | Hinduism | |
| Aimaq | Indo-European → Iranian → Persian → Aimaq | Afghanistan | Aimaq Hazara, Firozkohi, Jamshidi, Kipchak, Timuri, Taymani | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Ainus | Ainu languages[note 1] | Hokkaido, Tōhoku region (Japan), Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula, Khabarovsk Krai (Russia), Kuril Islands (Russia or Japan) | Hokkaido Ainu (including Ishikari Ainu, Menasunkur Ainu, and Sumunkur Ainu), Tokyo Ainu, Sakhalin Ainu, and Russian Ainu | Animism → Ainu folk religion, Buddhism → Nichiren Shōshū, Shinto, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Aja | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Adja | Benin, Togo | Traditional African religions | |
| Akan | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Central Tano,[note 1][note 5] Niger–Congo → Kwa → Avikam–Alladian,[note 1] Niger–Congo → Kwa → Avatime, Niger–Congo → Kwa → Abé, Niger–Congo → Kwa → Abidji, Niger–Congo → Kwa → Attié, Niger–Congo → Kwa → M'Bato, Niger–Congo → Kwa → Abure, Francosign → American Sign → Ghanaian Sign, Adamorobe Sign, Nanabin Sign | Gold Coast (Ghana)[note 6] | Twi (including Ashanti and Akuapem), Fante, Abbé, Abidji, Ahafo, Ahanta, Akwamu, Akyem, Anyi, Aowin, Assin, Attie, Avatime, Avikam, Baoulé, Brong, Chakosi, Evalue, M'Bato, Nzema, Sefwi (including House of Israel), Tchaman, Wasa, Abure, Alladian | Christianity |
| Akha | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Hani → Akha | Yunnan (Pu'er and Xishuangbanna)[note 7] | Akeu | Animism |
| Alawites | Afro-Asiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic | Syria, Lebanon | Islam → Alawite | |
| Albanians | Indo-European → Paleo-Balkan → Albanian[note 1] | Albania, Kosovo, Ilirida (North Macedonia), Chameria (Greece), Preševo Valley (Serbia) | Ghegs (including Arbanasi and Kosovars), Tosks (including Arbëreshë, Cham Albanians, Arvanites), along with significant populations in Turkey, Egypt, Syria, France, the United Kingdom Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Nordic countries, Switzerland, Greece (including Western Thrace), Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Australia, Canada, and the United States | Islam and Christianity |
| Aleuts | Eskimo-Aleut → Aleut | Aleutian Islands (United States) | Christianity → Orthodox Christianity | |
| Altaians | Turkic → Kipchak → Southern Altai, Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Northern Altai | Altai Republic and Altai Krai (Russia), Altai Mountains (Mongolia), Altay Prefecture (China) | Altai faith | |
| Alur | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Alur | West Nile sub-region (Uganda), Ituri (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Christianity | |
| Alutiiq | Eskimo–Aleut → Eskimo → Alutiiq | Alaska (United States) | Chugach | Christianity |
| Alyutors | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Alyutor | Shamanism | ||
| Ambonese | Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Ambonese Malay | Ambon Island (Indonesia) | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism | |
| Ambundu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kimbundu | Angola | Christianity, Traditional African religions | |
| Americo-Liberians | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Merico, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Liberian Kreyol | |||
| Amhara | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Amharic | Amharia (Ethiopia) | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy | |
| Amis | Austronesian → Formosan → Amis | Taiwan (Taitung and Hualien Counties) | Animism, Christianity | |
| Amish | Indo-European → Germanic → Pennsylvania Dutch, Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German → Alsatian | Pennsylvania (United States) | Swiss Amish | Christianity → Anabaptism |
| Anaang | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Anaang | Akwa Ibom State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Andalusians | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Andalusian Spanish | Andalusia (Spain) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Aneuk Jamee | Austronesian → Malayic → Minangkabau → Aneuk Jamee[note 8] | Aceh (Indonesia) | ||
| Anuak | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Anuak | Anuakia (Ethiopia), Boma (South Sudan) | Christianity | |
| Apache | Dené–Yeniseian → Na-Dene → Apachean[note 9] | Apacheria (United States) | Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Salinero, Plains Apache, Western Apache | Native American religion → Native American Church |
| Arabs | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic[note 1] | Arabian Peninsula[1] and Syrian Desert[2] | Bedouin, Peninsular Arabs, Levantine Arabs, Egyptian Arabs, Maghrebi Arabs, Mesopotamian Arabs, Khuzestani Arabs, Sudanese Arabs, Marsh Arabs, Alawites, mainly inhabit the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa (See Tribes of Arabia). | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Arapaho | Algic → Algonquian → Arapahoan → Arapaho | Colorado, Wyoming (United States) | Christianity, Native American Church | |
| Aragonese | Indo-European → Romance → Aragonese, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | Aragon (Spain) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Argobba | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Argobba[note 10] | Ethiopia (Afar, Harari, Amhara, and Oromia Regions)[note 3] | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Armenians | Indo-European → Armenian,[note 1] Armenian Sign | Greater Armenia (Armenia, Republic of Artsakh, Turkey)[note 11] | Turkish Armenians (including Armenians in Istanbul, Hemshin and Hidden Armenians), Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Hayhurum Karabakhis, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Serbia, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine (including Crimea), Cyprus, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, France, Spain, the United Kingdom Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Malta, Georgia (including Samtskhe–Javakheti, Abkhazia, and Tbilisi), Azerbaijan, (including Baku), Egypt, Lebanon, Pakistan, Iran, Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, Jordan, Ethiopia, China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Singapore, Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Aromanians | Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian | Balkans (Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania)[note 3] | Significant populations in Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and North Macedonia, along with diaspora populations | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Arrernte | Pama-Nyungan → Arandic → Arrernte | Arrernte Land (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Assyrians | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Neo-Aramaic[note 1][note 12] | Assyria (Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey)[note 13] | Iraqi Assyrians, Turkish Assyrians, Syrian Assyrians and Iranian Assyrians. Groupings include Chaldean Assyrians from Nineveh and Bohtan, Syriac Assyrians from Tur Abdin, Hakkari and Urmia tribes including; Tyari, Jilu, Baz, Tkhuma, Nochiya. Majority in diaspora | Christianity → Syriac Christianity |
| Asturians | Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese → Asturian, Indo-European → Romance → Galician and Asturleonese → Eonavian | Asturias | Eonavians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Atacama | Kunza | Atacama Desert (Chile), (Argentina), (Bolivia) | Inca Religion | |
| Atayals | Austronesian → Formosan → Atayal | Taiwan | Animism, Christianity | |
| Atoni | Austronesian → Timoric → Uab Meto | West Timor (Indonesia), Oecusse (East Timor) | Amarasi | Christianity |
| Atyap | Niger–Congo → Plateau → Atyap | Kaduna State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Austrians | Indo-European → Germanic → Bavarian, Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Austrian Sign | Austria, South Tyrol | Significant populations in United States, Canada, and Australia | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Avars | Northeast Caucasian → Avar | Dagestan (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Awa | Barbacoan → Awan → Awa | Nariño (Colombia), Carchi (Ecuador) | Christinity | |
| Awadhis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Awadhi | Awadh (India) | Barhai | Hinduism |
| Aymara | Aymaran → Aymara | Bolivia, Peru, Chile | Mestizos such as Bolivians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Azerbaijanis | Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri[note 1] | Azerbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan (Iran) | Ayrums, Bayat, Karadaghis, Qajars, Küresünni, Padar, Qarapapaqs, Shahsevan, Terekeme, Yeraz, Afshar, Iranian Azeris, along with significant populations in Georgia and Russia | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Baharna | Afro-Asiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Bahrani Arabic | Bahrain | Significant population in Kuwait | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Bahnar | Austroasiatic → Bahnar | Central Highlands, Vietnam | Animism | |
| Bai | Sino-Tibetan → Bai | Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (China) | Buddhism | |
| Bakossi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Akoose | Bakossi Mountains (Cameroon) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Balanta | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Balanta[note 1] | Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, The Gambia | Traditional African religions | |
| Balinese | Austronesian → Balinese | Bali (Indonesia) | Bali Aga | Hinduism → Balinese Hinduism |
| Balkars | Turkic → Kipchak → Balkar | Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Balochs | Indo-European → Iranian → Balochi | Balochistan (Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan) | Askani, Bajkani, Bangulzai, Barazani, Bhurgari, Bugti, Buledi, Chandio, Darzada, Dehwar, Dodai, Dombki, Gabol, Ghazini, Jamali, Jatoi, Kalmati, Khetran, Kunara, Langhani, Lango, Lashkrani, Loharani, Lund, Marri, Mazari, Mengal, Mirali, Mugheri, Muhammad Shahi, Mullazai, Nothazai, Pitafi, Qaisrani, Rind, Sadozai, Sethwi, Shaikhzadah, Talpur, Tauki, Umrani, Yarahmadzai, Zardari, Makrani, along with significant populations in the United Arab Emirates (including Al Balushi) and Turkmenistan | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Balti | Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Balti | Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) | Islam → Shia Islam | |
| Bamars | Sino-Tibetan → Burmese | Myanmar | Taungyo, Yaw, Intha, Danu, Anglo-Burmese | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Bambara | Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Bambara | Mali | Haratin | Islam |
| Bamileke | Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamileke[note 1] | Cameroon (West and Northwest regions) | Mengaka, Ngiemboon, Ngombale, Ngomba, Ngwe, Yemba, Fe'fe', Ghomala', Kwaʼ, Nda’nda', Medumba | Christianity |
| Bamum | Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamum | West Region (Cameroon) | Islam | |
| Banda | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Banda[note 1] | Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Central Banda, South Banda, West Banda | Christianity |
| Banjarese | Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Banjarese | South Kalimantan (Indonesia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Banjara | Indo-European → Rajasthani → Lambadi | Mewar (India) | ||
| Barak Turkmens | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish | Turkey, Syria | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Bari | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Bari | Central Equatoria (South Sudan), Uganda | Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mandari, Kuku | Christianity |
| Bariba | Niger–Congo → Gur → Bariba | Borgu (Benin, Nigeria) | Islam | |
| Bashkirs | Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir | Bashkortostan (Russia) | Islam | |
| Basques | Basque[note 15] | Basque Country (Spain, France) | Navarreans, Northern Basques, along with significant populations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, and Uruguay | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bassa | Niger–Congo → Kru → Bassa | Bassaland (Liberia) | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism | |
| Batak | Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Batak[note 1] | North Sumatra (Indonesia) | Angkola, Karo, Mandailing, Pakpak, Simalungun, Toba, Alas, Kluet, Singkil | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Bateri | Indo-European → Dardic → Bateri | Kohistan (Pakistan) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Bazigar | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bazigar | North India (India), Punjab (India and Pakistan) | ||
| Beja | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Beja | Sudan, Egypt, Eritrea | Bishari, Hadendoa, Hedareb, Amarar, Beni-Amer | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Belarusians | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian[note 16] | Belarus | Significant populations in the United States, Ukraine, and Russia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Belizean Creoles | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Belizean Creole | Belize | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Bemba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bemba | Zambia (Northern, Luapula, and Copperbelt Provinces), Katanga Province (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Bembe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bembe | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania | Christianity | |
| Bena | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bena | Njombe Region (Tanzania) | ||
| Bengalis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bengali | Bengal (Bangladesh, India) | Bengali Muslims, Bengali Hindus, Bangladeshis, along with the Bengali Hindu diaspora, (British Bangladeshis, Middle Eastern Bangladeshis, Malaysian Bangladeshis, Bangladeshi Canadians, Italo-Bangladeshis, Polish Bangladeshis, Bangladeshi New Zealanders, Bangladeshi Australians, Maldivian Bangladeshis, Japanese Bangladeshis, Bengali Americans and Bangladeshi Americans), Bangals, Ghotis, Dhakaiyas | Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism |
| Berbers | Afroasiatic → Berber,[note 1]Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic[note 1] | Maghreb | Central Atlas Berbers, Chaouis, Kabyle, Chenouas, Ghomaras, Hawwara, Matmatas, Mozabite, Nafusis, Rifian, Shilha, Siwi, Tuaregs, Awjila | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Berom | Niger–Congo → Plateau → Berom | Plateau State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Berta | Nilo-Saharan → Berta | Benishangul-Gumuz Region (Ethiopia), South Sudan | Islam | |
| Betawis | Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Betawian | Jakarta (Indonesia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Beti | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Beti[note 17] | Cameroon | Ewondo, Eton | Christianity |
| Bezhta | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Bezhta | Tsuntinsky District (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Bhils | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhil[note 1] | India (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra) | Barda, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Bhil Gametia, Bhil Garasia, Bhil Kataria, Bhil Mama, Bhil Mavchi, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Damor, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Nirdhi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Vasava, Bhil Meena, Chaudhri | Hinduism |
| Bhojpuris | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Bhojpuri | India, Nepal | Paswan, Thakur, Teli | Hinduism |
| Bhumijs | Austroasiatic → Munda → Bhumij[note 18] | India (West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand) | Sarnaism | |
| Bicolanos | Austronesian → Philippine → Bikol[note 1] | Bicol Region (Philippines) | Central Bikol, Sorsoganons, Catandunganons, Rinconada, Albayanon | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bidayuh | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Land Dayak[note 1] | Sarawak (Malaysia) | Kendayan, Selako, Bakatiʼ, Sara Bakati', Laraʼ, Bukar –Sadong, Biatah, Tringgus, Jagoi, Jangkang, Kembayan, Semandang, Ribun, Nyaduʼ, Sanggau | Christianity |
| Bilala | Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Naba | Lake Fitri (Chad) | Islam | |
| Bishnupriya Manipuris | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bishnupriya Manipuri | Manipur (India), Bangladesh | Hinduism | |
| Bissa | Niger–Congo → Mande → Bissa | Burkina Faso | Islam | |
| Blaan | Austronesian → Philippine → Blaan | Soccsksargen (Philippines) | Anitism | |
| Blackfoot | Algic → Algonquian → Blackfoot | Alberta (Canada), Montana (United States) | Kainai Nation, Piegan Blackfeet, Piikani Nation, Siksika Nation | Native American Church, Christianity |
| Boa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Boa | Bas-Uélé (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Christianity | |
| Bodo | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Bodo | Bodoland (India) | Mech, Kachari | Bathouism, Hinduism |
| Bokota | Chibchan → Buglere | Bocas del Toro (Panama) | Native American religion | |
| Bondei | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sueta → Bondei | Pangani District (Tanzania) | ||
| Bosniaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Bosnian | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro) | Significant populations in Serbia, Turkey, Austria, Germany and the United States | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Bouyei | Kra–Dai → Tai → Bouyei | Guizhou (China) | Giáy | Moism |
| Bozo | Niger–Congo → Mande → Bozo | Mali | Islam | |
| Brahuis | Dravidian → Brahui | Balochistan (Pakistan) | Raisani, Jhalawan, Sarawan, Mengal (including Zagar and Zakria Zae), Sasoli | Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi |
| Bretons | Indo-European → Celtic → Breton[note 19] | Brittany (France) | Significant populations in Canada and the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bribri | Chibchan → Talamanca → Bribri, Bribri Sign | Cordillera de Talamanca (Costa Rica) | Talamancan mythology | |
| Bru | Austroasiatic → Katuic → Bru | Savannakhet province (Laos), Vietnam (Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị provinces) | Animism | |
| Bubi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bube | Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Budu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Budu | Wamba Territory (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Christianity | |
| Buduma | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Yedina | Lake Chad (Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon) | Islam | |
| Buginese | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Buginese | South Sulawesi (Indonesia) | Islam | |
| Bulgarians | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian, Francosign → Bulgarian Sign | Bulgaria | Pomaks, Paulicians, Macedonian Bulgarians, along with significant populations in Turkey, Ukraine and Moldova, Romania and Serbia, Croatia, Germany, Spain, and the United States | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Burghers | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala, Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole | Sri Lanka | Dutch Burghers, Portuguese Burghers | Christianity |
| Burushos | Burushaski | Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) | Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism | |
| Butonese | Austronesian → Celebic → Butonese[note 1] | Buton (Indonesia) | Islam | |
| Bwa | Niger–Congo → Gur → Bwa[note 1] | Burkina Faso, Mali | Traditional African religions | |
| Camminanti | Indo-European → Romance → Sicilian → Baccagghju | Sicily (Italy) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Canary Islanders | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Canarian Spanish, Silbo Gomero | Canary Islands (Spain) | Isleños | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Cape Verdeans | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Cape Verdean Creole | Cabo Verde | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Carolinians | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Micronesian → Carolinian | Northern Mariana Islands (United States) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Catalans | Indo-European → Romance → Catalan, Catalan Sign[note 1] | Catalan Countries (Spain, France, Andorra) | Valencians, Balearics, Algherese, Andorrans, Catalan Americans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Chaga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chaga[note 1] | Tanzania | Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions | |
| Chagossians | Indo-European → Bourbonnais Creole → Chagossian Creole | Chagos Archipelago[note 20] | ||
| Chaharmahali Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Chaharmahali Turkic | Chaharmahal (Iran) | ||
| Chakmas | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Chakma | Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bangladesh) | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism | |
| Chamorro | Austronesian → Chamorro | Mariana Islands (United States) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Chams | Austronesian → Chamic → Cham[note 1] | Champa (Cambodia, Vietnam) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Chechens | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen | Chechnya (Russia) | Kists, Chechen Kurds, with significant populations in Austria, France, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, and the United States | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Cherokee | Iroquoian → Southern Iroquoian → Cherokee[note 21] | United States (North Carolina, Tennessee)[note 22] | Cherokee Nation, Eastern Band, United Keetoowah Band, Cherokee Freedmen | Christianity |
| Chewa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chewa | Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique | Christianity | |
| Cheyennes | Algic → Algonquian → Cheyenne, Plains Indian Sign Language | United States (Montana, Oklahoma) | Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity | |
| Choctaw | Muskogean → Choctaw[note 21] | United States (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana)[note 22] | Christianity | |
| Chokwe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chokwe | Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia | Christianity | |
| Chukchis | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukchi | Chukchia | Chuvans | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Chutiya | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Deori[note 4] | Assam (India) | Deori | Hinduism |
| Chuukese | Austronesian → Micronesian → Chuukese | Chuuk Lagoon (Federated States of Micronesia) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Chuvash | Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash | Chuvashia (Russia) | Virjal, Anatri | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Circassians | Northwest Caucasian → Circassian[note 1] | Circassia (Russia)[note 2] | Abzakhs, Adygeans, Besleneys, Bzhedugs, Chemirgoys, Cherkess, Kabardians, Natukhajs, Shapsugs, Ubykhs, Hatuqways | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Cofán | Cofán language | Sucumbios (Ecuador), Putumayo (Colombia) | Animism | |
| Comanche | Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Comanche, Indo-European → Germanic → English | Comancheria (United States) | Native American Church, Christianity | |
| Copts | Afroasiatic → Coptic,[note 23] Egyptian Sign | Egypt | Sudan and Libya along with the Coptic diaspora | Christianity → Coptic Orthodoxy |
| Cornish | Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish,[note 24] BANZSL → British Sign | Cornwall (United Kingdom) | Significant populations in the United States and Australia | Christianity |
| Corsicans | Indo-European → Romance → Corsican[note 19] | Corsica (France) | Corsican Americans (including Corsican Puerto Ricans} | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Cree | Algic → Algonquian → Cree[note 25] | Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador) | Innu, Naskapi, Atikamekw, James Bay Cree, Moose Cree, Swampy Cree, Woods Cree, Plains Cree, Oji-Cree | Christianity |
| Croats | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian,[note 1][note 26] Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign[note 1] | Croatia, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) | Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Šokci, Bosnian Croats, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), Austria, United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Australia and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Crow | Siouan → Western Siouan → Crow | Montana (United States) | Christianity, Crow religion | |
| Czechs | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech | Czech Republic | Bohemians, Moravians, along with significant populations in United States and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism[note 27] |
| Dagaaba | Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagaare | Ghana, Burkina Faso | Christianity | |
| Dagombas | Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagbani | Kingdom of Dagbon (Ghana) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Damara | Khoe → Khoekhoe | Damaraland (Namibia) | Christianity | |
| Damia | Indo-European → Dameli → Dameli | Chitral District (Pakistan) | ||
| Danes | Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Danish | Denmark | Significant populations in the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Germany. | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Dargins | Northeast Caucasian → Dargwa | Dagestan (Russia) | Kaitag, Kubachi, Itsari, Chirag | Islam |
| Deccani | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Deccani | Deccan (South-Central India) | Hyderabadi | Islam |
| Dinka | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Dinka | South Sudan | Christianity | |
| Dogon | Niger–Congo → Dogon,[note 1] Bangime, Tebul Sign | Bandiagara Escarpment (Mali) | Ampari Dogon (including Nyamboli), Tebul U, Mombo Dogon, Escarpment Dogon (including Tommo So), Jamsai Dogon, Nanga Dogon, Yanda Bɔlɔm, Walo, Beente, Duleri Dogon, Pinia, Bondum Dogon, Dogul Dogon, Budu, Western Plains Dogon, Toro-tegu Dogon, Bangande | Traditional African religions |
| Dogras | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dogri | Jammu Division (India) | Hinduism | |
| Druze | Afroasiastic → Semitic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic, DGSic → Israeli Sign | Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel) | Islam → Sunni Islam → Isma'ilism → Druzism | |
| Dubla | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhil → Dubli[note 28] | Gujarat (India) | Hinduism | |
| Dutch | Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch, Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, Indo-European → Germanic → Afrikaans, Indo-European → Germanic → Gronings, Indo-European → Germanic → Limburgish, Indo-European → Germanic → Plautdietsch, Francosign → Dutch Sign | Netherlands | Groningers, Mennonites (including Russian Mennonites (including Old Colony Mennonites)), Zeeuws, Limburgers, and numerous colonial descendants such as Arubans, Bonairians, Curaçaoans, Sabans, St. Maarteners, St. Eustatians, Indos, Cape Coloureds, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand | Christianity[note 27] |
| Dyula | Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Dyula | Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Ebira | Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Ebira | Kogi State (Nigeria) | Islam | |
| Edo | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Edo | Edo State (Nigeria) | Ika, Emai | Christianity |
| Efik | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Efik | Cross River State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Egyptians | Afro-Asiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Egyptian Arabic, Afro-Asiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Sa'idi Arabic, Egyptian Sign | Egypt | Sa'idi | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Ekoi | Niger–Congo → Bantoid → Jagham | Nigeria, Cameroon | Christianity | |
| Emberá | Choco → Emberá languages[note 1] | Chocó Department (Colombia), Panama (Darién, Emberá) | Shamanism | |
| English | Indo-European → Germanic → English, BANZSL → British Sign | England (United Kingdom)[note 29] | Numerous colonial descendants include Americans, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, English South Africans, and significant populations in Commonwealth Caribbean, Saint Helena, Botswana, Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Pakistan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, and Singapore. | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism |
| Esan | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Esan | Esanland (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Esperantujo | Constructed language → Esperanto | |||
| Estonians | Uralic → Finnic → Estonian, Uralic → Finnic → South Estonian, | Estonia, Setomaa | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism[note 27] | |
| Evenks | Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Evenki, Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Negidal | Russia, China | Negidals | Shamanism |
| Evens | Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Even | Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast, Sakha (Russia) | Shamanism | |
| Ewe | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Ewe | Togo, Ghana | Anlo Ewe, Waci | Christianity |
| Fang | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Beti → Fang | Río Muni (Equatorial Guinea), Gabon | Christianity | |
| Fantefolk | Rodi | Norway | Christianity | |
| Faroese | Faroe Islands | Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Faroese | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Fijians | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Fijian | Fiji | Fijian Americans, Fijian Australians, Fijian British | Christianity → Protestantism → Methodism |
| Finns | Uralic → Finnic → Finnish, Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Meänkieli, Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Kven, Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Swedish → Finland Swedish, SSLic → FSLic → Finland-Swedish Sign | Finland | Kvens, Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns (including Siberian Finns), Savonians, Tavastians, Finns proper, Ostrobothnians, Finnish Karelians, Finland Swedes, Kainuu, and Murmansk Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, United States (including Findians), Argentina, and Canada (including Findians). | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Fipa | Niger–Congo → Bantu (Zone M) → Fipa, Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mambwe-Lungu | Rukwa Region, Tanzania (Sumbawanga Rural District, Nkasi District) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Flemings | Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Flemish, Indo-European → Germanic → West Flemish, Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, Francosign → Belgian Sign → Flemish Sign | Flanders (Belgium), French Flanders, Zeelandic Flanders | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Fon | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Fon | Dahomey (Benin) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| French | Indo-European → Romance → Langues d'oïl,[note 1] Indo-European → Romance → Arpitan, Indo-European → Romance → Faetar, Francosign → French Sign, Francosign → Swiss-French Sign, Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign | France, Romandy (Switzerland), Aosta Valley (Italy) | Arpitans (including Savoyards, Faetani, and Cellese), Burgundians, Champenois, Comtois, Gallo, Lorrainers, Normans (including Channel Islanders such as Jèrriais, Guernésiais, and Sercquiais), Picards, Mayennais, Poitevins (including Saintongeais), Barthélemoise, Saint-Martinois, French Guianese, Caldoche, Réunionese (including Zoreilles), Huguenots (including Huguenots in South Africa, Huguenot Australians, and North America), Saint-Pierrais, along with numerous colonial descendants such as Pied-Noirs, French Canadians (including Quebecers, Acadians, Franco-Ontarians, Franco-Manitobans, Franco-Nunavois, Franco-Newfoundlanders, Franco-Ténois, Franco-Albertans, Franco-Yukonnais, Franco-Columbians, Muskrat French, Fransaskois, Brayons, and French-Canadian Americans), French Haitians, French Malagasy, Franco-Mauritians, Franco-Seychellois, French Americans (including French Puerto Ricans), French Senegalese, French Ivorians, French Hongkongers, French Japanese, French Koreans, French Pakistanis, French Lebanese, French Emiratis, French Hungarians, French Britons, French Cubans, French Guatemalans, French Mexicans, French Australians, French New Zealanders, French Argentines, French Brazilians, French Chileans, French Colombians, French Peruvians, French Uruguayans, | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Frisians | Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian languages,[note 1] Indo-European → Germanic → East Frisian Low Saxon, Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → West Frisian Dutch | Frisia (Netherlands, Germany, historically Denmark) | Westlauwers Frisians (including Terschelling Frisians, Schiermonnikoog Frisians, and Hindeloopen Frisians), East Frisians, North Frisians, Saterland Frisians, with significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Friulians | Indo-European → Romance → Friulian | Friuli (Italy) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Fula | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Fula | West Africa (Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin, Chad)[note 30] | Wodaabe, Haratin, Fula Jalon, Fulakunda, Maasina Fulfulde | Islam |
| Fur | Nilo-Saharan → Fur | Darfur (Sudan) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Fuyu Kyrgyz | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Fuyu Kyrgyz | Fuyu County (Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China) | ||
| Ga-Adangbe | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ga–Dangme[note 1] | Greater Accra (Ghana) | Ga, Adangbe | Christianity |
| Gabrieleños | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Uto-Aztecan → Takic → Gabrieleño[note 31] | Native American religion, Christianity | ||
| Gagauz | Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz | Gagauzia (Moldova), Budjak (Ukraine) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Galicians | Indo-European → Romance → Galician | Galicia (Spain) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Gamilaraay | Pama-Nyungan → Wiradhuric → Gamilaraay | New South Wales, Queensland (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Ganda | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Luganda | Buganda (Uganda) | Abayudaya | Christianity |
