Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/Səpat

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

**Proto-Austronesian cardinal numbers**
< 3	4	5 >
Cardinal : *Səpat

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /səpat/

Numeral

*Səpat

four

Derived terms

*Siwa (“9”) (possibly)

Descendants

Formosan
- Bunun: pat
- Eastern Formosan
  - Ami
    - Amis: spat
  - Kavalan
    - Kavalan: ʔu-spat
- Northern Formosan
  - Atayalic: *səpat
    - Taroko: spat
- Northwestern Formosan
  - Kulon-Pazeh: sepat
  - Western Plains
    - Babuza: shupa
- Paiwanic
  - Paiwan: sepatj
- Puyuma: pat
- Rukai: *səpatə
Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat
- Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat
  - Central Maluku
    - East Central Maluku
      - Seram
        Masiwang: fāt
        
        Nunusaku
        Piru Bay
        East Piru Bay
        Seram Straits
        Ambon: *əpat
  - Central Malayo-Polynesian:
    - Sumba-Flores
      - Bima: upa
      - Ende-Manggarai
        Central Flores
        Ende-Li'o
        Palu'e: pa
        
        Rembong: pat
        
        Manggarainese
        Komodo: paʔ
        
        Manggarai: pat
      - Flores-Lembata
        Kedang-Lamaholot
        Lamaholot: pat
      - Sumba
        Savu
        Sabu: epa
        
        Sumba Island
        Sumbanese
        Kambera: patu
    - Timor-Babar
      - Nuclear Timor
        West Timor
        Roti
        Bilba: ha
      - Southwest Maluku – Kisar
        Southwest Maluku
        Leti (Indonesia): wo-ata
  - Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *pat
    - Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *pat
      - South Halmahera
        Buli
        Buli (Indonesia): fat
    - Oceanic: *pat
      - Admiralty Islands
        Western Admiralty Islands
        Wuvulu-Aua: fa
      - Central-Eastern Oceanic
        East Fijian
        Fijian: va
        
        Polynesian: *fa
        Nuclear Polynesian
        Ellicean – Eastern Polynesian
        Anuta: pa
        
        Ellicean
        Kapingamarangi: haa
        
        Tuvalu – Eastern Polynesian
        Eastern Polynesian – Northern Outlier
        Eastern Polynesian
        Marquesic
        Hawaiian: hā
        
        South Marquesan: fa
        
        Rapa Nui: ha
        
        Tahitic
        Maori-Moriori
        Maori: whā
        
        Rarotongan: ā
        
        Rennellese: haa
        
        Samoan-Tokelauan
        Samoan: fā
        
        Tongic
        Tongan: fā
      - Micronesian
        Gilbertese: a
        
        Nuclear Micronesian
        Kosraean: ah-ŋ
        
        Trukic
        Ponapeic
        Pohnpeian: pah
        
        Ulithian-Woleaian
        Woleaian: faa
      - Western Oceanic
        Meso-Melanesian
        Core Meso-Melanesian
        Saint Matthias
        Mussau-Emira: ata
        
        North New Guinea
        Ngero-Vitiaz
        Huon Gulf
        Numbami: wata / ata
        
        Papuan Tip
        Nuclear Papuan Tip
        North Papuan Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux
        Dobu-Duau
        Dobu: ata
  - Kowiai: fat
  - Selaru
    - Selaru: at
  - Yamdena: fate / fat
- Western Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat
  - Borneo-Philippines
    - Barito
      - East Barito
        Malagasy: éfatra
      - West Barito
        Northwest Barito
        Siang: opat
    - North Bornean
      - North Sarawakan: *əpat
        Berawan-Kelabitic
        Kelabitic
        Kelabit: epat
        
        Kayan-Murik
        Kenyah
        Bakung: pat
        
        Modang-Kayan
        Kayan
        Kayan
        Rejang Kayan: pat
        
        Melanau-Bintulu
        Bintulu: pat
        
        Melanau
        Central Melanau: pat
    - Philippine: *əpat
      - Greater Central Philippine
        Central Philippine
        Tagalog: apat
        
        Visayan
        Cebuano: upát
        
        Central Visayan
        Peripheral Visayan
        Hiligaynon: apat
        
        Western Visayan
        Aklanon: ap-at
        
        Gorontalo-Mongondow
        Gorontalic
        Gorontalo: opato
        
        Mongondowic
        Mongondow: opat
        
        Mindanao
        Danao
        Maranao: pat
        
        Palawanic
        Kalamian
        Calamian Tagbanwa: epat
        
        Palawan
        Palawan Batak: əpat
        
        Palawano (Southwest): əpat
      - Minahasan
        North Minahasan
        Tontemboan: epat
      - Northern Philippine
        Northern Luzon
        Northern Cordilleran
        Cagayan Valley
        Isnag: appát
        
        Ibanag-Gaddang
        Ibanagic
        Itawit: appát
        
        Casiguran Dumagat Agta: epát
        
        South-Central Cordilleran
        Central Cordilleran
        Nuclear Cordilleran
        Bontoc-Kankanay
        Central Bontoc: epát
        
        Ifugao
        Tuwali Ifugao: opát
      - Sangiric: *əpat
        Sangir: epaʔ
      - Southern Mindanao
        Tboli: fat
        
        Tiruray: efot
      - Southern Mindoro
        Hanunoo: úpat
    - Sama-Bajaw
      - Bajaw
        West Coast Bajau: empat
  - Sunda-Sulawesi
    - Celebic
      - Southeast Celebic
        Kaili-Pamona
        Northern Kaili-Pamona
        Pamona
        Pamona: opo
        
        Southern Kaili-Pamona
        Uma: opoʔ
        
        Muna-Buton
        Muna-Buton Nuklear
        Munan
        Munic
        Western Munic
        Muna: paa
        
        Wotu-Wolio
        Wolio-Kamaru
        Wolio: apa
    - Old Javanese: pat
      - Javanese: papat / pat
    - Lampungic: *paʔ
    - Malayo-Sumbawan
      - Madurese: empak
      - Malayo-Chamic
        Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa
        Balinese: empat / patpat
        
        Sasak-Sumbawa
        Sasak: empat
        
        Malayic: *əmpat
        Banjarese: ampat
        
        Ibanic
        Iban: empat
        
        Malayan
        Malay: empat / ampat / ĕmpat / ămpat / pat / امڤت‎ / ڤت‎
        Indonesian: empat
        
        Minangkabau: ampek
      - Sundanese: opat
    - Northwest Sumatran
      - Batak
        Northern Batak
        Karo Batak: empat
        
        Southern Batak
        Toba Batak: opat
      - Northern Barrier
        Nias-Sikule
        Nias: õfa
        
        Simeulue: at
    - South Sulawesi
      - Bugis
        Tamanic
        Embaloh: ampat
      - Makassar
        Makasar: appaʔ
      - Northern South Sulawesi
        Mandar: appeʔ

External links

Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *Səpat

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