से

Compare Gujarati છે (che).

से (se)

1. third-person singular present of होवानं (hovāna, “to be”)

• Dr. Ramesh Sitaram Suryawanshi (1997), “archive.org”, in Ahirani Boli Shabdkosh, Pune: Akshaya Prakashan

से (se) (Latin script se)

1. (cardinal) one

From Sauraseni Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit सहित (sahita, “with; accompanying”). Doublet of सहित (sahit).

Sometimes also thought to be from Sanskrit सम (sama). Compare Braj सौं (sa͠u).

• IPA^(key): /seː/

से • (se) (Urdu spelling سے‎)

1. indicates association or mutual dealing: by; with; to

   वह रोज़ अपने पड़ोसी से लड़ता है।

   vah roz apne paṛosī se laṛtā hai.

   He fights with his neighbor every day.

   मैंने अपनी माँ से पूछा। ― mainne apnī mā̃ se pūchā. ― I asked my mother.

2. indicates a sense of removal or going: from
   1. indicates exiting or separation

      वह घर से निकलके डाक-घर चला।

      vah ghar se nikalke ḍāk-ghar calā.

      He left from the house and went to the post office.

   2. indicates source, cause, reason

      यह तलवार दो सदियों पहले लोहे से बनाया गया था।

      yah talvār do sadiyõ pahle lohe se banāyā gayā thā.

      This sword was made from iron two centuries ago.

      वह परेशानी से रोने लगा। ― vah pareśānī se rone lagā. ― He started to cry from anxiety.

   3. indicates origin, beginning

      मैं चेन्नई से आया हूँ। ― ma͠i cennaī se āyā hū̃. ― I've come here from Chennai.

      यहाँ से वहाँ तक ― yahā̃ se vahā̃ tak ― from here to there

      कल से ― kal se ― since yesterday

3. comparative postposition: than

   मैं उससे होशियार हूँ। ― ma͠i usse hośiyār hū̃. ― I'm smarter than him.

   केला इससे मीठा होना चाहिए।

   kelā isse mīṭhā honā cāhie.

   Bananas should be sweeter than this.

4. indicates passage of time

   मम्मा देर से यहाँ बैठी हुई है।

   mammā der se yahā̃ baiṭhī huī hai.

   Mom has been sitting here for a while.

5. indicates means or agency

   चाकू से प्याज़ काटो और फिर कटोरी में डलो।

   cākū se pyāz kāṭo aur phir kaṭorī mẽ ḍalo.

   Cut some onions using the knife and then put them in the bowl.

   इस कपड़े को पानी से धोना होगा।

   is kapṛe ko pānī se dhonā hogā.

   This cloth will have to be washed with water.

6. indicates manner of doing; forms adverbs

   ध्यान से सुनो। ― dhyān se suno. ― Listen carefully. (literally, “Listen with attention.”)

   मैं बहुत मुश्किल से परीक्षा/इम्तहान पास हुआ।

   ma͠i bahut muśkil se parīkṣā/imtahān pās huā.

   I passed the exam with great difficulty.

   ग़लती से ― ġaltī se ― accidentally

• से is usually described as the instrumental-case postposition.
• When used with pronouns, it is suffixed to the oblique-case form of pronoun:

  ‎मैं (ma͠i) + ‎से (se) → ‎मुझसे (mujhse)

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “से”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Omkar N. Koul (2008) Modern Hindi Grammar, Dunwoody Press, →ISBN
• Platts, John T. (1884), “से”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & co.