| Garhwalis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Garhwali | Uttarakhand (India) | Hinduism | |
| Garifunas | Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Garifuna[note 32] | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[note 33] | Significant populations in the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Garos | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Garo | Garo Hills (India) | Christianity | |
| Gayonese | Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Gayo | Indonesia (Bener Meriah, Central Aceh, and Gayo Lues Regencies) | Islam | |
| Gbagyi | Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Gwari | Nigeria | Traditional African religions | |
| Gbaya | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Gbaya[note 1] | Central African Republic, Cameroon | Bokoto, Kàrà, Buli (including Toongo), Ali, Mandja, Gbaya-Bossangoa, Bozom, Mbodomo, Gbanu, Bangandu | Islam |
| Gedeo | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Gedeo | Gedeo Zone (Ethiopia) | Christianity → Protestantism → P'ent'ay | |
| Gelao | Kra–Dai → Kra → Gelao[note 1][note 34] | Guizhou (China) | Taoism, Buddhism | |
| Georgians | Kartvelian languages,[note 1] Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Bats, Georgian Sign | Georgia | Adjarians, Mingrelians, Svans, Tushetians, Meskhetians, Imerkhevians, Bats,[note 35] with significant populations in Turkey (including Chveneburi, France, Belgium, Poland, Russia, Spain, Ukraine, the United States, and Iran | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Germans | Indo-European → Germanic → High German languages,[note 1] Indo-European → Germanic → Low German languages,[note 1] DGSic → German Sign, Swiss-German Sign | Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Eastern Belgium, South Tyrol | Bavarians, Franconians, Hessians, Hunsriks, Upper Saxons, Lower Saxons, Swabians (including Danube Swabians (including Banat Swabians)), Rhinelanders (including Colognians), Alsatians, Deutschschweizer, Liechtensteiners, Pomeranians, Volga Germans, Baltic Germans, Silesian Germans, Carpathian Germans, North Schleswig Germans, Eastern Belgians, Transylvanian Saxons, Pennsylvania Dutch, Mennonites (including Russian Mennonites), Walsers, Bukovina Germans, Halcnovians, and Nordschleswiger, along with significant populations in the United States (including German Texans), Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela (including Colonia Tovar Germans) Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan, Australia, Poland, Denmark, and New Zealand. | Christianity |
| Gogo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Gogo | Dodoma Region, Tanzania | ||
| Gilaks | Indo-European → Iranian → Gilaki | Gilan, Iran | Islam → Twelver Shi’ism | |
| Gitxsan | Tsimshianic → Gitxsan | Skeena Country (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Gola | Niger–Congo → Gola | Liberia, Sierra Leone | Islam | |
| Gonds | Dravidian → Gondi[note 36] | Gondwana (India) | Godha, Madia Gonds, Muria, Koya | Hinduism |
| Gorani | Indo-European → Slavic → Gorani | Gora (Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Gorals | Indo-European → Slavic → Lechitic → Górolski[note 37] | Southern Poland, northern Slovakia, Cieszyn Silesia (Poland, Czech Republic) | Silesian Gorals | Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Gorontalo | Austronesian → Philippine → Gorontaloan | Gorontalo (Indonesia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Great Andamanese | Great Andamanese | Great Andaman (India) | Animism | |
| Greeks | Indo-European → Hellenic,[note 1] Turkic → Kipchak → Urum, Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian, Indo-European → Romance → Megleno-Romanian, Indo-European → Albanian → Arvanitika, Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign, Cypriot Sign | Greece, Cyprus | Greek Cypriots, Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks, Sarakatsani, Urums, Griko, Macedonian Greeks, Anatolian Greeks, Tsakonians, Antiochian Greeks and also sizeable populations of Arvanites, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians who identify as ethnic Greeks, along with a significant diaspora in Albania (including Northern Epirotes), Turkey, Ukraine, Georgia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Canada | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Guajajara | Tupian → Tenetehara | Maranhao (Brazil) | Shamanism | |
| Guan | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Guang[note 1] | Ghana (Brong-Ahafo and Volta Regions) | Gonja, Kyode, Cherepon, Efutu, Anyanga, Larteh, Chumburung, Krache, Anum-Boso | Christianity |
| Guaraní | Tupian → Guarani | Paraguay, Misiones (Argentina), Bolivia | Chiriguanos, along with Mestizos such as Paraguayans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gujarati | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati | Gujarat (India) | Koli, Bharwad, Khoja, Patidar, Sunni Bohra, Lohana, Vagri, Kharva, Charan, Baria, Momna, Ghanchi, Shenva, Bhambi Khalpa, Zarabes, Bhoi, Luso-Indians, Gujarati Americans | Hinduism, Islam |
| Gujjar / Gurjar | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujari | Primarily Pakistan & India, also Afghanistan at smaller numbers | Khatana, Solanki, Parihar, Tanwar, Parmar, chandel, Chauhan, Bhadana, Bhatti, Kohli, Tomar, Panwar, Pawar, Bainsla, Bagri, Hans, etc. | Islam, Hinduism |
| Gumuz | Nilo-Saharan → Gumuz | Benishangul-Gumuz Region (Ethiopia) | Traditional African religion | |
| Guna | Chibchan → Kuna | Guna Yala (Panama) | Native American religion | |
| Gurage | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Gurage[note 1] | Guragia (Ethiopia) | Kistane, Zay, Inor, Mesqan, Sebat Bet (including Chaha and Muher) | Christianity |
| Gurma | Niger–Congo → Gur → Gourmanché | Gurmaland (Burkina Faso, Ghana) | Ntcham, Bimoba | Islam |
| Gurungs | Sino-Tibetan → Gurung | Nepal, Sikkim (India), West Bengal (India) | Ghale, Gurung | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Gurunsi | Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi[note 1] | Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo | Lukpa, Kabye, Tem, Lamba, Delo, Bago-Kusuntu, Chala, Lyélé, Nuna, Kalamsé, Pana, Kassena, Winye, Deg, Puguli, Paasaal, Sisaala, Chakali, Siti, Tamprusi, Vagla | Traditional African religions |
| Gwich'in | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Gwich'in | Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories (Canada), Alaska (United States) | Native American religion | |
| Ha | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ha | Kigoma Region (Tanzania) | Animism | |
| Hadiya | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Hadiyya | Hadiya (Ethiopia) | Islam | |
| Hadza | Hadza language | Karatu District (Tanzania) | Hadza mythology | |
| Haida | Haida | Haida Gwaii (Canada) | Haida Traditional Faith | |
| Haisla | Wakashan → Haisla | British Columbia (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Hän | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Hän | Yukon Territory (Canada, Alaska (United States) | Native American religion | |
| Han Chinese | Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese languages,[note 1] CSLic languages,[note 1] JSLic → Taiwan Sign, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manglish, Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Bazaar Malay → Baba Malay | Mainland China, Macau (China), Hong Kong (China), Taiwan, Singapore, Kokang (Myanmar) | Subei, Cantonese (including Punti, Taishanese (including Taishanese Hongkongers), Hongkongers (including Hong Kong Americans, Hong Kong Canadians, Hong Kong Britons, Hong Kong Australians, and Hongkongers in the Netherlands), Macau, Namshun, Cantonese Cambodians, and Chuanqing), Tankas (including Dan and Fuzhou Tanka), Hui, Fujianese (including Fuzhounese (including Fuzhounese Americans), Hoklo (including Hoklo Taiwanese, Hoklo Cambodians, and Hoklo Americans), Hui'an maidens, Putianese, Fujianese Hongkongers, Fokien, and Teochew (including Teochew Cambodians)), Gaoshan Han, Gan, Tunbao, Pinghua (including Northern Pinghua and Southern Pinghua), Hakka (including Ngái (including Dan), Hakka Mauritians, Hakka Cambodians, and Hakka Americans), Hainanese (including Hainanese Cambodians), Hebei, Hunanese, Jianghuai, Shandong, Sichuanese, Wu (including Shanghainese, Ningbonese, and Wenzhounese (including Wenzhounese French)), Kokang Chinese, Han Taiwanese (including Hoklo Taiwanese), Sino-Singaporeans (including Straits Chinese), along with significant populations in the United States (including Hoklo Americans, Hong Kong Americans, Fuzhounese Americans, and Hakka Americans), Mongolia, Malaysia (including Penangite Chinese, Straits Chinese, and Peranakans (including Baba-Nyonya and Kiau–Seng)), Thailand, Indonesia (including Benteng), Myanmar, Canada (including Hong Kong Canadians), the Philippines (including Sangleys), Peru, Australia (including Hong Kong Australians), Vietnam (including Chinese Nùng and Ngái (including Dan)), Japan, Russia, France (including Chinois and Wenzhounese French), the United Kingdom (including Hong Kong Britons), South Africa, Italy, Bulgaria, Germany, Korea (including North Korea and South Korea), Fiji, Finland, Spain, India, Laos, Brazil, the Netherlands (including Hongkongers in the Netherlands), Argentina, Panama, Madagascar, Mauritius (including Namshun, Fokien, Hakka Mauritians, and Sino-creoles), Seychelles, Venezuela, Cambodia (including Teochew Cambodians, Cantonese Cambodians, Hainanese Cambodians, Hoklo Cambodians, and Hakka Cambodians), Belgium, Denmark, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Czech Republic, Chinese Bangladeshis, the Caribbean (including Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, Suriname, and Guyana), Chile, Costa Rica, Brazil, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Mozambique, Romania, Samoa, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, the Republic of Congo, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and New Zealand | Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Taoism, no religion (see also Religion in China and Religion in Taiwan) |
| Hangaza | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Hangaza | Kagera Region, Tanzania | ||
| Hani | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Hani | Yunnan (China) | Animism | |
| Harari | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Harari | Hararia (Ethiopia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Hausa | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Hausa | Hausaland (Niger, Nigeria, Ghana) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Hawaiians | Austronesian → Polynesian → Hawaiian,[note 38] Indo-European → Germanic → English Creole → Hawaiian Pidgin, Hawaiʻi Sign, Hawaiʻi Sign and American Sign → Creole Hawaiʻi Sign | Hawaii (United States) | Christianity | |
| Haya | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Haya | Kagera Region, Tanzania | Christianity, Ruhanga | |
| Hazaras | Indo-European → Iranian → Persian → Hazaragi | Hazarajat (Afghanistan) | Aimaq Hazara, Hazara Australians | Islam → Twelver Shi’ism |
| Hehe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Hehe | Iringa Region, Tanzania | ||
| Heiltsuk | Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk-Oowekyala → Heiltsuk | Central Coast Regional District (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Herero | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Herero | Hereroland (Namibia), Angola | OvaHimba, Ovambanderu | Christianity |
| Highland Travellers | Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic → Beurla Reagaird | Scottish Highlands (Scotland) | ||
| Hinukh | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hinuq | Tsuntinsky District (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Hmong | Hmong–Mien → Hmongic[note 1] | Guizhou (China)[note 39] | A-Hmao, Gha-Mu, Xong, Pa-Hng, Hmong Americans | Hmong folk religion |
| Hopi | Uto-Aztecan → Hopi | Hopi Reservation (United States) | Christianity, Native American Church | |
| Huli | Trans–New Guinea → Engan → Huli | Southern Highlands Province (Papua New Guinea) | Christianity | |
| Hungarians | Uralic → Ugric → Hungarian, Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Hungarian Sign | Hungary, Székely Land (Romania), Felvidék (Slovakia) | Palóc, Matyó, along with significant populations in Romania (including Székelys and Csángós ), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, the United States, and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Hunzibs | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hunzib | Tsuntinsky District (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Hutterites | Indo-European → Germanic → German → Hutterite German | Great Plains | Christianity → Anabaptism | |
| Hutu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Rwanda-Rundi[note 40] | Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Christianity | |
| Iban | Austronesian → Malayic → Iban | Sarawak (Malaysia) | Mualang | Christianity |
| Ibanag | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Ibanag | Philippines (Isabela, Cagayan) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Ibibio | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Ibibio | Akwa Ibom State (Nigeria) | Eket, Aro | Christianity |
| Icelanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Icelandic | Iceland | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Idoma | Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Idoma | Benue State (Nigeria) | Agatu, Alago, Yala | Christianity |
| Igbo | Niger–Congo → Igbo | Igboland (Nigeria) | Anioma, Aro, Edda, Ekpeye, Etche, Ezaa, Ika, Ikwerre, Ikwo, Isu, Izzi, Mbaise, Mgbo, Ngwa, Nri-Igbo, Ogba, Ohafia, Ohuhu, Onitsha-Ado, Ukwuani, Waawa, Igbo Jews | Christianity |
| Igede | Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Igede | Benue State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Igorot | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran[note 1] | Cordillera Administrative Region (Philippines) | Balangao, Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao (including Kalanguya), Isnag, Kalinga, Kankanaey | Anitism |
| Ijaw | Niger–Congo → Ijaw[note 1] | Nigeria (Rivers, Bayelsa, and Delta States) | Bille, Engenni, Ibani, Kalabari, Kula, Nkoro, Nkoroo, Obolo | Christianity |
| Ili Turks | Turkic → Karluk → Ili Turki | Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (China), Kazakhstan | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Ilocano | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Ilocano | Ilocos Region (Philippines) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Indo-Caribbean | Indo-European → Germanic → English → English Creole, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Caribbean Spanish, Indo-European → Romance → French → French Creole, Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Surinamese Dutch, Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Papiamento, Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Caribbean Hindustani, Dravidian → Tamil–Kannada → Tamil | Caribbean | Indo-Barbadian, Indo-Dominican, Indo-Grenadians, Indo-Guadeloupeans, Indo-Haitians, Indo-Jamaicans, Indo-Martiniquais, Indo-Kittitians and Indo-Nevisians, Indo-Saint Lucian, Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian, Indo-Vincentian, Indo-Belizeans, Indo-Guyanese, Indo-Surinamese | Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí |
| Ingush | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush | Ingushetia (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Indus Kohistanis | Indo-European → Dardic → Indus Kohistani | Kohistan (Pakistan) | ||
| Inuit | Eskimo–Aleut → Inuit,[note 1] Inuit Sign | Greenland (Denmark), Canada (Nunavut, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, NunatuKavut), Alaska (United States) | Greenlandics (including Kalaallit, Tunumiit, Inughuit and Greenlandic Danes), Iñupiat, Inuktitut, Inuvialuit | Christianity |
| Iranun | Austronesian → Philippine → Iranun | Mindanao (Philippines) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Iraqw | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Iraqw | Tanzania | Christianity | |
| Irish | Indo-European → Celtic → Irish,[note 24] Indo-European → Celtic and Germanic → Shelta, Francosign → Irish Sign, BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign | Ireland (Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom)[note 41] | Ulster Irish, Irish Catholics, Irish-Scots, along with significant populations in the United States, Australia, Canada, Argentina, Mexico, Great Britain, Russia, and New Zealand | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Irish Travellers | Indo-European → Shelta | Ireland | Significant populations in the United Kingdom, and the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Iroquois | Iroquoian[note 42] | United States, Canada | Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora | Longhouse Religion |
| Isan | Kra–Dai → Tai → Lao → Isan | Isan (Thailand) | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism | |
