壞

See also: 壊 and 坏

壞	U+58DE, 壞 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DE

← 壝
[U+58DD]

CJK Unified Ideographs

壟 →
[U+58DF]

Translingual

Traditional	壞
Shinjitai	壊
Simplified	坏

Han character

壞 (radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 4413₂, composition ⿰土褱)

Derived characters

蘾

References

KangXi: page 242, character 3

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590

Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 500, character 2

Unihan data for U+58DE

Chinese

trad.		壞
simp.		坏^*
variant forms		坯

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (褱) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
瓌	*kuːl
櫰	kuːl, ɡruːl
褱	ɡruːl, ɡruːl
懷	*ɡruːl
瀤	*ɡruːl
壞	*ɡruːls
蘾	*ɡruːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huài (huai⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): waai⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fái

(Meixian, Guangdong): fai⁴
Min Bei (KCR): huōi
Min Dong (BUC): huâi
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hoāi / hāi

(Teochew, Peng'im): huai⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): hhua (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: huài
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄞˋ
  - Wade–Giles: huai⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huay
  - IPA ^(key): /xu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: waai⁶
  - Yale: waaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: waai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wai⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /wäːi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fái
  - Hakka Romanization System: fai`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fai³
  - IPA: /fai̯³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fai⁴
  - IPA: /faɪ⁵³/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
  - IPA ^(key): /xuɛ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huâi
  - IPA ^(key): /huɑi²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoāi
  - Tâi-lô: huāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoai
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /huai⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /huai²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /huai³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
  - Tâi-lô: hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hai
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /haɪ³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huai⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huăi
  - IPA ^(key): /huai³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhua (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /ɦɯa̱²³/

Middle Chinese: /kˠuɛi^H/, /ɦˠuɛi^H/▼

Rime
Character	壞	壞
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	皆 (34)	皆 (34)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	古壞切	胡怪切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠuɛi^H/	/ɦˠuɛi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷᵚæi^H/	/ɦʷᵚæi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɐi^H/	/ɣuɐi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwəɨj^H/	/ɦwəɨj^H/
Li Rong	/kuɛi^H/	/ɣuɛi^H/
Wang Li	/kwɐi^H/	/ɣwɐi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwăi^H/	/ɣwăi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guài	huài

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*m-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*N-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*m-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*[k]ʷˤ<r>ujʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡruːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	壞	壞	壞	壞	壞
Reading #	1/5	2/5	3/5	4/5	5/5
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huài	huài	huài	huài	huài
Middle Chinese	‹ hwɛj^H ›	‹ hwɛj^H ›	‹ hwoj^X ›	‹ hwoj^X ›	‹ kwɛj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*N-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/	/*m-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/	/*N-[k]ˁujʔ/	/*m-[k]ˁujʔ/	/*[k]ʷˁ<r>ujʔ-s/
English	be destroyed	destroy	be destroyed	destroy	destroy
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壞
Reading #	1/1
No.	5344
Phonetic component	褱
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	壞
Old Chinese	/*ɡruːls/

Definitions

壞

bad
rotten; spoiled
這水果壞了。 / 这水果坏了。 ― Zhè shuǐguǒ huài le. ― This fruit is rotten.

牛奶壞了。 / 牛奶坏了。 ― Niúnǎi huài le. ― The milk has gone bad.
to spoil; to go rotten
broken (non-functional)
to break; to stop working
很容易壞 / 很容易坏 ― hěn róngyì huài ― breaks very easily

到而家都仲未壞，真係犀利。 [Cantonese, trad.]
到而家都仲未坏，真系犀利。 [Cantonese, simp.]
Dou³ ji⁴ gaa¹ dou¹ zung⁶ mei⁶ waai⁶, zan¹ hai⁶ sai¹ lei⁶. [Jyutping]
It's amazing, it hasn't broken.
to ruin; to destroy

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“bad; not good”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		壞
Cantonese	Guangzhou	衰
Cantonese	Hong Kong	衰
Min Dong	Fuzhou	呆
Min Nan	Taipei	歹

Compounds

壞主意／坏主意
壞事／坏事 (huàishì)
壞人／坏人 (huàirén)
壞分子／坏分子 (huàifènzǐ)
壞包兒／坏包儿 (huàibāor)
壞小子／坏小子 (huàixiǎozi)

壞心眼兒／坏心眼儿
壞東西／坏东西
壞死／坏死 (huàisǐ)
壞水／坏水 (huàishuǐ)
壞腸子／坏肠子

壞處／坏处 (huàichù)
壞蛋／坏蛋 (huàidàn)
壞血病／坏血病 (huàixuèbìng)
壞話／坏话 (huàihuà)
壞賬／坏账

Japanese

Shinjitai	壊
Kyūjitai	壞

Kanji

壞

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: え (e)^{←ゑ (we, historical)}
Kan-on: かい (kai)^{←くわい (kwai, historical)}
Kun: こわす (kowasu, 壞す); こわれる (kowareru, 壞れる); やぶる (yaburu, 壞る)
Nanori: つち (tsuchi)

Korean

Hanja

壞 • (goe, hoe) (hangeul 괴, 회, McCune–Reischauer koe, hoe)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

壞 (hoại, hoải, hoai)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.