上二段活用
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上 | 二 | 段 | 活 | 用 |
| かみ Grade: 1 |
に Grade: 1 |
だん Grade: 6 |
かつ Grade: 2 |
よう Grade: 2 |
Etymology
A compound of 上二段 (kami nidan, “upper dual grade”) and 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”). Eventually changes into 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō) verbs. The "upper" notation refers to the base -i which comes before the "lower" -e in Japanese order.
Pronunciation
Noun
上二段活用 (hiragana かみにだんかつよう, rōmaji kami nidan katsuyō, historical hiragana かみにだんくわつよう)
- (grammar) upper dual grade conjugation; a verbal conjugation class which has the following inflections: i/i/u/uru/ure/i[yo]. Dual refers to the two columns (i and u) of the syllabary table that the conjugation occurs in. Dual grade conjugation occurs in literary Japanese, while the same verbs conjugate as Kami-Ichidan (e.g. 落つ-> 落ちる) in colloquial Japanese.
Examples:
| Irrealis | Adverbial | Conclusive | Attributive | Realis | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ok- "to rise" | ok-i | ok-i | ok-u | ok-uru | ok-ure | ok-i[yo] |
| sug- "to spend" | sug-i | sug-i | sug-u | sug-uru | sug-ure | sug-i[yo] |
| ik- "to live" | ik-i | ik-i | ik-u | ik-uru | ik-ure | ik-i[yo] |
Related terms
See also
- 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō)
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