| Isoko | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Isoko | Isoko region (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Istro-Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Istro-Romanian | Istria (Croatia) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Italians | Indo-European → Romance → Italo-Dalmatian,[note 1] Indo-European → Romance → Gallo-Italic,[note 1] Indo-European → Slavic → Slavomolisano, Francosign → Italian Sign, Francosign → Swiss-Italian Sign | Italy, Ticino (Switzerland) | Waldensians, Lazians, Marchigianos, Tuscans, Umbrians, Emilians, Romagnol (including Sammarinese (including Sammarinese Americans)), Trentinis, Ligurians (including Niçard Italians, Monégasques (including Monégasque Americans)), Lombards, Piedmontese, Apulians, Calabrians, Neapolitans (including Abruzzans, Molisans (including Molise Croats), Lucanians, and Campanians), Venetians (including Talians and Chipileños), Vastese, Istrian Italians (including Istriots), Dalmatian Italians, along with significant populations in Argentina, Brazil, the United States, Venezuela, Canada, France, Peru, Uruguay, Australia, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Croatia, Crimea, Romania, Chile and the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Itawes | Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Itawis | Cagayan Valley (Philippines) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Itelmens | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Kamchatkan → Itelmen | Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) | Shamanism | |
| Izhorians | Uralic → Finnic → Ingrian | Ingria (Russia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Japanese | Japonic → Japanese, Japonic → Hachijō, JSLic → Japanese Sign, Miyakubo Sign | Japan | Kantō, Kansai, Hokkaido, Tōhoku, Hōnichi, Satsugū, Chūgoku, Echigo, Tōkai, Shinshuu, Hokuriku, Hachijō, Miyakubo, along with significant populations in Brazil, the United States and the Philippines. | Shinto, Buddhism[note 43] |
| Jarai | Austronesian → Chamic → Jarai | Central Highlands, Vietnam | Animism | |
| Jarawas | Ongan → Jarawa | South Andaman, Middle Andaman (India) | Animism | |
| Javanese | Austronesian → Javanesic[note 1] | Java (Indonesia) | Cirebonese, Osing, Tenggerese, Boyanese, Banyumasan, along with significant populations in Malaysia, Suriname, China, Sri Lanka, French Guiana, New Caledonia, and Saudi Arabia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Jews | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Hebrew,[note 44] Jewish languages,[note 1][note 45] DGSic → Israeli Sign | Israel[note 46] | Ashkenazim (including Galitzianers, Yekke), Sephardim (including Eastern Sephardim, Moroccan Jews, Algerian Jews, Tunisian Jews, Amazonian Jews, Iberian Jews, Sephardic Bnei Anusim, Sephardic Haredim, Maghrebim, North African Sephardim, and Toshavim), Mizrahim (including Bukharim, Juhurim, Syrian Jews, Teimanim (including Sharʿabi Jews, Habbanim, Banu al-Harith, and Adeni Jews), Persian Jews (including Mashhadi Jews), and Kaifeng Jews), Beta Israel (including Beta Abraham), Italkim (including San Nicandro Jews), Rusape Jews, Romaniotes, Constantinopolitan Karaites, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Afghan Jews, Gruznim, Benei Sión, Bene Israel, Kochinim, Paradesi, Iraqi Jews, Lishanid Noshan, Israeli Jews, B'nai Moshe, Xuetes, Bnei Menashe, Urfalim (including Surucalim and Cermikalim), Meshuchrarim, Baghdadi Jews, Lithuanian Jews, Abayudaya, Shaposhniki, Karaimites, African-American Jews, and Bene Ephraim, along with significant populations in the United States (including Puerto Rico), Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Israel, China, India, Cambodia, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Arabian Peninsula (including the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain), Taiwan, Europe (including Russia, Galicia, Belarus, the Czech lands, Ukraine, Moldova, Transnistria, Romania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Cyprus, North Macedonia, Poland, Turkey, Lithuania, Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iberia (including Spain, Andorra, Portugal), Germany, Austria, Italy, Malta, San Marino, Greece, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Iceland, France, Monaco, Gibraltar, and the United Kingdom), Africa (including Southern Africa (including Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Tunisia, Uganda, Morocco, Ethiopia, Algeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Nigeria, Madeira, and Ivory Coast), and Oceania (including Australia, New Zealand) | Judaism, Christianity → Xueta Christianity |
| Jingpo | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Jingpho | Kachin State (Myanmar), Yunnan (China) Northeast India | Animism | |
| Jita | Mara Region (Tanzania) | |||
| Jola | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Jola[note 1] | Jolaland (Senegal) | Banjaal, Bayot, Fogni, Gusilay, Karon, Kasa, Kuwaataay, Mlomp | Traditional African religions |
| Jukun | Niger–Congo → Jukun Takum[note 47] | Wukari (Nigeria) | Wannu | Traditional African religions |
| Kadazan-Dusun | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Dusunic[note 1] | Sabah (Malaysia) | Kadazan, Dusun, Dumpas, Ida'an, Kwijau, Lotud, Mangka'ak, Maragang, Minokok, Orang Sungai, Rumanau, Rungus, Tambanuo | Christianity |
| Kaguru | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kagulu | Ukaguru Mountains (Tanzania) | ||
| Kaingang | Je → Kaingang | Parana, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo | Shamanism | |
| Kalanga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona → Kalanga | Zimbabwe, Botswana | Nambya | Christianity |
| Kalash | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kalasha | Chitral District (Pakistan) | Hinduism | |
| Kalenjin | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Kalenjin[note 1] | Rift Valley Province (Kenya) | Keiyo, Tugen, Marakwet, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot, Pökoot, Okiek, Terik | Christianity |
| Kalinago | Indo-European → Germanic → English,[note 48] Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Kalinago → Garifuna, Vincentian Creole | Lesser Antilles | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Kamba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kamba | Ukambani (Kenya) | Christianity | |
| Kamëntsá | Camsá language | Putumayo (Colombia) | Christianity | |
| Kanaks | Austronesian → Kanak[note 1] | Kanakia (France) | Haveke, Ajië, Arhâ, Xârâgurè, Haeke | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Kannadigas | Dravidian → Kannada | Karnataka (India) | Vokkaliga | Hinduism |
| Kanuri | Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Kanuri | Kanuriland (Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon) | Kanembu, Yerwa Kanuri | Islam |
| Kapampangans | Austronesian → Philippine → Kapampangan | Pampanga (Philippines) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Kapsiki | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kapsiki | Mandara Mountains (Nigeria, Cameroon) | Islam | |
| Karamanlides | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish → Karamanli Turkish | Karaman Province, Cappadocia (Turkey)[3] | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy | |
| Karachays | Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay | Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Karakalpaks | Turkic → Kipchak → Karakalpak | Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Karbi | Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Karbi | Karbi Anglong district (India) | Amri | Hinduism |
| Karelians | Uralic → Finnic → Karelian, Uralic → Finnic → Ludic, Uralic → Finnic → Livvi-Karelian | Karelia (Finland, Russia) | Tver Karelians, Olonets Karelians | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Karen | Sino-Tibetan → Karenic[note 1] | Karen State, Kayah State, Pa'O Self-Administered Zone (Myanmar), Thailand | S'gaw Karen, Pwo Karen, Karenni (including Kayan), Pa'O | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Karuk | Karuk | California (United States) | Christianity | |
| Kashmiris | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Kashmiri | Kashmir (India, Pakistan) | Kashmiri Pandits, Kashmiris in Punjab | Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism |
| Kashubians | Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian | Kashubia (Poland) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Kaska Dena | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Kaska | British Columbia, Yukon Territory (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Kazakhs | Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh | Kazakhstan | Argyn, significant populations in China, and Russia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kereks | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Kerek | Chukotka (Russia) | Shamanism | |
| Kerewe | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kerewe | Ukerewe Island (Tanzania) | ||
| Kerinci | Austronesian → Malayic → Kerinci | Kerinci Regency (Indonesia) | ||
| Ket | Dene-Yeniseian → Yeniseian → Ket | Krasnoyarsk Krai (Russia) | Shamanism | |
| Khakas | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Khakas | Khakassia (Russia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism → Tengrism | |
| Khalaj | Turkic → Common Turkic → Khalaj | Iran | ||
| Khanty | Uralic → Ugric → Khanty[note 1] | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Russia) | ||
| Khas | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Nepali | Nepal, India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal) | Chhetri, Thakuri, Rana, Vaisya, Kami, Damai, Sarki, Sunar, Gandarbha | Hinduism |
| Khinalugs | Northeast Caucasian → Khinalug | Khinalug (Azerbaijan) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Khmer | Austroasiatic → Khmer | Cambodia, Mekong Delta, Isan | Northern Khmer people, Khmer Krom and Significant populations in the United States | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Khonds | Dravidian → Kui | Kandhamal (India) | Hinduism | |
| Khorasani Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Khorasani Turkic | Khorasan (Iran) | Islam → Shia Islam | |
| Khwarshi | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Khwarshi | Tsumadinsky District (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Kiga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nkore-Kiga → Kiga | Uganda, Rwanda | Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Kikuyu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kikuyu | Central Province (Kenya) | Christianity | |
| Kilba | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Huba | Hong (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Kinga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kinga | Kipengere Range (Njombe Region, Tanzania) | Christianity, Traditional African religion | |
| Kiowa | Tanoan → Kiowa | Oklahoma (United States) | Christianity, Native American Church | |
| Kirantis | Sino-Tibetan → Kiranti[note 1] | Eastern Region (Nepal) | Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha (including Athpare), Rai (including Kulung, Bantawa, and Bahing) | Kirat Mundhum |
| Kiribati | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Micronesian → Gilbertese | Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | Christianity | |
| Kissi | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Mel → Kissi | Guinea, Sierra Leone | Christianity | |
| Kofyar | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kofyar | Plateau State (Nigeria) | Traditional African religions | |
| Komi | Uralic → Permic → Komi | Russia (Komi Republic, Permyakia) | Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Izhma Komi | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Kongo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kongo | Kongoland (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola) | Lari, Vili, Yombe, Suundi, Dondo, Hangala, Kugni, Manyanga, Beembe | Christianity |
| Konjo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Konjo | Rwenzori Mountains (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda) | Nande | Christianity |
| Konkani | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani | Konkan (India) | Luso-Indians | Hinduism |
| Konso | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Konso | Konso (Ethiopia) | Traditional African religions | |
| Koreans | Koreanic languages,[note 1] JSLic → Korean Sign | Korea (North Korea, South Korea) | North Koreans (including North Koreans in South Korea), South Koreans, Jeju Islanders, Koryo-saram, Sakhalin Koreans, Zainichi Koreans, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, Russia (including North Koreans, Koryo-saram, and Sakhalin Koreans), China, Japan (including Zainichi Koreans), Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia, Iran, Nepal, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, India, the Arab world, Africa (including South Africa), Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand, Micronesia, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Czech Republic | Christianity[note 27] → Protestantism and Catholicism, Buddhism → Mahayana Buddhism → Korean Buddhism, Korean shamanism, Cheondoism |
| Koryaks | Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Koryak | Koryak Okrug (Russia) | Christianity → Orthodox Christianity, Shamanism | |
| Kosraeans | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Micronesian → Kosraean | Kosrae (Federated States of Micronesia) | Christianity | |
| Kpelle | Niger–Congo → Mande → Kpelle | Liberia, Guinea | Traditional African religions | |
| Kposo | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ghana–Togo Mountain → Kposo | Plateaux (Togo), Ghana | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Kristang | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Kristang | Malaysia, Singapore | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Kru | Niger–Congo → Kru[note 1] | Liberia (Grand Kru and Maryland Counties) | Aizi, Bété, Bakwé, Grebo, Krahn (including Sapo), Kuwaa | Christianity |
| Kulin | Pama-Nyungan → Kulinic → Kulin | Victoria (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Kumandins | Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Northern Altai → Kumandy | Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy | |
| Kumyks | Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk | Dagestan (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Kumzari | Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Western Iranian → Southwestern | Kumzar (Oman) | Islam → Ibadi Islam, Sunni Islam | |
| Kunama | Nilo-Saharan → Kunama | Eritrea, Ethiopia | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy | |
| Kurds | Indo-European → Iranian → Kurdish,[note 1] Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Zaza–Gorani,[note 1] Kurdish Sign | Kurdistan (Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Armenia) | Bajalan, Zazas, Feylis, Iranian Laks, Yazidis, Shabak, Muzuri, along with significant populations in France and Germany | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kuria | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kuria | Kenya, Tanzania | Traditional African religions, Christianity | |
| Kurukh | Dravidian → Kurukh | Chota Nagpur Plateau (India) | Kisan | Sarnaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism |
| Kuteb | Niger–Congo → Jukunoid → Kuteb | Taraba State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Kwakwaka'wakw | Wakashan → Kwak'wala | British Columbia (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Kwaya | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kwaya | Mara Region (Tanzania) | ||
| Kwere | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kwere | Bagamoyo District (Pwani Region, Tanzania) | ||
| Kwinti | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Kwinti | Suriname | Christianity → Moravian Church | |
| Kyrgyz | Turkic → Kipchak → Kyrgyz | Kyrgyzstan | Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi | |
| Ladins | Indo-European → Romance → Ladin | Ladinia (Italy) | ||
| Laks | Northeast Caucasian → Lak | Lakia (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Lamaholot | Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Lamaholot | Solor (Indonesia) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Lampungs | Austronesian → Lampung | Lampung (Indonesia) | Islam | |
| Lao | Kra–Dai → Tai → Lao | Laos | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism | |
| Larrakia | Larrakia | Northern Territory (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Latvians | Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian | Latvia | Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Laz | Kartvelian → Laz[note 49] | Lazistan (Turkey, Georgia) | Turkish Laz, Georgian Laz | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Lega | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Lega | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Traditional African religions | |
| Lemba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Venda, Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona | Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique | Christianity, Islam, Judaism | |
| Lenape | Algonquin → Munsee, Unami | United States | traditional Lenape religion | |
| Lezgins | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian | Lezgistan (Russia, Azerbaijan) | Aghuls, Archin, Budukhs, Jeks, Kryts, Rutuls, Tabasarans, Tsakhurs | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Lhoba | Adi, Bokar, Idu Mishmi[note 50] | Tibet (Arunachal Pradesh) | Nishi, Na, Galo, Mishmi people, Tagin, Adi | Animism, Buddhism |
| Li | Kra–Dai → Hlai[note 1] | Hainan (China) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Limba | Niger–Congo → Limba | Sierra Leone (Bombali and Koinadugu Districts) | Christianity | |
| Lisu | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Lisu | China, Myanmar | Lipo | Christianity → Protestantism → Lisu Christianity |
