إن
Arabic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Semitic *šim.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin/
Conjunction
إِن • (ʾin)
- (conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)
- إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ ― ʾin tadrus tanjaḥ ― if you study you (will) succeed
- إِن أَحْبَبْتَنِي ― ʾin ʾaḥbabta-nī ― if you love me
- إِن تُحْبِبْنِي ― ʾin tuḥbib-nī ― if you love me
- إِن شَاءَ ٱللّٰه ― ʾin šāʾa llāh ― if God/Allah wills
Usage notes
Normally for conditions that are capable of being fulfilled. For contrary-to-fact conditions, use لَوْ (law). Used with the past tense or the jussive, in both cases with a present-tense meaning.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin.na/
Particle
إِنَّ • (ʾinna)
- indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated
- إِنِّي فَقِير وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.
- ʾinnī faqīr walā ʾajidu ṭaʿāman ʾuṭʿimu ʾawlādī waʿāʾilatī, fasāʿidnī.
- I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.
- that (following the verb قَالَ (qāla, “to say”) and the corresponding verbal noun قَوْل (qawl))
Usage notes
- The subject of a clause containing إِنَّ (ʾinna) takes the accusative case, personal pronouns take enclitic forms.
- When إِنَّ (ʾinna) is followed by the first person singular enclitic ـِي (-ī, “my, me”), it produces forms إِنِّي (ʾinnī) or إِنَّنِي (ʾinnanī). When it is followed by by the first person plural enclitic نَا (nā, “our, us”), it produces forms إِنَّا (ʾinnā) or إِنَّنَا (ʾinnanā).
Inflection
Inflected forms
| Base form | إِنَّ (ʾinna) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
| First person | إِنِّي (ʾinnī) | إِنَّنَا (ʾinnanā) | |||
| Second person | إِنَّكَ (ʾinnaka) | إِنَّكِ (ʾinnaki) | إِنَّكُمَا (ʾinnakumā) | إِنَّكُمْ (ʾinnakum) | إِنَّكُنَّ (ʾinnakunna) |
| Third person | إِنَّهُ (ʾinnahu) | إِنَّهَا (ʾinnahā) | إِنَّهُمَا (ʾinnahumā) | إِنَّهُمْ (ʾinnahum) | إِنَّهُنَّ (ʾinnahunna) |
See also
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin/
Particle
إِنْ • (ʾin)
- not
-
- إِنِ الْكَافِرُونَ إلاَّ فِي غُرُورٍ
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
- إِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِلَّا إِحْسَانًا وَتَوْفِيقًا
- ʾin ʾaradnā ʾillā ʾiḥsānan watawfīqan
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
Synonyms
- مَا (mā)
References
- Lipiński, Edward (2001) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar, page 482: One of the oldest and most important presentatives is *han, attested in Palaeosyrian and in Old Akkadian en-ma, later umma by assimilation. It is found in Ugaritic (hn), in Old Canaanite (a-nu, a-nu-ú, an-nu, an-nu-ú), in Hebrew (hinnē), in Arabic (ʾinna), In Ge'ez (ʾən-ka); e.g. Arabic ʾinna llāha ʾalā kulli šayʾin qadīrun, "behold, God has power over everything". It should be identified with the West Semitic article han-, but carefully distinguished from the conditional particle hn → ʾn.
- Hetzron, Robert (1997) The Semitic Languages, page 201: The [Arabic] particle ʾinna, etymologically cognate to Hebrew hen, hinne: "behold", emphasizes that the speaker's utterance is true.
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “إن”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 103 seqq.
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “إن”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 37
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