| Lithuanians | Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian, Lithuanian Sign | Lithuania | Samogitians, Aukstaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Poland and the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Livonians | Uralic → Finnic → Livonian | Latvia, Estonia | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Louisiana Creoles | Indo-European → Romance → French → Louisiana Creole, Indo-European → Romance → Louisiana French, Indo-European → Germanic → English | Louisiana (United States) | Cajuns, Creoles of color, Alabama Creoles | Christianity → Catholicism, Louisiana Voodoo |
| Luba | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luban[note 1] | Lubaland (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga, Hemba (including Bangubangu), Songe, Lulua | Christianity |
| Luhya | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luhya | Western Province (Kenya) | Bukusu, Idakho, Isukha, Kabras, Khayo, Kisa, Marachi, Maragoli, Marama, Nyole, Samia, Tachoni, Tiriki, Tsotso, Wanga, | Christianity |
| Luo | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Dholuo | Kenya | Christianity | |
| Lurs | Indo-European → Iranian → Luri | Iran (Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provinces) | Bakhtiari, Iranian Laks | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Luritja | Pama-Nyungan → Wati → Luritja | Northern Territory (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Luxembourgers | Indo-European → Germanic → Moselle Franconian → Luxembourgish | Luxembourg, Arelerland (Belgium) | Significant populations in Brazil and the United States | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Maasai | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Maasai | Maasailand (Tanzania, Kenya) | Samburu, Arusha, Kwavi | Traditional African religions |
| Macanese | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Macanese Patois, Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Cantonese | Macau (China) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Macedonians | Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian | North Macedonia | Torbesh, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Australia, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Greece | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Macushi | Cariban → Macushi | Rupununi (Guyana), Roraima (Brazil) | Shamanism | |
| Madi | Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Ma'di | Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Uganda | Christianity | |
| Madurese | Austronesian → Madurese | Madura (Indonesia)[note 51] | Boyanese | Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i |
| Mafa | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Mafa | Cameroon | Christianity | |
| Magahi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Magahi | Magadha (India) | Hinduism | |
| Magars | Sino-Tibetan → Magar[note 52] | Nepal | Ale, Gharti, Chantayal, Saru, Pun | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Maguindanao | Austronesian → Philippine → Maguindanao | Maguindanao (Philippines) | Islam | |
| Maithils | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Maithili | Mithila (India, Nepal) | Karan Kayastha, Brahmin, Chhetri, Vaisya | Hinduism |
| Makah | Wakashan → Makah | Washington (United States) | Native American religion | |
| Makassarese | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Makassarese | South Sulawesi (Indonesia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Makonde | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makonde | Tanzania, Mueda Plateau (Mozambique) | Machinga | Islam |
| Makua | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makhuwa | Mozambique | Lomwe, Chuwabu, Moniga, Koti, Nathembo | Traditional African religions |
| Malagasy | Austronesian → Malagasy | Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Réunion, Mauritius | Merina, Sihanaka, Betsileo, Zafimaniry, Antaifasy, Antemoro, Antaisaka, Antambahoaka, Tandroy, Antankarana, Antanosy, Bara, Betsimisaraka, Bezanozano, Mahafaly, Makoa, Mikea, Sakalava, Tanala, Tsimihety, Vezo | Christianity |
| Malayali | Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malayalam | Kerala (India) | Ambalavasi, Dheevara, Nair, Paravar, Mappilas, Ezhava, Latheen Mappilas, St. Thomas Christians along with significant populations in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain | Hinduism,Islam,Christianity |
| Malays | Austronesian → Malayic → Malay, Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Sri Lanka Malay | Malay world (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei) | Bruneians, Kedahans, Pattani, Pahang, Musi, Palembangese, Pontianaks, Terengganuarians, Kelantanese, Perakians, Berau, Proto-Malay (including Orang Kuala, Jakun, Orang Rimba, Orang Seletar, and Temuan), Lubu, Palembangnese, Cape Malays, Cocos Malays, Bangka Malays, Sri Lankan Malays | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Maldivians | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Maldivian | Maldives, Minicoy | Mahls | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Maltese | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Maltese | Malta | Gozitans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mambila | Niger–Congo → Mambila | Mambilla Plateau (Nigeria, Cameroon) | Somyev | Traditional African religions |
| Manchus | Tungusic → Southern Tungusic → Manchu[note 53] | Manchuria | Significant populations in Taiwan | Shamanism |
| Mandaeans | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Aramaic → Mandaic | Southern Mesopotamia | Iraq, Iran | Mandaeism |
| Mandarese | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Mandar | West Sulawesi (Indonesia) | Islam | |
| Mandinka | Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding[note 1] | Mali, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal | Bolon | Islam |
| Manggarai | Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Manggarai | Manggarai (Indonesia) | Christianity | |
| Manjak | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Manjak | Guinea-Bissau, Senegal | Traditional African religions | |
| Manx | Indo-European → Celtic → Manx | Isle of Man (Crown Dependency) | Manx Americans, | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Māori | Austronesian → Polynesian → Māori[note 54] | New Zealand | Cook Islanders | Christianity |
| Mapuche | Mapudungun[note 55] | Araucanía (Chile, Argentina) | Huilliche, along with Mestizos such as Chileans | Christianity |
| Maranao | Austronesian → Philippine → Maranao | Lanao (Philippines) | Islam | |
| Marathi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Marathi | Maharashtra (India) | Mahar, Maratha, Kunbi, Dhangar, Bhoi | Hinduism |
| Maris | Uralic → Mari[note 1] | Mari El (Russia) | Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Mari Native Religion |
| Maronites | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Western Aramaic[note 1][note 56] | Lebanon | Significant populations in Syria, Cyprus and Israel along with the greater Lebanese diaspora | Christianity → Maronite Catholicism |
| Marshallese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Micronesian → Marshallese | Marshall Islands | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Masa | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Masana | Cameroon, Chad | Christianity, Islam | |
| Masalit | Nilo-Saharan → Masalit | Sudan, Chad | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Matagi | Ani, Shirakami-Sanchi (Japan) | |||
| Matawai | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Saramaccan | Suriname | Christianity → Moravian Church | |
| Mauritian Creoles | Indo-European → Romance → French → Mauritian Creole | Mauritius | Christianity → Catholicism, Rastafarianism | |
| Maya | Mayan,[note 1] Mayan Sign | Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Chiapas) | Maya, Achi, Chuj, Chʼortiʼ, Itza, Kʼicheʼ, Qʼeqchiʼ, Xinca, Tektitek, Huastecan, Mopan, Lacandon, Chontal, Akatek, Jakaltek, Qʼanjobʼal, Tzeltal, Mochoʼ, Tojolab'al, Mam, Ixil, Tzotzil, Poqomam, Yucatecan Maya, Motozintlecos, Awakatek, Kaqchikel, Sakapultek, Sipakapense, Uspantek, Ch'ol, Tzʼutujil, along with Mestizos such as Guatemalans (including Hispanic Belizeans) and Mexicans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mazahua | Oto-Manguean → Oto-Pamean → Mazahua | State of Mexico (Mexico) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Mazandaranis | Indo-European → Iranian → Western Iranian → Mazanderani | Mazandaran, Iran | Islam → Shia Islam | |
| Mazatec | Oto-Manguean → Popolocan → Mazatecan[note 1] | Oaxaca (Mexico) | Ayautla | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mbaka | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Mbaka | Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Megleno-Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Megleno-Romanian | Almopia (Greece) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Mehri | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Mehri | Mahra (Yemen, Oman) | Islam | |
| Meitei | Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Meitei | Manipur (India) | Loi | Hinduism → Vaishnavism |
| Melanau | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Melanau | Sarawak (Malaysia) | Islam | |
| Mende | Niger–Congo → Mande → Mende | Sierra Leone (Southern and Eastern Provinces) | Islam | |
| Métis | Indo-European → Romance → French → Michif, Indo-European → Romance → French language → Métis French, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bungi | Canadian Prairies (Canada) | Christianity | |
| Mien | Hmong–Mien → Mienic[note 1] | China (Hunan, Guizhou), Vietnam | Iu Mien, Kim Mun, Dzao Min, Biao Min, Bunu, Lakkia, Biao Mon, San Diu | Yao folk religion |
| Mijikenda | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mijikenda | Coast Province (Kenya) | Chonyi, Giriama, Digo, Segeju | Christianity |
| Minahasan | Austronesian → Philippine → Minahasan,[note 1] Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Manado Malay | Minahasa Peninsula (Indonesia) | Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu, Tonsea | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Minangkabau | Austronesian → Malayic → Minangkabau | Minangkabau Highlands (Indonesia) | Aneuk Jamee | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Mising | Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Mising | India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh) | Donyi-Polo | |
| Miskito | Misumalpan → Miskito | Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua, Honduras) | Including Miskito Sambu | Christianity → Protestantism → Moravian Church |
| Mixe | Mixe–Zoque → Mixe[note 1] | Oaxaca (Mexico) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Mixtec | Oto-Manguean → Mixtecan → Mixtec | La Mixteca (Mexico) | Triqui, Cuicatecs, Amoltepec | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Miꞌkmaq | Algic → Algonquian → Miꞌkmaq[note 25] | Miꞌkmaꞌki (Canada) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Moldovans | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Moldovan, Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Moldova Sign | Moldova | Significant populations in Romania, Ukraine, Russia, and the United States | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Mon | Austroasiatic → Mon | Mon State (Myanmar) | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism | |
| Monacans | Siouan → Ohio Valley Siouan → Tutelo[note 57] | |||
| Mongo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mongo | Democratic Republic of the Congo (Équateur, Tshuapa, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi) | Bolia, Ntomba, Ngando, Iyaelima, Mbole, Mpama, Nkutu, Sengele, Hendo, Dengese, Tetela | Christianity |
| Mongols | Mongolic,[note 1] Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Mongolian Sign | Inner Mongolia, Dorbetia, Bayingolin, Dzungaria, Subei-Mongolia, Santania, Kharchinia (China), Mongolia, Buryatia, Ust-Orda, Aginia, Kalmykia
(Russia) |
Khalkha, Buryats (including Barga), Oirats, Kalmyks, Daur, Moghols, Hamnigan, Tsagaan, Yugur, Khatso, Bonan, Sart Kalmyks, Soyot, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Altai Uriankhai, Ordos, Kanja, Sogwo Arig, Mughals, Santa, Naimans, Dariganga, Khorchin, Kharchin, Köke Nuur, Chaharian, Jalairs, Gorlos, Sartuul, Myangad, Tubalar, Uzemchin, Uradian, Tumed, Baarins, Tofalar, Zakhchin, Hishigten, Dorbet, Muumyangan, Dukhan, Jalaids, Abaganar, Chantuu, Olot, Sunud, Eastern Dorbet, Aohans, Onnigud, Khoshut, Abagas, Khotons, Alasha, Khoid, Eljigin, Choros, Qaidam, Fujin | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, |
| Mongondow | Austronesian → Philippine → Mongondow | Mongondowia (Indonesia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Montenegrins | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Montenegrin | Montenegro | Significant populations in Serbia and the United States | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Mordvins | Uralic → Mordvinic[note 1] | Mordovia (Russia) | Erzyas, Mokshas, Qaratays, Teryukhans, Tengushev, Shoksha | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Moriori | Tahitic → Māori–Moriori → Moriori[note 58] | Chatham Islands (New Zealand) | Christianity including Rātana | |
| Mormon[5] | English | Mountain States (United States) | Mormonism | |
| Mossi | Niger–Congo → Gur → Mossi | Mossiland (Burkina Faso) | Islam | |
| Motu | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Motu | Central Province (Papua New Guinea) | Christianity, Shamanism | |
| Mumuye | Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Mumuye | Taraba State (Nigeria) | Traditional African religions | |
| Munanese | Austronesian → Celebic → Munanese[note 1] | Muna (Indonesia) | Islam | |
| Mundas | Austroasiatic → Munda → Mundari | India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal) | Sabar, Mahali | Sarnaism |
| Murut | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Murutic[note 1] | Murutia (Malaysia) | Okolod, Keningau, Tagal, Paluan, Selungai, Timugon, Serudung, Sembakung, Tidong, Kalabakan, Bulungan, Bookan | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Muscogee | Muskogean → Eastern Muskogean → Muscogee,[note 21] Muskogean → Eastern Muskogean → Mikasuki, Yuchi language | United States (Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia)[note 22] | Coushatta, Alibamu, Hitchiti, Natchez, Seminoles (including Black Seminoles and Mascogos), Yuchi, Shawnee, Creoles of color, Miccosukee | Native American religion → Creek mythology |
| Musgum | Afroasiatic → Chadic → Musgu | Far North Region (Cameroon), Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi Est) | Islam | |
| Mwera | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mwera | Tanzania (Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions) | Islam | |
| Nagas | Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Burman → Kuki-Chin–Naga[note 1][note 59] | India (Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam), Myanmar (Naga Self-Administered Zone) | Angami, Ao, Chakhesang (including Chokri and Khezha), Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha, Mao, Maram, Maring, Nocte, Phom, Pochury, Poumai, Rengma, Sangtam, Sümi, Tangkhul, Tangsa, Tikhir, Wancho, Yimkhiung, Zeliangrong (Zemi, Liangmei, Rongmei/Kabui), Lamkang Naga | Christianity → Protestantism → Baptists |
| Nagpuri | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bihari → Sadri | Chota Nagpur Plateau (India) | Chik Baraik | Hinduism |
| Nahuas | Uto-Aztecan → Nahuan → Nahuatl | Mexico | Huasteca Nahuas, Mexicaneros, Sierra Puebla Nahuas, Guerrero Nahuas, Orizaba Nahuas, Southeastern Puebla Nahuas, Central Nahuas, Pipil, along with Mestizos such as Mexicans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Nama | Khoe → Khoekhoe | Namaland (Namibia), South Africa | Oorlams | Christianity |
| Naso | Chibchan → Talamanca → Teribe | Bocas del Toro (Panama) | Native American religion | |
| Nauruans | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Nauruan | Nauru | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Navajo | Dené–Yeniseian → Na-Dene → Apachean → Navajo, Navajo Family Sign | Navajo Nation (United States) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Newars | Sino-Tibetan → Newar | Kathmandu Valley (Nepal) | Rajupadhaya, Rajbhandari, Pradhan, Malla, Shrestha, Shakya, Chitrakar | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Nez Perce | Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Nez Perce, Indo-European → Germanic → English | Idaho, Washington (United States) | Waashat Religion, Christianity | |
| Ngabe | Chibchan → Guaymi | Ngabe-Bugle Comarca (Panama) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Ngaju | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Barito → Ngaju | Central Kalimantan (Indonesia) | Bakumpai, Meratus | Kaharingan |
| Ngalop | Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Dzongkha | Bhutan | Kheng, Bumthang | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Ngbandi | Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Ngbandi | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic | Yakoma | Christianity |
| Nias | Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Nias | Nias (Indonesia) | Christianity | |
| Nicobarese | Austroasiatic → Nicobarese | Nicobar Islands (India) | Christianity, Animism | |
| Nivkhs | Nivkh | Khabarovsk Krai, Sakhalin Oblast (Russia) | Shamanism | |
| Nkole | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nkore-Kiga → Nkore | Ankole, Uganda | Christianity, Ruhanga | |
| Nogais | Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai | Russia (Stavropol Krai, Dagestan) | Ak Nogai, Karagash | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Northern Tutchone | Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tutchone | Yukon Territory (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Norwegians | Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Norwegian | Norway | Kola Norwegians, Svalbarders, along with Significant populations in the United States, and Norwegian Canadians | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Nubians | Nilo-Saharan → Nubian[note 1] | Nubia (Egypt, Sudan) | Nobiin, Mattokki, Dongolawi, Midob, Birgid, Hill Nubians (including Dilling, Debri, Ghulfan, Kadaru, Karko, and Wali) | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Nuer | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Nuer | Nuerland (South Sudan) | Traditional African religions | |
| Nùng | Kra–Dai → Tai → Zhuang → Nung | Vietnam, Guangxi (China) | Animism | |
| Nuristanis | Indo-European → Nuristani[note 1] | Nuristan (Afghanistan) | Safed-Posh Kaffirs (including Askunis), Kamkata-viris (including Kata and Kom) | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Nuu-chah-nulth | Wakashan → Nuu-chah-nulth | British Columbia (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Nuxalk | Salishan → Nuxalk | British Columbia (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Nyambo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nyambo | Karagwe District, Kagera Region, Tanzania | ||
| Nyishi | Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Nishi | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Christianity | |
| Ōbeikei Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → English language → Bonin English | Bonin Islands (Japan) | Christianity, Buddhism, Shintoism | |
| Occitans | Indo-European → Romance → Occitan[note 19] | Occitania (France, Italy, Spain) | Aranese, Auvergnats, Provençals, Languedociens, Gascons, Niçois | Christianity |
| Odia | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Odia | Odisha (India) | Utkala Brahmins, Khandayat, Bonaz, Badu; Bairagi (Oriya); Barika; Chaikwa; Chatarkheya; Dhobi, Oriya; Ganrar; Ghantarghada; Girigiria; Gond (Oriya); Haddi; Jhodia; Kobari; Koraga; Kuliya; Lohar, Oriya; Mali, Oriya; Malia; Panka (Oriya); Paroja; Patra; Radhi; Sannyasi; Teli, Oriya; Thanapati; Thoria | Hinduism |
| Ogoni | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ogoni[note 1] | Ogoniland (Nigeria) | Baan, Eleme, Gokana, Tẹẹ | Christianity |
| Ogu | Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Gun | Lagos, Ogun State (Nigeria), Benin | ||
| Ojibwe | Algic → Algonquian → Ojibwe[note 60] | Anishinaabeland (Canada, United States) | Oji-Cree, Odawa, Potawatomi, Mississaugas, Findians | Midewiwin |
| Oku | Indo-European → Germanic → English Creole → Krio, Indo-European → Germanic → English | Sierra Leone, The Gambia | Islam | |
| Onge | Ongan → Onge | Little Andaman Island (India) | Animism | |
| Oromo | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Oromo | Oromia (Ethiopia), Kenya | Boorana, Barento, Salale, Machaa, Arsi, Wollo | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Oroqens | Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Oroqen | Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia (China) | ||
| Ossetians | Indo-European → Iranian → Ossetian | South Ossetia, North Ossetia–Alania (Russia) | Iron, Digor, Jasz, Kudar, Trialeti Ossetians | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ot Danum | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Ot Danum | Indonesia (West and Central Kalimantan) | Lawangan, Ma'anyan | Kaharingan |
| Otomi | Oto-Manguean → Otomian → Otomi | Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, State of Mexico, Querétaro) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Ovambo | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ovambo | Ovamboland (Namibia), Angola | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Ovimbundu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Umbundu | Angola | Christianity | |
| Palau | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Palauan | Palau | Christianity, Modekngei | |
| Palawa | Indo-European → Germanic → English, Palawa kani, Tasmanian languages[note 1] | Tasmania (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Palula | Indo-European → Dardic → Palula | Chitral District (Pakistan) | ||
| Pamiris | Indo-European → Iranian → Pamir[note 1] | Pamir Mountains (Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China) | Shughni, Sarikoli (including Tajiks of Xinjiang), Yazghulami, Munji, Yidgha, Sanglechi, Ishkashimi, Wakhi | Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism |
| Pangasinese | Austronesian → Philippine → Pangasinan | Pangasinan (Philippines) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Papel | Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Papel | Biombo Region (Guinea-Bissau) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Paramaccan | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ndyuka | Pamacca (Suriname) | Winti | |
| Pare | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pare | Pare Mountains (Tanzania) | Islam | |
| Parsis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati languages → Gujarati | Indian subcontinent | India and Pakistan | Zoroastrianism |
| Pashayi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Pashayi[note 1] | Afghanistan (Laghman, Kapisa and Nangarhar Provinces) | Islam | |
| Pashtuns | Indo-European → Iranian → Pashto[note 1] | Pashtunistan (Afghanistan, Pakistan) | Kakar, Ghilji (including Lodi (including Niazi, Hotak (including Babai), and Lohani (including Marwat))), Punjabi Pathans (including Malerkotla Pathans and Multani Pathans), Tareen, Bettani (including Shirani), Afridi, Bangash, Durrani, with significant populations in the United States, India, Sri Lanka, | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Pataxo | Maxakalian → Pataxo | Bahia (Brazil) | Shamanism | |
| Pedi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho–Tswana → Sepedi | Limpopo (South Africa) | Christianity | |
| Pende | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pende | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Christianity | |
| Persians | Indo-European → Iranian → Persian | Iran | Tat, along with significant populations in the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Bahrain, Australia, and Sweden | Islam → Shia Islam |
| Pitcairn Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Pitkern | Pitcairn Islands | Significant population in Norfolk Island, along with a diaspora in Australia, and New Zealand[6] | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Pitjantjara | Pama-Nyungan → Wati → Pitjantjara | Central Australia | Alcheringa | |
| Podlashuks | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian or Belarusian → Podlachian | Podlachia (Poland) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Pohnpeian | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Micronesian → Pohnpeian | Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia) | Christianity | |
| Poles | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish | Poland | Podlachians, Masurians, Greater Polish, and Warmians, as well as Significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Germany, Canada, Iceland, Sweden, France, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Belarus, Russia, Australia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Portuguese | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Indo-European → Romance → Minderico, Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese and Spanish → Barranquenho, SSLic → Portuguese Sign | Portugal | Azoreans, Madeirans, Barranquenhos, Minderico, along with numerous colonial descendants such as Brazilians (including Ribeirinhos and Pardo Brazilians), São Toméans, Portuguese Angolans, Portuguese Mozambicans, Luso-Indians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Potiguara | Tupian → Potiguara, Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese | Paraiba (Brazil) | Shamanism | |
| Punjabis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Punjabi | Punjab (Pakistan, India) | Sikhs, Gujjars, Jat, Khatris, Arain, Awan, along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. | Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism |
| Purépecha | Purépecha | Michoacán (Mexico) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Qashqai | Turkic → Oghuz → Qashqai | Fars Province (Iran) | Islam → Shia Islam | |
| Qiang | Sino-Tibetan → Qiangic[note 1] | Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (China) | Qiang folk religion | |
| Quechua | Quechuan[note 1] | Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina | Ayacucho, North Bolivian, South Bolivian, Cajamarca-Cañaris, Chachapoyas, Central, Cusco, Inga, Lamas, Kichwa, Pacaraos, Puno, Santiagueño along with Mestizos such as Peruvians, Ecuadorians, and Bolivians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Quileute | Chimakuan → Quileute | Washington (United States) | Native American religion | |
| Rade | Austronesian → Chamic → Rade | Central Highlands, Vietnam | Christianity | |
| Raizal | Indo-European → Germanic → English → San Andres-Providencia Creole | Archipelago of San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (Colombia) | Christianity | |
| Rajasthanis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Rajasthani[note 1] | Rajasthan (India) | Gurjars, Rajputs (including Mahyavanshi, Chandels, and Molesalam), Marwari, Charan, Kachhi, Meena | Hinduism |
| Rajbongshi | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kamtapuri | India (Assam, West Bengal), Bangladesh | Hinduism | |
| Rakhine | Sino-Tibetan → Burmese → Arakanese | Rakhine State (Myanmar) | Marma | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Rapa Nui | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Polynesian → Rapa Nui | Easter Island (Chile) | Catholicism | |
| Rejangese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Land Dayak → Rejang | Rejang Lebong Regency (Indonesia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Rohingyas | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rohingya | Rakhine State (Myanmar) | Islam | |
| Roma | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani | Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, Czech Republic)[note 30] | Roma (including Austrian Roma), Iberian Kale, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Romanichal, Sinti, Manush, Romanisæl, Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, Boyash, Lom, Dom (including Halebi, Lori, and Madari), along with significant populations in the United States, and Brazil. | Christianity |
| Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian | Romania, Moldova | Wallachians (including Oltenians and Muntenians), Moldavians, along with significant populations in Italy, Germany, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Romansh | Indo-European → Romance → Romansh | Grisons (Switzerland) | Christianity | |
| Russians | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian, Francosign → Russian Sign | Russia, Donetsk, Luhansk | Cossacks, Pomors, Lipovans, Subbotniks, Molokans (including Subbotnik Molokans) along with significant populations in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Germany, the United States, Uzbekistan, Israel, Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Estonia, Turkmenistan, France, Lithuania, China (including Hong Kong), Taiwan, and Azerbaijan. | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Rusyns | Indo-European → Slavic → Rusyn | Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland)[note 61] | Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos | Christianity |
| Ryukyuans | Japonic → Ryukyuan,[note 1][note 62] Koniya Sign | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Amami (including Kikai, Amami Ōshima (including Setouchi), Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu, and Yoron), Okinawans (including Kunigami) Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni, with significant populations in Brazil, Bolivia and the United States (including Hawaii) | Ryukyuan religion |
| Saho | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Saho | Eritrea | ||
| Sahrawis | Afro-Asiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Hassaniya Arabic[note 1] | Western Sahara | Reguibat, Oulad Delim, Oulad Tidrarin, Laaroussien, Tekna | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Saint Thomas Christians | Dravidian → Malayalam | Kerala (India) | Knanayas | Christianity → Saint Thomas Christianity |
| Sakizaya | Austronesian → East Formosan → Sakizaya | Hualien County (Taiwan) | Animism, Christianity | |
| Salar | Turkic → Oghuz → Salar | China (Qinghai, Gansu) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Sama-Bajau | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Barito → Sama–Bajaw[note 1] | Maritime Southeast Asia (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei)[note 30] | Sama (including Banguingui), Bajaw, Abaknon | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Samaná Americans | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Samaná English | Samaná Province (Dominican Republic) | Christianity → Protestantism → Methodism | |
| Samaritans | Afro-Asiatic → Semitic → Hebrew | Israel | Samaritanism | |
| Sambal | Austronesian → Philippine → Sambalic[note 1] | Zambales (Philippines) | Bolinao, Botolan (including Banguingui) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sámi | Uralic → Sámi[note 1] | Sápmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) | Inari Sámi, Kildin Sami, Lule Sami, Northern Sami, Pite Sami, Skolt Sami, Southern Sámi, Ter Sami, Ume Sámi | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Samoans | Austronesian → Polynesian → Samoan | Samoan Islands (Samoa, American Samoa) | American Samoans | Christianity |
| Sangirese | Austronesian → Philippine → Sangirese | Sangihe Islands (Indonesia) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Santal | Austroasiatic → Munda → Santali | India (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha)[note 3] | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Sara | Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Sara[note 1] | Chad, Central African Republic | Ngambay, Doba, Laka, Kabba, Sar, Mbay, Ngam, Dagba, Gulay | Traditional African religions |
| Saramaka | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Saramaccan | Suriname | Winti, Christianity → Moravian Church | |
| Sardinians | Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian,[note 1] Indo-European → Romance → Sassarese, Indo-European → Romance → Gallurese | Sardinia (Italy) | Logudorese, Campidanese, Sassarese, Gallurese | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sasak | Austronesian → Sasak | Lombok (Indonesia) | Islam | |
| Saurashtras | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Saurashtra | South India (India) | Hinduism → Vaishnavism, Hinduism → Shaivism | |
| Savu | Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Sumba → Hawu | Savu (Indonesia) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Scots | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic,[note 24] Indo-European → Celtic → Beurla Reagaird, BANZSL → British Sign | Scotland (United Kingdom) | Ulster Scots, Orcadians, Shetlanders, Highlanders, Lowlanders, along with significant populations in the United States (including Scotch-Irish Americans), Canada (including Scotch-Irish Canadians), Australia, Argentina, Russia, and the Bahamas | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Semnanis | Indo-European → Iranian → Western Iranian → Semnani | Semnan, Iran | Islam → Shia Islam → Twelver Shi'ism | |
| Sentinelese | Sentinelese | North Sentinel Island (India) | ||
| Senufo | Niger–Congo → Senufo[note 1] | Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso | Nafana, Minyanka | Traditional African religions |
| Serbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Serbian | Serbia, Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Montenegro | Kosovo Serbs, Triestine Serbs, along with significant populations in Croatia, Germany, Austria, France, and Sweden | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Serer | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Serer | Senegal | Laalaa, Ndut, Niominka, Serer-Noon, Palor, Saafi | Islam |
| Setos | Uralic → Finnic → South Estonian → Seto | Setomaa (Setomaa Parish, Estonia and Pechorsky District, Russia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Folk religion | |
| Seychellois Creoles | Indo-European → Romance → French → Seychellois Creole | Seychelles | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Shan | Kra–Dai → Tai → Shan | Shan State (Myanmar) | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism | |
| Sharchops | Sino-Tibetan → Tshangla | Bhutan (Lhuntse, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Samdrup Jongkhar, Trashigang, and Trashiyangtse Districts) | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism | |
| Sherbro | Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Mel → Sherbro | Sherbro Island (Sierra Leone) | Traditional African religions | |
| Shilluk | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Shilluk | South Sudan | Gule | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Shina | Indo-European → Dardic → Shina, Indo-European → Dardic → Kohistani Shina | Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) | Kohistani Shina | Islam |
| Shirazi | Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Bantu → Swahili | Swahili Coast (Tanzania), (Kenya), (Mozambique), (Comoros) | Zanzibaris, Comorians and Maore | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Shompen | Shompen | Great Nicobar Island (India) | Animism | |
| Shona | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona | Mashonaland (Zimbabwe) | Manyika, Ndau | Christianity |
| Shopi | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Shopluk (Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia) | ||
| Shoshone | Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Shoshoni | Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, Utah (United States) | Eastern Shoshone, Northern Shoshone, Western Shoshone, Goshute | Native American Church, Christianity |
| Sibe | Tungusic → Xibe[note 53] | China (Liaoning, Jilin, Xinjiang)[note 3] | Shamanism[note 27] | |
| Siberian Yupik | Eskimo–Aleut → Eskimo → Siberian Yupik, Eskimo–Aleut → Eskimo → Naukan | Chukchi Peninsula (Russia), St. Lawrence Island (United States) | Naukan | Shamanism |
| Sicilians | Indo-European → Romance → Sicilian | Sicily (Italy) | Sicilian Americans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sidama | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Sidaama | Sidamia (Ethiopia) | Christianity | |
| Siddi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili[note 63] → Sidi | Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sindh), India (Karnataka, Gujarat, Hyderabad) | Islam | |
| Sierra Leone Creoles | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Krio, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Pichinglis | Sierra Leone | Gambian Creoles, Saros, Krio Fernandinos, with significant populations in the United States | Christianity |
| Sika | Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Sika | Sikka Regency (Indonesia) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Silesians | Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian, Indo-European → Germanic → High German → Silesian German | Silesia (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic) | Significant populations in the United States (including Texas) | Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Siltʼe | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Gurage → Siltʼe | Siltia (Ethiopia) | Islam | |
| Sindhis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sindhi | Sindh (Pakistan) | Jat, Memon, Arain, Indian Sindhis | Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi, Hinduism |
| Sinhalese | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala | Sri Lanka | Dewa, British Sri Lankans, Burghers (including Portuguese Burghers and Dutch Burghers) | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Siona | Tucanoan → Western Tucanoan → Siona | Sucumbios (Ecuador), Putumayo (Colombia) | Animism | |
| Sioux | Siouan → Sioux[note 64] | Lakotah (United States) | Lakota, Dakota, Nakota | Native American religion |
| Sirenik | Eskimo–Aleut → Eskimo → Siberian Yupik[note 65] | Sireniki (Russia) | ||
| Slovaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak | Slovakia | significant populations in Czech Republic, Serbia, Hungary, United States and Canada | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Slovenes | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene | Slovenia | Significant populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, Carinthia, Hungary, Uruguay, Venezuela, Argentina, Croatia, and Italy | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Soga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Soga | Busoga (Uganda) | Christianity, Traditional African religions | |
| Somalis | Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Somali | Greater Somalia (Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya) | Hawiye, Darod (including Majeerteen), Isaaq, Dir, Rahanweyn, Madhiban, Yibir, Ajuran along with significant populations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada | Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i |
| Songhai | Nilo-Saharan → Songhai | Mali, Niger | Zarma | Islam |
| Soninke | Niger–Congo → Mande → Soninke | Mali | Haratin | Islam → Sunni Islam → Maliki |
| Sonsorolese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Micronesian → Sonsorolese | Sonsorol | Christianity | |
| Soqotris | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Soqotri | Socotra (Yemen) | Islam | |
| Sorbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Sorbian[note 1] | Lusatia (Germany), (Poland) | Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sotho | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho–Tswana → Sotho | Free State (South Africa), Lesotho | Christianity | |
| Spaniards | Indo-European → Romance → Castilian languages,[note 1] Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese languages,[note 1][note 66] Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese and Spanish → Barranquenho, Spanish Sign | Spain[note 67] | Castilians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Riojans, Manchegans, Madrilenians, Extremadurans, Murcians, Mirandese, Criollos, Mercheros, Barranquenhos, along with numerous colonial descendants such as Floridanos, Hispanos (including Californios, Tejanos, and Neomexicanos), Mexicans (including Chicanos), Guatemalans (including Hispanic Belizeans), Salvadorans, Hondurans, Nicaraguans, Costa Ricans, Panamanians, Colombians, Venezuelans, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Bolivians, Paraguayans, Chileans, Argentines, Uruguayans, Cubans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans (including Nuyoricans), Fernandinos, Spanish Filipinos, Spanish Hawaiians, and Hispanic and Latino Americans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sri Lankan Chetties | Dravidian → Tamil–Kannada → Tamil, Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala | Sri Lanka | Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism | |
| Sui | Kra–Dai → Kam–Sui → Sui | Sandu Shui Autonomous County (China) | Animism | |
| Sukuma | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sukuma | Tanzania | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Sumba | Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Sumba[note 1] | Sumba (Indonesia) | Anakalangu, East Sumbanese, Kodi, Lamboya, West Sumbanese, Mamboru, Wanukaka | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Sumbawa | Austronesian → Sumbawa | Sumbawa (Indonesia) | Islam | |
| Sundanese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Sundanese-Baduy[note 1] | Java (Indonesia) | Bantenese, Baduy, Cirebonese | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Surma | Nilo-Saharan → Surmic[note 1] | Ethiopia, South Sudan | Me'en, Mursi, Kichepo | Traditional African religions |
| Susu | Niger–Congo → Mande → Susu | Guinea, Kambia (Sierra Leone) | Islam | |
| Swahili | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili | Swahili coast (Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Comoros) | Shirazi (including Zanzibaris, Comorians and Maore) | Islam |
| Swazi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Swazi | Mpumalanga (South Africa), Eswatini | Christianity → African Zionism | |
| Swedes | Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Swedish, Indo-European → Germanic → Nordic → Dalecarlian, SSLic → Swedish Sign | Sweden | Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, Dalecarlians, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Estonia, Argentina and the United Kingdom | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Sylhetis | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sylheti | Sylhet Division, Bangladesh | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Tagalogs | Austronesian → Philippine → Tagalog | Philippines | Filipino Americans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Tahitians | Austronesian → Polynesian → Tahitian[note 19] | Tahiti (France) | Christianity | |
| Tajiks | Indo-European → Iranian → Persian → Tajik, Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Russian Sign → Tajik Sign | Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan | Chagatai, Kharduri | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Talysh | Indo-European → Iranian → Talysh | Azerbaijan, Iran | Islam → Shia Islam | |
| Tama | Nilo-Saharan → Tama | Chad, Sudan | Islam | |
| Tamangs | Sino-Tibetan → Tamang | Nepal, Sikkim | Waiba, Lopchan, Thokar, Lama | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Tamils | Dravidian → Tamil–Kannada → Tamil, Austronesian → Malayic → Malay → Malay Chetty | Tamil Nadu (India), Sri Lanka (Northern and Eastern Provinces) | Indian Tamils (including Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka[note 68]), Sri Lankan Tamils (including Sri Lankan Moors and Negombo Tamils),[note 68] Chitty, along with significant populations in Malaysia, South Africa, the United States, Singapore, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France (including Malbars) | Hinduism,Islam,Christianity |
| Tampuans | Austroasiatic → Bahnaric → Tampuan | Ratanakiri (Cambodia) | Animism | |
| Tarok | Niger–Congo → Plateau → Tarok | Plateau State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar, Turkic → Kipchak → Crimean Tatar, Turkic → Kipchak → Siberian Tatar | Tatarstan (Russia) | Volga Tatars (including Astrakhan Tatars, Kryashens, Nağaybäks), Crimean Tatars (including Yaliboylu), Lipka Tatars, Siberian Tatars (including Baraba Tatars, Chats, Eushta Tatars, Kalmak Tatars, Siberian Bukharans, and Zabolotnie Tatars), Mishar Tatars, Finnish Tatars, Dobruja Tatars, Chinese Tatars, Lithuanian Tatars with diaspora populations (including the Crimean Tatar diaspora) in Canada, Japan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Turkey | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tausūg | Austronesian → Philippine → Bisayan → Tausug | Sulu Archipelago (Philippines) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Tboli | Austronesian → Philippine → Tboli | South Cotabato (Philippines) | Anitism | |
| Teke | Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Bantu → Teke | Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo | ||
| Telugu | Dravidian → Telugu | India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) | Kamma, Reddy, Velama, Kapu, Raju, Madiga, Mala | Hinduism,Islam,Christianity |
| Temne | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Mel → Temne | Northern Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone) | Islam | |
| Terena | Arawakan → Terena, Brazilian Sign, Terena Sign | Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil) | Shamanism | |
| Thais | Kra–Dai → Tai → Thai | Thailand | Southern Thai, Khorat, Lanna, Tai Lue, Thai Americans | Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism |
| Tharus | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Tharu | Terai Region (India, Nepal) | Kathariya, Danuwar, Lampucchwa, Kochila, Sonha, Dangaura, Rana | Hinduism, Buddhism |
| Tibetans | Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic,[note 1] Tibetan Sign | Tibet (China), Nepal, Bhutan | Amdolese (including Golok and Tebbu), Khams, Ü-Tsang (including Ngari and Walung), Changpa, Baima, Kachee | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Ticuna | Ticuna-Yuri → Ticuna | Amazonas (Brazil) | Shamanism | |
| Tigrayans | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Tigrinya | Eritrean Highlands (Eritrea), Tigrayia (Ethiopia) | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy | |
| Tigre | Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Tigre | Eritrea | Islam | |
| Tiv | Niger–Congo → Tiv | Benue State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Tiwa | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Tiwa[note 4] | India (Assam, Meghalaya) | Hinduism | |
| Tiwi | Tiwi | Tiwi Islands (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Tlapanec | Oto-Manguean → Tlapanec | Guerrero (Mexico) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Tlingit | Na-Dene → Tlingit | British Columbia, Yukon Territory (Canada), Alaska, Washington (United States) | Alaska Native Religion | |
| Tokelauans | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Tokelauan | Tokelau | Christianity → Congregationalism | |
| Toraja | Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Toraja | Tana Toraja (Indonesia) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Toro | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tooro | Tooro Kingdom, Uganda | Christianity, Ruhanga | |
| Torres Strait Islanders | Pama-Nyungan → Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Eastern Trans-Fly → Meriam, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Torres Strait Creole | Torres Strait Islands (Australia) | ||
| Toubou | Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Tebu[note 1] | Toubouland (Chad, Niger, Sudan, Libya) | Daza, Teda | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Toucouleur | Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Fula → Pulaar | Futa Tooro (Senegal) | Islam | |
| Trawara | Indo-European → Dardic → Mankiyali | Danna, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) | ||
| Tripuri | Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Kokborok | Tripura (India) | Jamatia, Murasing | Hinduism |
| Tsez | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Tsez | Tsuntinsky District (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Tsimshian | Tsimshianic → Tsimshian | British Columbia (Canada), Alaska (United States) | Alaskan Native Faith | |
| Tsonga | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tsonga | Mozambique (Maputo City and Maputo Province, Gaza Province), South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Tswana | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tswana | Botswana, South Tswanaland (South Africa) | Balete, Mangwato, Bangwaketse, Bakwena, Batlokwa, Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, Rolong | Christianity |
| Tujia | Sino-Tibetan → Tujia[note 1][note 69] | Wuling Mountains (China) | Nuo folk religion | |
| Tuluvas | Tulu | Karnataka (India) | Hinduism | |
| Tupuri | Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Tupuri | Far North Region (Cameroon), Mayo-Kébbi (Chad) | Christianity | |
| Turkana | Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Turkana | Turkanaland (Kenya) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Turkmens | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen | Turkmenistan, Turkmen Sahra, Afghanistan | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Turkish Sign | Turkey, Northern Cyprus | Turkish Cypriots, Meskhetian Turks, Yörüks, Iraqi Turkmen, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, the United States, Syria, and Iraq | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Tutsi | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Rwanda-Rundi[note 40] | Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | Banyamulenge | Christianity, Islam |
| Tuvans | Turkic → Siberian → Tuvan | Tuva (Russia) | Tozhu Tuvans (including Dukha) | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Udis | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Caucasian Albanian → Udi | Azerbaijan | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy | |
| Udmurts | Uralic → Permic → Udmurt | Udmurtia (Russia) | Besermyan | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ukrainians | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian, Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Ukrainian Sign | Ukraine | Poleshuks, Cossacks, Litvins, Pinchuks along with significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Germany, Canada, Italy, Argentina, the Czech Republic, and Romania | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ulchi | Tungusic → Southern Tungusic → Ulch | Ulchsky District (Russia) | ||
| Ulster Protestants | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, Indo-European → Germanic → English | Ulster (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Umatilla | Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Umatilla | Oregon (United States) | Native American religion | |
| Urhobos | Niger–Congo → Edoid → Urhobo | Delta State (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Ute | Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Colorado River Numic → Ute | Colorado, Utah | Native American Church, Christianity | |
| Uyghurs | Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur | Uyghuristan (China) | Kashgartsy and Tor Uyghurs, with significant populations in Kazakhstan | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Uzbeks | Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek | Uzbekistan | Uzbeks in Russia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Venda | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tshivenda | Vendaland (South Africa) | Christianity, Traditional African religions | |
| Vepsians | Uralic → Finnic → Veps | Former Veps National Volost (Republic of Karelia, Russia) | ||
| Vietnamese | Austroasiatic → Vietic → Vietnamese | Vietnam | Muong, Gin, Phen, Chứt, Thổ, Nùng, Giáy, along with significant populations in the United States, Cambodia, France, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Germany, Hong Kong, and Laos | Buddhism → Mahayana |
| Vilamovians | Indo-European → Germanic → Wymysorys[note 70] | Wilamowice (Poland) | ||
| Visayans | Austronesian → Philippine → Visayan[note 1] | Visayas (Philippines) | Aklanon, Butuanon, Cebuano (including Boholano and Eskaya), Caluyanon, Capiznon, Cuyunon, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, Masbateños, Negrenses, Porohanon, Romblomanon (including Bantoanons), Waray | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Võros | Uralic → Finnic → South Estonian → Võro | Võru County (Estonia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Votians | Uralic → Finnic → Votic | Ingria (Russia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Wa | Austroasiatic → Palaungic → Wa | Wa State (Myanmar) | Buddhism, Animism | |
| Walla Walla | Plateau Penutian → Sahaptin | Oregon, Washington (United States) | Waashat Religion | |
| Walloons | Indo-European → Romance → Walloon, Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign | Wallonia (Belgium) | Significant populations in the United States (including Wisconsin) and the Netherlands | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Waropen | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Waropen | Waropen Regency (Indonesia) | Christianity | |
| Waxiang | Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Waxiang Chinese | Hunan (China) | Chinese folk religion | |
| Welayta | Afroasiatic → Omotic → Wolaitta | Wolayitia (Ethiopia) | Christianity → Protestantism → P'ent'ay | |
| Welsh | Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh,[note 24] BANZSL → British Sign | Wales (United Kingdom) | significant populations in Argentina, the United States, Canada, and Australia. | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Wolof | Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Wolof | Senegambia (Senegal, The Gambia) | Lebu | Islam → Sunni Islam → Sufism → Mouride |
| Wuikinuxv | Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk-Oowekyala → Oowekyala | British Columbia (Canada) | Native American religion | |
| Xalimegos | Indo-European → Romance → Fala | Jálama Valley (Spain) | ||
| Xavante | Je → Xavante | Mato Grosso (Brazil) | Shamanism | |
| Xhosa | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Xhosa | Xhosaland (South Africa) | Christianity | |
| Yaghnobis | Indo-European → Iranian → Yaghnobi, Indo-European → Iranian → Tajik | Sughd Region (Tajikistan) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Yakan | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Barito → Sama–Bajaw → Yakan | Basilan (Philippines) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Yakö | Niger–Congo → Cross River → Yakö | Yakurr Local Government (Nigeria) | Christianity | |
| Yakuts | Turkic → Siberian → Yakut | Yakutia (Russia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Yanomami | Yanomaman | Southeastern Venezuela, and northern Brazil | Shamanism | |
| Yao | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Yao | Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania (Ruvuma and Mtwara Regions) | Islam and Animism → Yao Folk Islam | |
| Yapese | Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Yapese | Yap | Christianity | |
| Yenish | Indo-European → Germanic → Yenish | Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France | ||
| Yi | Sino-Tibetan → Loloish[note 1] | China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi)[note 3] | Phù Lá, Azha | Bimoism |
| Yoa-Lokpa | Niger–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Yom, Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi → Lukpa | Donga Department (Benin) | ||
| Yoruba | Niger–Congo → Yoruba, Yoruba Sign | Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin, Togo) | Ijesha, Egba, Yewa, Igbomina, Awori, Akoko, Okun, Ana, Ekiti, Ilaje, Ijebu, Oyo, Ondo, Ife, Nagos, with significant populations in the United States and Canada | Islam, Christianity, Yoruba religion |
| Yugambeh | Pama-Nyungan → Bandjalangic → Yugambeh | Queensland (Australia) | Alcheringa | |
| Yugoslavs | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian,[note 1][note 26] Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian, Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Croatia | Significant populations in Serbia, Canada, and the United States | |
| Yukaghir | Yukaghir languages[note 1] | Yakutia (Russia) | Chuvans | Shamanism |
| Yup'ik | Eskimo–Aleut → Eskimo → Yup'ik | Alaska (United States) | Nunivak Cup'ig, Chevak Cup'ik | Christianity, Shamanism |
| Zaghawa | Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Zaghawa | Chad, Sudan | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Zamboangueños | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Chavacano | Zamboanga City (Philippines) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Zande | Niger–Congo → Zande | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan | Barambu | Christianity |
| Zapotecs | Oto-Manguean → Zapotec[note 1] | Oaxaca (Mexico) | Ixtlán | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Zhuang | Kra–Dai → Tai → Zhuang[note 1] | Zhuangia (China) | Moism | |
| Zomi | Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Burman → Kuki-Chin–Naga,[note 1][note 59] Sino-Tibetan → Mruic[note 1] | Zogam (Myanmar, Bangladesh, India) | Thadou (including Telngoh), Paite, Zou, Kom, Koireng, Mizo (including Khiangte, Hmar (including Saihriem and Zote), Renthlei, Chawngthu, Miu-Khumi, and Ralte), Aimol, Sukte, Bawm, Lai, Biate, Chin (including Asho, Mro-Khimi, Mru (including Anok, Tshüngma, Dömrong, Dopteng, and Rümma), Anu, Chho, Cumtu Chin, and Hkongso (including Kasang, Htey, Kamu, Ngan, Gwa, Hteikloeh, Ngai, Rahnam, Kapu, Kasah, Namte, Krawktu, and Namluek)), Kuki (including Vaiphei, Khelma, Halam (including Korbong), Mate, and Simte) Gangte, and Bnei Menashe | Christianity |
| Zulu | Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Zulu | KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) | Northern Ndebele | Christianity |
| Zuni | Zuni language | New Mexico (United States) | Catholicism, Native American Church |
Lists of ethnic groups
- by status:
- List of Indigenous peoples
- List of diasporas
- List of stateless nations
- regional lists:
- Ethnic groups in Asia
- Ethnic groups in Northern Asia
- List of ethnic groups in Russia
- List of ethnic groups in East Asia
- List of ethnic groups in China
- List of ethnic groups in Japan
- List of ethnic groups in South Korea
- List of ethnic groups in North Korea
- List of ethnic groups in Taiwan
- List of aboriginal ethnic groups in Taiwan
- Ethnic groups in Northern Asia
- South Asian ethnic groups
- Ethnic groups in Nepal
- Ethnic groups in Pakistan
- List of ethnic groups in Laos
- Ethnic groups in Malaysia
- List of ethnic groups in Vietnam
- List of ethnic groups in Burma
- African people
- Indigenous people of Africa
- Ethnic groups in Chad
- List of ethnic groups in Rivers State
- List of ethnic groups in Tanzania
- European people
- Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- List of Indigenous Australian group names
- Ethnoreligious group
See also
- Uncontacted peoples
- Ethnic flag
- List of language families
- Lists of people by nationality
- Lists of active separatist movements
- Race (human categorization)
- List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- List of Indigenous peoples
Notes
- Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
- Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
- Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
- Assamese ethnic group; the vast majority only speak Assamese.
- Although Akan is the principal language of the Akan people, the Akan language has only recently been standardized. The majority of Akan people still speak their local dialects, which are usually considered by linguists to be separate languages altogether.
- Due to historical migrations, about half of the Akan population reside in Ivory Coast.
- Some time around 1860s, many Akha have been migrating to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Today, the majority reside outside of China.
- Due to the influence of assimilation into Acehnese culture, most Aneuk Jamee people use Acehnese as their everyday language.
- With the exception of Navajo, all Apachean speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
- The Argobba have typically been a merchant community and usually trades with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in the majority only speaking Amharic or Oromo.
- During the Armenian genocide that occurred in the Turkish part of Greater Armenia (usually called Western Armenia), many Armenians fled to Russia, France, and the United States. Today, the majority reside outside of Greater Armenia, and Western Armenia no longer has an openly Armenian population (the Hemshin largely avoid identifying themselves as being Armenian, while the vast majority of people that are openly Armenian in Turkey reside in Istanbul, which is not a part of Western Armenia).
- The Aramaic language morphed into the Neo-Aramaic languages around 1200 AD. Whether the majority of the Assyrians are still speaking these languages is unclear, however.
- Modern Assyria have seen long periods of violence throughout the region, some of which (such as the Assyrian genocide and the Persecution of Christians by ISIL) have been directed against the Assyrians themselves. This has caused many to flee to places such as the United States and Sweden; it is believed that the majority now reside outside of the Middle East.
- Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.
- Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russianization during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.
- The Beti and the Fang form the Beti-Pahuin peoples. While the term Beti is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the Beti-Pahuin people, the Beti ethnicity is specifically limited to Ewondo and Eton speakers.
- Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Bengali.
- Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.
- Due to the Expulsion of the Chagossians, there are no Chagossians living on the Chagos Archipelago. The majority of Chagossians now live in the United Kingdom, Mauritius, and Seychelles.
- Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the American government, the vast majority only speak English.
- Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, and the Muscogee were all forced to relocate their entire population to Oklahoma.
- The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Egyptian Arabic.
- Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.
- Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the Canadian government, the vast majority can only either speak English.
- Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano are often considered separate languages depending on classification, but Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are typically considered Shtokavian varieties rather than distinct languages due to high degrees of mutual intelligibility.
- Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
- Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Gujarati.
- Between 1583 and 1997, the English, via being the dominant ethnic group in the United Kingdom, created the largest empire in the world, setting up settler colonies in areas such as what is now the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Today, the majority of the Anglosphere is outside of the United Kingdom.
- This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
- The Gabrieleño language went extinct around 1900, but revival efforts have been ongoing since the 2000s. Most are fluent in English and/or Spanish
- Like its speakers, the Garifuna language is the only remnant of the Island Carib language.
- Following the Second Carib War, the majority of the Garifuna were deported to Honduras, where they later spread to Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua. Since then, Honduras has seen high murder rates, causing many to flee to United States.
- Many of the Gelao dialects are mutually unintelligible; they are known to intermarry with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in most of the populations speaking only Chinese.
- Although a Nakh people, they are heavily assimilated into Georgian society.
- Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Hindi.
- Górolski is not a distinct language, but rather a group of Lechitic dialects spoken by Gorals that fall into various Lechitic languages.
- Since Hawaii's annexation into the United States, English has almost completely supplanted Hawaiian.
- Following the suppression of Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873, the majority of the Hmong fled further south to Guangxi, Yunnan, Vietnam, and Laos.
- Refers specifically to the Kinyarwanda and Kirundi dialects. The other speakers of the dialects within the Rwanda-Rundi continuum are considered to be separate from the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa peoples.
- During the Great Famine, many Irish people fled to places like Argentina, Mexico, and the United States. Today, the majority of people claiming Irish ethnicity resides outside of Ireland.
- With the exception of Cherokee, all Iroquoian speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
- The majority of the Japanese practiced a syncretised form of Shinto and Buddhism called Shinbutsu-shūgō.
- Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.
- Though many Jewish languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Jewish diaspora.
- While Jews originate in the Land of Israel, they were primarily a diaspora ethnicity from the late antique period until 1948, with the Jewish identity being claimed mostly by descendants of those that left Israel following the First Jewish–Roman War. Despite some entire Jewish communities migrating back to Israel, Israeli Jews make up only 30-40% of the worldwide Jewish population.
- The Wapan language have largely replaced Jukun Takum as the main language.
- The indigenous Kalinago language became extinct in the 1920s. However, an offshoot of it known as Garifuna is still spoken today.
- Due to both Turkification and the tendency among Georgia-residing Laz to see themselves as being a Georgian subgroup, the majority of Laz either speak Turkish or Georgian.
- The Lhoba speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages, all of which may or may not be mutually intelligible.
- Due to poor soil condition in Madura, the majority now live on Java.
- The majority of the Magars have recently switched to Nepali.
- The majority of the Tungusic languages are endangered, and many Tungusic ethnic groups now mostly speak only Russian or Chinese depending on the location of their homeland.
- Although the Māori have been able to halt the extinction of their language, the majority still only speak English fluently.
- Due to gradual Hispanicization following the Occupation of Araucanía, the majority of Mapuche can only speak Spanish.
- Most Maronites today speak Arabic since a language shift around the 17th century with Syriac in liturgical use, however some Maronites in Jish are reviving Aramaic.
- Tutelo went extinct in 1982, leading most Monacans, Saponi, and Occaneechi to speak English. There has been some interest in reviving Tutelo in the 21st century.[4]
- The Moriori language went extinct in 1898 but revival efforts have been ongoing since 2001.
- The Kuki-Chin–Naga language grouping (it is unclear whether the Kuki-Chin–Naga form an actual language family) consists of five to eight branches. Except for Karbi and Meitei, the Kuki-Chin–Naga is divided between the Chin and the Naga. The Mruic and most of the Kuki-Chin speakers are seen as Chin, while speakers of the remaining Kuki-Chin–Naga branches (Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme) and the speakers Northwestern Kuki-Chin are seen as Naga.
- Due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
- The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.
- All Ryukyuan speakers are seen as one ethnicity; however, due to a history of forced assimilation by the Japanese government, the majority can only speak Japanese.
- The Siddi now speak the dominant language of their region.
- Due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
- Due to the Sirenik language going extinct, Sirenik people have begun using the related Siberian Yupik language in its place.
- Asturleonese is sometimes considered a language family comprising Asturleonese (also commonly known as Asturian-Leonese and Asturian-Leonese-Cantabrian), Extremaduran, Mirandese, and Eonavian depeding on classification.
- Between 1492 and 1833, the Spaniards controlled most of the Americas, with Mestizo communities forming in areas such as what is now Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina. Today, the majority of the Hispanosphere is outside of Spain.
- The Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are distinct subgroups. The former are descended from the Tamil community that has lived in Sri Lanka since at least the 2nd century BCE, while the latter are the descendants of 19th- and 20th-century immigrants from South India. Also, most of the Indian Tamil population lives in the country's central highland region, while the native Tamils typically live in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.
- Due to the widespread presence of Chinese, the majority of Tujia only have a passive knowledge of their language.
- Due to policies of polonization implemented after World War II, the majority of Vilamovians can only speak Polish.
References
- "Arab | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- "A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic" (PDF). Ahmad Al Jallad. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- Due to the 1923 Greek-Turkish population exchange, the majority now live in Greece.
- Antrim, Aislinn (4 June 2019). "Rebuilding the Tutelo-Saponi language for tribe's next generation". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- Part I - Mormons as an Ethno-Religious Group. ebooks.cambridge.org. 29 September 2014. ISBN 9781107027978. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Pitcairn Islander". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
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